This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Beetstra (talk | contribs) at 13:34, 1 December 2010 (Script assisted update of identifiers from ChemSpider, CommonChemistry and FDA for the Chem/Drugbox validation project - Updated: InChI1->InChI StdInChI StdInChIKey.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Revision as of 13:34, 1 December 2010 by Beetstra (talk | contribs) (Script assisted update of identifiers from ChemSpider, CommonChemistry and FDA for the Chem/Drugbox validation project - Updated: InChI1->InChI StdInChI StdInChIKey.)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) Pharmaceutical compound| Clinical data | |
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| Pregnancy category | |
| Routes of administration | Subcutaneous (SC) |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | 84.3% (SC) |
| Protein binding | 92% |
| Metabolism | Hepatic |
| Elimination half-life | 3.8 hours |
| Excretion | unknown |
| Identifiers | |
IUPAC name
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| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.169.201  |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C202H298N50O64 |
| Molar mass | 4492.1 g/mol g·mol |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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InChI
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Enfuvirtide (INN) is an HIV fusion inhibitor, the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It is marketed under the trade name Fuzeon (Roche).
Enfuvirtide therapy costs an estimated USD$25,000 per year in the United States. Its cost and inconvenient dosing regimen are factors behind its use as a reserve, for "salvage" therapy in patients with multi-drug resistant HIV.
Structural formula
Ac-Tyr-Thr-Ser-Leu-Ile-His-Ser-Leu- Ile-Glu-Glu-Ser-Gln-Asn-Gln-Gln-Glu- Lys-Asn-Glu-Gln-Glu-Leu-Leu-Glu- Leu-Asp-Lys-Trp-Ala-Ser-Leu-Trp-Asn- Trp-Phe-NH2
History
Enfuvirtide originated at Duke University, where researchers formed a pharmaceutical company known as Trimeris. Trimeris began development on enfuvirtide in 1996 and initially designated it T-20. In 1999, Trimeris entered into partnership with Hoffmann-La Roche to complete the development of the drug. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on March 13, 2003 as the first HIV fusion inhibitor, a new class of antiretroviral drugs. It was approved on the basis of two studies (TORO 1 and TORO 2) which compared the effect of optimized regimens of antiretroviral medication with and without the addition of enfuvirtide on serum viral load.
Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
Enfuvirtide works by disrupting the HIV-1 molecular machinery at the final stage of fusion with the target cell, preventing uninfected cells from becoming infected. A biomimetic peptide, enfuvirtide was designed to mimic components of the HIV-1 fusion machinery and displace them, preventing normal fusion. Drugs that disrupt fusion of virus and target cell are termed entry inhibitors or fusion inhibitors.
HIV binds to the host CD4+ cell receptor via the viral protein gp120; gp41, a viral transmembrane protein, then undergoes a conformational change that assists in the fusion of the viral membrane to the host cell membrane. Enfuvirtide binds to gp41 preventing the creation of an entry pore for the capsid of the virus, keeping it out of the cell.
Microbiology
Enfuvirtide is considered to be active against HIV-1 only. Low activity against HIV-2 isolates has been demonstrated in vitro.
Variable susceptibility to enfuvirtide has been observed in clinical isolates, with acquired resistance the result of a mutated 10 amino acid motif in viral gp41. Primary resistance, however, has yet to be observed.
Clinical use
Indications
Enfuvirtide is indicated for the treatment of HIV-1 infection, in combination therapy with other antiretrovirals, in patients where all other treatments have failed.
Dosage forms
By virtue of its peptide nature, enfuvirtide is marketed in injectable form. The lyophilised enfuvirtide powder must be reconstituted by the patient and administered twice daily by subcutaneous injection.
Adverse effects
Common adverse drug reactions (≥1% of patients) associated with enfuvirtide therapy include: injection site reactions (pain, hardening of skin, erythema, nodules, cysts, itch; experienced by nearly all patients, particularly in the first week), peripheral neuropathy, insomnia, depression, cough, dyspnoea, anorexia, arthralgia, infections (including bacterial pneumonia) and/or eosinophilia. Various hypersensitivity reactions occur infrequently (0.1–1% of patients), symptoms of which include rash, fever, nausea, vomiting, chills, rigors, hypotension, elevated hepatic transaminases; and possibly more severe reactions including respiratory distress, glomerulonephritis and/or anaphylaxis – rechallenge is not recommended.
References
- Lalezari JP, Eron JJ, Carlson M, et al. A phase II clinical study of the long-term safety and antiviral activity of enfuvirtide-based antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2003;17:691—8.
- Roche Products Pty Ltd. Fuzeon (Australian Approved Product Information). Dee Why (NSW): Roche; 2005.
- Greenberg ML, Cammack N. Resistance to enfuvirtide, the first HIV fusion inhibitor. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;54(2):333-40. PMID 15231762
- ^ Rossi S, editor. Australian Medicines Handbook 2006. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook; 2006. ISBN 0-9757919-2-3