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Introduction

Some large numbers have real referents in human experience. Their names are real words, encountered in many contexts. For example, today, Google News shows 78,600 hits on "billion," starting with "Turkey Repays $1.6 Billion In Foreign Debt." It shows 9870 hits on "trillion," and 56 on "quadrillion:" "The US Department of Energy reports that in 2002, the United States economy consumed 97.6 quadrillion btus (quad btus)."

References to names of quantities larger than a quadrillion, however, are rare, and increasingly artificial; they tend to be limited to discussions of names of numbers, or mathematical concepts. For example, the first hit on "quintillion" is about a man who is trying to preserve the Etsako language by codifying it, and "went as far as providing numerals from one to quintillion."

It can be argued that a number such as a "trigintillion" has no existence in the physical world. There simply is not a trigintillion of anything, and no practical need for such a name.

Nevertheless, large numbers have an intellectual fascination and are of mathematical interest. Giving them names one of the ways in which people try to conceptualize and understand them.

In The Sand Reckoner, Archimedes estimated the number of grains of sand that would be required to fill the known universe. To do this, he called a myriad myriad (10) a "first number;" a myriad myriad first numbers as "second numbers" (10), and so on up to "eighth numbers" (10). He concluded that it would take less than "one thousand myriad myriad eighth numbers" to pack the universe with sand.

Since then, many others have engaged in the pursuit of conceptualizing and naming numbers that really have no existence outside of the imagination. Such names, even if found in dictionaries, have a tenuous existence. Just as one can debate whether "floccinaucinihilipilification" is really an English word—it is in the Oxford English Dictionary, but no other—it is questionable how real the word "trigintillion" is. "Trigintillion" is only encountered in definitions, lists of names of large numbers, and "Sand Reckoner"-like discourses on the meaning of very large numbers.

Names such as "sextillion" are rarely used even in those contexts where they have meaning—science, astronomy, and engineering. In science, since the 1800s, numbers have been written using the familiar "scientific notation," in which powers of ten are expressed as a ten with a numeric superscript, e.g. 6.022 × 10. When a number such as 10 needs to be referred to in words, it is simply read out: "ten to the forty-fifth." This is just as easy to say, easier to understand, and less ambiguous than "quattuordecillion" (which means something different to American and British audiences—assuming that there are any listeners who understand this number without consulting a dictionary). When a number represents a measurement rather than a count, SI prefixes are used; one says "femtosecond," not "one quadrillionth of a second." In some cases, specialized very large or large units are used, such as the astronomer's parsec and light year.

It should be noted, too, that most names proposed for large numbers belong to systematic schemes which are extensible. Thus, many names for large numbers are simply the result of following a naming system to its logical conclusion—or extending the pattern further. Glancing at the table for the Googol family, it is clear what the value of a "Googolquattuordeciplex" ought to be if there were such a word, but that does not mean that such a word exists, nor that there is any value in coining it.

Here we present some names that have been given to large numbers, and the context and authority for the names. These numbers are almost pure mathematical abstractions, not physical realities. The names for such numbers are very rarely used. They may have a claim staked out for them in reference books, but they remain more in the nature of curiosities, trivia, or mathematical recreation than genuine working English vocabulary.

The Googol family

Chuquet-ized Numbering

This table contains a list of numbers that extend to very large sums. Note that there is no standard way of naming after centilliard or centillion.

Commercial Product using Yoctillion

See Also

• List of numbers
• Large numbers
• Chuquet
• Pelletier
• Knuth

• v
• t
• e