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Timeline of European exploration

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Christopher Columbus arriving in the New World carrying a banner with the initials of Ferdinand II and Isabella I.

The following timeline covers European exploration from 1418 to 1854.

The fifteenth century witnessed the rounding of the feared Cape Bojador and Portuguese exploration of the west coast of Africa, while in the last decade of the century the Spanish sent expeditions to the New World, focusing on exploring the Caribbean Sea. In the sixteenth century various countries sent exploring parties into the interior of the Americas, as well as to their respective west coasts north to California and south to Chile. In the seventeenth century the Russians explored and conquered Siberia, while the Dutch roughly charted the emerging continent of Australia. The eighteenth century saw the first extensive exploration of the South Pacific and the discovery of Alaska, while the nineteenth was dominated by exploration of the polar regions (not to mention excursions into the heart of Africa). By the twentieth century the poles themselves had been reached.

Fifteenth century

Columbus before the Queen, imagined by Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze, 1843
Cabral's ship in the manuscript Memória das Armadas que de Portugal passaram à Índia

Sixteenth century

A painting depicting the deck of a wooden sailing ship on which stands a group of men pointing toward the horizon and with the sails of several other ships visible in the background
Cabral (center-left, pointing) sights the Brazilian mainland for the first time on 22 April 1500.
Balboa claiming possession of the Mar del Sur ("South Sea").
Discovery of the Mississippi by William H. Powell (1823–1879) is a Romantic depiction of de Soto seeing the Mississippi River for the first time. It hangs in the United States Capitol rotunda.
Coronado Sets Out to the North, by Frederic Remington, 1861-1909
The Cabrillo National Monument in San Diego, California
Crew of Willem Barentsz fighting a polar bear, 1596

Seventeenth century

John Collier's painting of Henry Hudson cast adrift.
A seventeenth century koch in a museum in Krasnoyarsk. Kochi were used to explore Siberian waterways by men such as Stadukhin and Dezhnev.
"Murderers' Bay", on the South Island of New Zealand, where several of Tasman's men were killed by Maori in December 1642.
Cook's map of New Zealand

Eighteenth century

Colour drawing of Simon Fraser's 1808 descent of the Fraser River.
"The Crews of H.M.S. Hecla & Griper Cutting Into Winter Harbour, Sept. 26th, 1819". An engraving from the journal published in 1821.

Nineteenth century

John Franklin's party encamped at Point Turnagain, the furthest point he reached.
Dumont d'Urville's L'Astrolabe making water on a floe on 6 February 1838.
HMS Investigator, on the northwestern coast of Banks Island, 20 August 1851.
Map drawn by Robert McClure detailing the Northwest Passage, including the 1851 route of the Investigator.

References

  1. ^ Diffie, Bailey (1977). Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 465–474. ISBN 0816607826.
  2. ^ Morison, Samuel (1971). The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages. New York: Oxford University Press.
  3. ^ Morison, Samuel (1974). The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages, 1492-1616. New York: Oxford University Press.
  4. ^ Whitfield, Peter (1998). New Found Lands: Maps in the History of Exploration. Routledge.
  5. ^ Ravenstein, Ernest George (1900). The voyages of Diogo Cão and Bartholomeu Dias, 1482-88. London: W. Clowes and Sons.
  6. ^ Taviani, Paulo (1991). Columbus: The Great Adventure, His Life, His Times, and His Voyages. New York: Random House.
  7. Ferguson, D. W. The discovery of Ceylon by the Portuguese in 1506 (Journal of the Ceylon Asiatic Society, vol. xix, no. 59, 1907, pp. 284-384).
  8. Marsden, William (1811). The history of Sumatra: containing an account of the government, laws, customs, and manners of the native inhabitants, with a description of the natural productions, and a relation to the ancient political state of that island. London: J. McCreery.
  9. ^ Lach, Donald F. (1994). Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery. University of Chicago Press. p. 520. ISBN 0226467317.
  10. Galvano, Antonio Galvano (2009). The Discoveries of the World from Their First Original unto the Year of Our Lord 1555. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 114. ISBN 1113687479.
  11. Russell-Wood, A. J. R. (1998). The Portuguese empire, 1415-1808: a world on the move. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  12. ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1882). History of Central America. San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft.
  13. Li, Tana Li (1998). Nguyễn Cochinchina: southern Vietnam in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. SEAP Publications. p. 72. ISBN 0877277222.
  14. Yule, Sir Henry Yule, A. C. Burnell, William Crooke (1995). A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases: Hobson-Jobson. Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 0700703217.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. Keane, A. H. (1892). Eastern geography: a geography of the Malay peninsula, Indo-China, the Eastern archipelago, the Philippines, and New Guinea. London: E. Stanford.
  16. Bergreen, Laurence (2003). Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe. New York: William Morrow.
  17. ^ Hayes, Derek (2004). America Discovered: A Historical Atlas of North American Exploration. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre.
  18. ^ Goodman, Edward J. (1992). The Explorers of South America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
  19. ^ Prescott, William H. (1890). History of the Conquest of Peru. New York: John B. Aldan.
  20. Crawfurd, J. 1856. A descriptive dictionary of the Indian islands and adjacent countries. London: Bradbury & Evans.
  21. Whiteway, Richard Stephen (1899). The rise of Portuguese power in India, 1497-1550. Westminster: A. Constable.
  22. Fonseca, José Nicolau da (1994). An historical and archaeological sketch of the city of Goa: preceded by a short statistical account of the territory of Goa. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services ISBN 8120602072.
  23. Reséndez, Andrés (2007). A land so strange: the epic journey of Cabeza de Vaca : the extraordinary tale of a shipwrecked Spaniard who walked across America in the sixteenth century. New York: Basic Books.
  24. ^ Hayes, Derek (2007). Historical Atlas of California. University of California Press.
  25. Markham, Clements R. Discovery of the Galapagos Islands (Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. XIV, May 1892, pp. 314-16).
  26. ^ Smith, Anthony (2004). Explorers of the Amazon. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226763374.
  27. Kelsey, Harry (1986). Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo. San Marino: The Huntington Library.
  28. ^ Vaughan, Richard (2007). The Arctic: A History. Stroud: A. Sutton.
  29. Bawlf, Samuel (2003). The Secret Voyage of Sir Francis Drake, 1577–1580. Walker & Company.
  30. ^ Lincoln, W. Bruce (2007). The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
  31. Lantzeff, George V., and Richard A. Pierce (1973). Eastward to Empire: Exploration and Conquest on the Russian Open Frontier, to 1750. Montreal: McGill-Queen's U.P.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. Markham, Clements (1889). A life of John Davis: the navigator, 1550-1605, discoverer of Davis straits. New York: Dodd, Mead.
  33. ^ Conway, William Marten (1906). No Man's Land: A History of Spitsbergen from Its Discovery in 1596 to the Beginning of the Scientific Exploration of the Country. Cambridge: University Press.
  34. Corr, William (1995). Adams the Pilot: The Life and Times of Captain William Adams: 1564-1620. Curzon Press. ISBN 1873410441.
  35. ^ Forsyth, James (1992). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian colony 1581-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  36. ^ March, G. Patrick (1996). Eastern destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific. Westport, Conn: Praeger.
  37. ^ Wessels, C. (1992). Early Jesuit travellers in Central Asia: 1603-1721. Asian Educational Services. p. 90. ISBN 8120607414.
  38. ^ Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). The Russian Fur Trade, 1550-1700. University of California Press.
  39. ^ Mutch, T. D. (1942). The First Discovery of Australia. Sydney: Mutch, Project Gutenberg of Australia. p. 55.
  40. Asher, Georg Michael (1860). Henry Hudson: The Navigator. London: Hakluyt Society.
  41. Hunter, Douglas (2009). Half Moon: Henry Hudson and the voyage that redrew the map of the New World. New York: Bloomsbury Press.
  42. ^ Butterfield, Consul Willshire (1898). History of Brulé's discoveries and explorations, 1610-1626: being a narrative of the discovery, by Stephen Brulé of Lakes Huron, Ontario and Superior : and of his exploration (the first made by civilized man) of Pennsylvania and western New York, also of the province of Ontario, Canada. Cleveland: Helman-Taylor.
  43. Mancall, Peter (2009). The Fatal Journey: The Final Expedition of Henry Hudson. Basic Books.
  44. ^ Christy, Miller (1894). The voyages of Captain Luke Foxe of Hull, and Captain Thomas James of Bristol, in search of a northwest passage, in 1631-32; with narratives of the earlier northwest voyages of Frobisher, Davis, Weymouth, Hall, Knight, Hudson, Button, Gibbons, Bylot, Baffin, Hawkridge, and others. London: Hakluyt Society.
  45. Hacquebord, Louwrens (2004). "The Jan Mayen Whaling Industry" in Jan Mayen Island in Scientific Focus, Stig Skreslet, editor, Springer Verlag.
  46. Markham, Clements (1881). The voyages of William Baffin, 1612-1622. London: Hakluyt Society.
  47. ^ Wood, George Arnold (1922). The discovery of Australia. London: Macmillan & Company.
  48. Peters, Nonja (2006). The Dutch down under, 1606-2006. Crawley, W.A.: University of Western Australia Press.
  49. Kapadia, Harish (2005). Into the untravelled Himalaya: travels, treks, and climbs. Indus Publishing. p. 72. ISBN 8173871817.
  50. Taylor, Jeffrey (2007). River of No Reprieve. Mariner Books.
  51. Fischer, David Hackett (2008). Champlain's Dream: The European Founding of North America. New York: Simon & Schuster.
  52. ^ Haywood, A. J. (2010). Siberia: a cultural history. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  53. Black, Lydia (2004). Russians in Alaska, 1732-1867. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press.
  54. ^ Golder, Frank Alfred (1914). Russian expansion on the Pacific, 1641-1850 an account of the earliest and later expeditions made by the Russians along the Pacific coast of Asia and North America; including some related expeditions to the Arctic regions. Cleveland: Authur H. Clark Co.
  55. Parkman, Francis (1999). La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West. New York: The Modern Library.
  56. DeVoto, Bernard (1980). The Course of Empire. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  57. ^ Mills, William James (2003). Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
  58. ^ Williams, Glyndwr (2003). Voyages of delusion: the quest for the Northwest Passage. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  59. ^ Hough, Richard (1994). Captain James Cook: a biography. New York: Norton.
  60. ^ Mawar, Granville Allen (1999). Ahab's Trade: The Saga of South Seas Whaling. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-22809-0.
  61. Riffenburgh, Beau (2007). Encyclopedia of the Antarctic. New York: CRC Press.
  62. Parry, William Edward (1821). Journal of a voyage for the discovery of a North-West passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific: performed in the years 1819-20. London: John Murray.
  63. Cook, F. A. Captain Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, 1819-21. The Discovery of Alexander I., Peter I., and other islands (Bulletin of the American Geographical Society of New York, Vol. XXXIII, 1901, pp. 36-41).
  64. Franklin, John (1824). Narrative of a journey to the shores of the Polar Sea, in the years 1819-20-21-22. London: John Murray.
  65. Spears, John Randolph (1922). Captain Nathaniel Brown Palmer, an old-time sailor of the sea. New York: The Macmillan company.
  66. Parry, William Edward (1824). Journal of a second voyage for the discovery of a north-west passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific: performed in the years 1821-22-23, in His Majesty's ships Fury and Hecla. London: John Murray.
  67. ^ Fleming, Fergus (1998). Barrow's Boys. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.
  68. Weddell, James (1825). A voyage towards the South Pole, performed in the years 1822-'24. Containing ... a visit to Tierra del Fuego, with a particular account of the inhabitants. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.
  69. Beechey, Frederick William (1832). Narrative of a voyage to the Pacific and Beering's Strait: to co-operate with the Polar expeditions : performed in His Majesty's Ship Blossom, under the command of Captain F.W. Beechey, R.N. ... in the years 1825,26,27,28. Philadelphia: Carey & Lea.
  70. Franklin, John (1828). Narrative of a second expedition to the shores of the Polar sea in the years 1825, 1826 and 1827, by John Franklin,... including an account of the progress of a detachment to the Eastward, by John Richardson. London: J. Murray.
  71. Edinger, Ray (2003). Fury Beach: The Four-year Odyssey of Captain John Ross and the Victory. New York: Berkley Books.
  72. Back, George (1836). Narrative of the Arctic land expedition to the mouth of the Great Fish River, and along the shores of the Arctic Ocean, in the years 1833, 1834 and 1835. Philadelphia: E.L. Carey & A. Hart.
  73. Simpson, Thomas (1843). Narrative of the discoveries on the north coast of America: effected by the officers of the Hudson's Bay Company during the years 1836-39. London: R. Bentley.
  74. Philbrick, Nathaniel (2003). Sea of Glory: America's Voyage of Discovery, the U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842. New York: Viking.
  75. Ross, James Clark (1847). A voyage of discovery and research in the southern and Antarctic regions, during the years 1839-43. London: John Murray.
  76. ^ McGoogan, Kenneth (2003). Fatal passage: the true story of John Rae, the Artic hero time forgot. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers.
  77. Savours, Ann (1999). The Search for the North West Passage. New York: St. Marten's Press.
  78. McClure, Robert (1856). Osborn, Sherard (ed.). The Discovery of the North-West Passage. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts.
  79. Armstrong, Alexander (1857). A Personal Narrative of the Discovery of the Northwest Passage. London: Hurst and Blackett. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
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