List of regicides of Charles I

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The regicides of Charles I, under the Indemnity and Oblivion Act, 1660, and subsequent trials, were judged to be the 59 Commissioners (judges) who sat in judgement at the trial of King Charles I and signed his death warrant in 1649, along with other officials who participated in his trial or execution, and Hugh Peters, an influential republican preacher.

The tribunal was composed of three hereditary peers, four aldermen of the City of London, twenty-two baronets and knights, three generals, thirty-four colonels, the twelve judges of the High Court (who all declined to serve), three serjeants-at-law and representative members of various principalities and the House of Commons.

At the English Restoration in 1660, six Commissioners and four others were found guilty of regicide and executed; one was hanged and nine were hanged, drawn and quartered. In 1662 three more regicides were hanged, drawn and quartered. Some others were pardoned, while a further nineteen served life imprisonment and three already dead at the time of the Restoration had their bodies desecrated.

Of those regicides and associates who escaped Charles II, seven fled to Switzerland, four to the Netherlands, and four to Germany. Three Commissioners, John Dixwell, Edward Whalley and William Goffe, reunited in New Haven, Connecticut in 1661. All died natural deaths in the 1670s and are commemorated by three intersecting major avenues in New Haven (Dixwell Avenue, Whalley Avenue, and Goffe Street), and by place names in other Connecticut towns.

Commissioners

In the order in which they signed the death warrant, the Commissioners were:

	Name	At the Restoration in 1660	Notes
1.	John Bradshaw, President of the Court	Dead	Posthumous execution; disinterred and hanged, drawn and quartered.
2.	Lord Grey of Groby	Dead	Died in 1657.
3.	Oliver Cromwell	Dead	Posthumous execution; disinterred and hanged, drawn and quartered.
4.	Edward Whalley	Alive	Fled to North America to avoid trial. Alive but in poor health in 1674, and probably did not live long afterwards.
5.	Sir Michael Livesey	Alive	Fled to the Netherlands.
6.	John Okey	Alive	Fled to Germany, but was arrested by the English ambassador to the Netherlands, Sir George Downing. He was tried found guilty and hanged, drawn and quartered in 1662.
7.	Sir John Danvers	Dead	Died in 1655.
8.	Sir John Bourchier	Alive	Too ill to be tried and died soon after the Restoration in 1660.
9.	Henry Ireton	Dead	Posthumous execution; disinterred and hanged, drawn and quartered.
10.	Sir Thomas Mauleverer	Dead	Died 1655.
11.	Sir Hardress Waller	Alive	Fled to France; later returned and was found guilty. Sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Died 1666 in prison on Jersey.
12.	John Blakiston	Dead	Died 1649.
13.	Sir John Hutchinson	Alive	Imprisoned in Sandown Castle, Kent where he died on 11 September 1664.
14.	William Goffe	Alive	Fled to America and died in 1679.
15.	Sir Thomas Pride	Dead	Posthumous execution ordered but not carried out.
16.	Peter Temple	Alive	Brought to trial, sentenced to death but sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He died in the Tower of London in 1663.
17.	Thomas Harrison	Alive	First to be found guilty. Was hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on Saturday 13 October 1660. He was a leader of the Fifth Monarchists who still posed a threat to the restoration.
18.	John Hewson	Alive	Fled to Amsterdam. Died 1662.
19.	Henry Smith	Alive	Brought to trial, sentenced to death but sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. He was held in the Tower of London until 1664 and was transported to Mont Orgueil castle in Jersey. Died 1668.
20.	Sir Peregrine Pelham	Dead	Died in 1650.
21.	Richard Deane	Dead	Died in 1653. Disinterred.
22.	Robert Tichborne	Alive	Brought to trial, sentenced to death but was reprieved. He spent the rest of life imprisoned in the Tower of London Died 1682.
23.	Humphrey Edwards	Dead	Died in 1658.
24.	Daniel Blagrave	Alive	Fled to Aachen, in what is now Germany. Died 1668.
25.	Owen Rowe	Alive	Brought to trial, sentenced to life imprisonment in the Tower of London where he died in December 1661.
26.	William Purefoy	Dead	Died in 1659.
27.	Adrian Scroope	Alive	Tried, found guilty: hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on Wednesday 17 October 1660.
28.	James Temple	Alive	Brought to trial, sentenced to life imprisonment on Jersey. Died 17 February 1680.
29.	Augustine Garland	Alive	Brought to trial, his death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.
30.	Edmund Ludlow	Alive	Surrendered to the Speaker of the House of Commons, and then escaped to the Canton of Bern. Died 1692.
31.	Sir Henry Marten	Alive	Tried, found guilty of regicide, and sentenced to life imprisonment in Chepstow Castle. Died 1680.
32.	Vincent Potter	Alive	Brought to trial, he received the death sentence but died before its execution. Died either 1661 or 1662.
33.	Sir William Constable	Dead	Died in 1655 — however his body was exhumed from Westminster Abbey and reburied in a communal burial pit after the Restoration.
34.	Richard Ingoldsby	Alive	Pardoned. Died 1685.
35.	William Cawley	Alive	Escaped to Switzerland. Died 1667.
36.	John Barkstead	Alive	Arrested by the English ambassador to the Netherlands Sir George Downing, extradited and executed in 1662.
37.	Isaac Ewer	Dead	Died in 1650 or 1651.
38.	John Dixwell	Alive	Believed dead in England; fled to America, where he died under an assumed name. Died 1689.
39.	Valentine Walton	Alive	Escaped to Germany after being condemned as a regicide. Died 1661.
40.	Simon Mayne	Alive	Tried and sentenced to death, he died in the Tower of London in 1661 before his appeal could be heard.
41.	Thomas Horton	Dead	Family estates confiscated. Had died 1649.
42.	John Jones Maesygarnedd	Alive	Tried, found guilty: hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on Wednesday 17 October 1660.
43.	John Moore	Dead	In 1649, fought in Ireland against the Marquess of Ormonde and became Governor of Dublin, dying of a fever there in 1650.
44.	Gilbert Millington	Alive	After Charles's death, remained member of Rump Parliament until Cromwell dissolved it. After the Restoration was himself arraigned and confessed to being "guilty in every way." Tried and sentenced to death, but sentence commuted to life imprisonment. Spent final years in Jersey and died in 1666.
45.	George Fleetwood	Alive	Brought to trial and sentenced to imprisonment in the Tower of London. He may have been transported to Tangier. Died 1672?
46.	John Alured or John Alred	Dead	Died in 1651.
47.	Robert Lilburne	Alive	Tried Tuesday 16 October 1660, sentenced to death, later commuted to life imprisonment. Died in prison in August 1665.
48.	William Say	Alive	Escaped to Switzerland. Died 1666.
49.	Anthony Stapley	Dead	Died in 1655.
50.	Sir Gregory Norton	Dead	Died 1652.
51.	Thomas Challoner (or Chaloner)	Alive	Excluded from pardon and escaped to the Continent. In 1661, he died at Middelburg in the Netherlands.
52.	Thomas Wogan	Alive	Held at York Castle until 1664 when he escaped to the Netherlands.
53.	John Venn	Dead	Died in 1650.
54.	Gregory Clement	Alive	Went into hiding, captured, tried, found guilty; and hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on Wednesday 17 October 1660.
55.	John Downes	Alive	Tried, found guilty of regicide, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Died 1666.
56.	Thomas Waite	Alive	Tried, found guilty of regicide, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Died 1668.
57.	Thomas Scot	Alive	Fled to Brussels, returned to England, was tried, found guilty; and hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on Wednesday 17 October 1660. Died unrepentant.
58.	John Carew	Alive	Joined Fifth Monarchists. Tried, found guilty; and hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on Monday 15 October 1660.
59.	Miles Corbet	Alive	Fled to the Netherlands; arrested by the English ambassador to the Netherlands Sir George Downing; extradited; tried; found guilty; and was hanged, drawn and quartered on 19 April 1662.

Commissioners who did not sign

Name	At the Restoration in 1660	Notes
Thomas Andrewes (or Andrews)	Dead	Attended 3 session including 27 January when the sentence was agreed upon. His name was one of 24 dead regicides who were excepted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act on 9 June 1660 (see section XXXVIII of the act).
Francis Allen	Dead	Attended several session including the 27 January when the sentence was agreed upon. His name was one of 24 dead regicides who were excepted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act on 9 June 1660 (see section XXXVIII of the act).
James Challoner (or Chaloner)	Alive	Brother of Thomas Challoner. He died in July 1660 from an illness caught after being imprisoned the previous year for supporting General Monck.
John Dove	Alive	He took no part in the trial other than being present when the sentence was agreed on. At the Restoration he was contrite and, after making an abject submission to Parliament, he was allowed to depart unpunished. Died 1664 or 1665.
John Fry	Dead	He was debarred from sitting on the High Court for heterodoxy on 26 January 1649, one day before the sentence was pronounced. His name was one of 20 dead regicides who were excepted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act on 9 June 1660. Died 1657.
Thomas Hammond	Dead	Attended 14 sessions. He was excepted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act, allowing the state to confiscate the property that had belonged to him.
James Harrington, 3rd Baronet	Alive	Escaped and died in exile on the European mainland in 1680. Due to an oversight in the Indemnity and Oblivion Act, although he lost his title, the baronetcy passed to the next in line on his death.
Edmond Harvey	Alive	Attended the King's trial and sat on the committee to prepare the final charge, but did not sign the death warrant. After the Restoration he was held in the Tower of London after being attainted for high treason He was tried on Tuesday 16 October 1660, and sentenced to life imprisonment. He died in Pendennis Castle, Cornwall, in June 1673.
William Heveningham	Alive	Found guilty of treason but successfully petitioned for mercy and was thereafter imprisoned in Windsor Castle until his death in 1678.
Francis Lassells	Alive	Not excluded from the general pardon under the Indemnity and Oblivion Act,but he was ordered to pay one years rent on his estate to Charles II and along with John Hutchinson forbidden to hold any public office. Died 1667.
John Lisle	Alive	Escaped to Lausanne in Switzerland but was shot or stabbed by Irish Royalist James Cotter (using the alias Thomas Macdonnell) in August 1664.
Thomas Lister	Alive	He petitioned Parliament successfully that he was not present when the King was tried and sentenced, and although he was excluded from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act, he was merely banned for life from holding any office. Died 1668.
Nicholas Love	Alive	Escaped to Hamburg. Died 1682.
Henry Mildmay	Alive	Tried, stripped of his Knighthood and sentenced to life imprisonment. He died before he was due to be transported to Tangier in 1664.
William Mounson, 1st Viscount Monson	Alive	Tried, stripped of his titles & property and imprisoned for life in the Fleet Prison where he died in 1673.
Isaac Penington	Alive	Sentenced to life imprisonment and died in the Tower of London in 1661.
Sir Gilbert Pickering	Alive	He only attended two sittings at the trial and he did not sign Charles's death warrant, so he was able to use the influence of his brother-in-law Earl of Sandwich, to secure his pardon, although he was banned for life from holding any office.
Robert Wallop	Alive	Sentenced to life imprisonment and died in the Tower of London in 1667.

Associates

Name	Office	At the Restoration in 1660	Notes
Daniel Axtell	Officer of the Guard	Alive	Tried, found guilty of participating in the regicide; hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn on Thursday 19 October 1660.
Andrew Broughton	Clerk of the Court	Alive	Escaped to Switzerland in 1663. Died 1687.
John Cooke	Solicitor-General	Alive	Tried, found guilty of regicide; hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on Tuesday 16 October 1660.
Edward Dendy	Serjeant-at-Arms	Alive	Escaped to Switzerland in 1663.
Dr Isaac Dorislaus	Assistant to the Solicitor-General	Dead	A distinguished scholar from the Netherlands, he was murdered in the Hague in 1649 by royalist refugees.
Francis Hacker	Officer of the Guard	Alive	Tried, found guilty of signing the execution order; hanged at Tyburn on 19 October 1660.
William Hewlett	Captain in the Guard	Alive	Found guilty of regicide at the same trial as Daniel Axtel, but not executed with him.
Cornelius Holland	Member of Council of State	Alive	Escaped to Lausanne, Switzerland at Restoration. Died 1671.
Hercules Huncks	Officer of the Guard	Alive	Refused to sign the order to the executioners, which Hacker did instead. He testified against Axtel and Hacker, and was pardoned. Died 1660.
Robert Phayre	Officer of the Guard	Alive	Refused to sign the order to the executioners. Not tried, released in 1662. Died 1682.
Hugh Peters	Preacher	Alive	Tried, found guilty of inciting regicide; hanged, drawn and quartered at Charing Cross on Tuesday 16 October 1660.
John Phelps	Clerk of the Court	Alive	Escaped to Switzerland. Died 1666.
Matthew Thomlinson	Officer of the Guard	Alive	Pardoned for showing courtesy to the King and for testifying against Axtell and Hacker. Died 1681.

Others

The Marquess of Argyll was found not guilty of regicide, but guilty of collaboration with Cromwell's government, and beheaded on 27 May 1661.
John Lambert was not in London for the trial of Charles I. At the Restoration, he was found guilty of high treason and remained in custody in Guernsey for the rest of his life.
Sir Henry Vane the Younger served on the Council of State during the Interregnum even though he refused to take the oath which expressed approbation (approval) of the King's execution. At the Restoration, after much debate in Parliament, he was exempted from the Indemnity and Oblivion Act. In 1662 he was tried for high treason, found guilty and beheaded on Tower Hill on 14 June 1662.

Notes

Kirby footnote 14: J de Morgan, "The Most Notable Trial in Modern History" in H W Fuller (ed) The Green Bag, vol xi, 1899, Boston, 307 at 308.
Kirby, M The Trial of King Charles I - Defining moment for our constitutional liberties Address to the Anglo-Australasian Lawyers' Association, 22 January 1999.
Balleine's History Of Jersey, page 148
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Chaloner, James.
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Dove, John (d. 1664/5)
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Fry, John (c.1609–1656/7)
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Hammond, Thomas (c.1600–1658)
House of Lords Journal Volume 11 7 February 1662 Attainted Persons brought to the Bar
House of Commons Journal Volume 8: Executing Regicides 27 January 1662
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Harvey, Edmund (c.1601–1673)
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Lister, Thomas (1597–1668)
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Pickering, Sir Gilbert
^ James Alexander Manning (1851). The Lives of the Speakers of the House of Commons, from the Time of King Edward III to Queen Victoria.
Extracts from the transcript of the October 1660 trial and execution of 10 regicides At the end of the article there is a description of the executions. They were all hanged, drawn and quartered except for Francis Hacker who was hanged.

References

House of Lords Record Office: The Death Warrant of King Charles I
Proclamation for apprehending the late King's Judges (4 June 1660)
Kirby, Michael (1999), The Trial of King Charles I - Defining moment for our constitutional liberties, to the Anglo-Australasian Lawyers' association, on January 22 1999.
Plant, David.Complete list of the regicides of Charles I (www.British-civil-wars.co.uk)
Raithby, John (ed. 1819). Statutes of the Realm: volume 5: 1628-80 (1819)', pp. 226–234. Charles II, 1660: An Act of Free and Generall Pardon Indempnity and Oblivion, XXXIV. Persons excepted by Name who were concerned in the Murder of King Charles I, Date accessed: 18 February 2008.

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