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Appaloosa

Appaloosa horse
Country of origin	United States
Traits
Distinguishing features	Most representatives have colorful spotted coat patterns, striped hooves, mottled skin and white sclera around the eye.
Breed standards
Appaloosa Horse Club
Equus ferus caballus

The Appaloosa is a horse breed best known for its colorful leopard-spotted coat pattern and other related characteristics. There is a wide range of body types within the breed, stemming from the influence of multiple breeds of horses throughout its history. Each horse's color pattern is genetically the result of various spotting patterns overlaid on top of one of several recognized base coat colors. The color pattern of the Appaloosa is of great interest to those who study equine coat color genetics, as both the coat pattern and several other physical characteristics are linked to the leopard complex mutation (LP), located in the TRPM1 gene on the horse chromosome 1, though the mechanism by which each spotting pattern is generated remains unknown. Appaloosas are prone to develop both Equine Recurrent Uveitis and congenital stationary night blindness; the latter has been linked to the leopard complex.

While domesticated horses with leopard spotting patterns have been depicted in art as far back as Ancient Greece, the Nez Perce people of the United States Pacific Northwest developed the original American breed. Appaloosas were once referred to by white settlers as the "Palouse horse," possibly after the Palouse River, which ran through the heart of Nez Perce country. Gradually, the name evolved into "Appaloosa." The Nez Perce lost most of their horses following the Nez Perce War in 1877 and the breed fell into decline for several decades. However, a small number of dedicated breeders preserved the Appaloosa as a distinct breed until the Appaloosa Horse Club (ApHC) was formed as the breed registry in 1938. The modern breed maintains bloodlines tracing to the foundation bloodstock of the registry, but also has a partially open stud book that allows addition of some Thoroughbred, American Quarter Horse and Arabian blood. The registry has endured a number of controversies over the years, including disputes over color registration and use of certain drugs in competition.

Today the Appaloosa is one of the most popular breeds in the United States, and it was named the official state horse of Idaho in 1975. It is best known as a stock horse used in a number of western riding disciplines, but is also a versatile breed with representatives seen in many other types of equestrian activity. Appaloosas have appeared in many movies and one is a mascot for the Florida State Seminoles. The Appaloosa has influenced many other horse breeds, including the Pony of the Americas, the Nez Perce Horse and several gaited horse breeds.

Breed characteristics

The Appaloosa is best known for its distinctive, preferred leopard complex spotted coat. Spotting occurs in several overlay patterns on one of several recognized base coat colors. There are three other distinctive characteristics: mottled skin, striped hooves, and a visible white sclera around the eye. Skin mottling is "a basic and decisive indicator of an Appaloosa" and is usually seen around the muzzle, eyes, anus and genitalia. Striped hooves are particularly bold in many Appaloosas, but may occur in other horses, and the visible white sclera is seen more often in Appaloosas than in other breeds. Appaloosas can have brown, blue or hazel eyes, and an individual horse may have eyes of two different colors. Due to the occasional individual who has minimal expression of spotting patterns, the ApHC allows regular registration of horses with mottled skin plus one or both of the other two core characteristics. Horses with two ApHC parents but no "identifiable Appaloosa characteristics" may be given a limited special registration status.

Because leopard complex characteristics are the primary identifying factors for an Appaloosa, and because several different horse breeds influenced its development, there is a wide range of body types, with weights ranging from 950 to 1,250 pounds (430 to 570 kg) and heights from 14 to 16 hands (56 to 64 inches, 142 to 163 cm). However, pony and draft breeding is not allowed in the modern Appaloosa.

The original "old time" or "old type" Appaloosa was a tall, narrow-bodied, rangy horse. The body style reflected a mix that started with the traditional Spanish horses already common to the plains of America prior to 1700. Then, 18th century European bloodlines were added, particularly those of the "pied" horses popular in that period that were shipped en masse to the Americas once the color had fallen from fashion in Europe. These horses were similar to a tall, slim Thoroughbred-Andalusian type of horse popular in Bourbon-era Spain. The original Appaloosa also tended to have a convex facial profile that resembled that of the warmblood-Jennet crosses first developed in the 16th century during the reign of Charles V. The old type Appaloosa was later modified by the addition of draft horse blood after the 1877 defeat of the Nez Perce, when U.S. Government policy pushed the Indians to become farmers and provided draft horse mares to breed to existing stallions. While the original Appaloosas frequently had a sparse mane and tail, it was not a primary characteristic. Many early Appaloosas did have full manes and tails. There is a possible genetic link between the leopard complex and sparse mane and tail growth, though the precise relationship is not known.

After the formation of the breed registry in 1938, a more modern type developed with the addition of American Quarter Horse and Arabian bloodlines. The addition of Quarter Horse lines produced Appaloosas that performed better in sprint racing and in halter competition. Many cutting and reining horses resulted from old type Appaloosas crossed on Arabian bloodlines, particularly via the Appaloosa foundation stallion Red Eagle. In the 1970s, a modern infusion of Thoroughbred blood was added to the breed to produce horses more suited for racing. Modern breeders also attempt to breed away from the sparse, "rat tail" trait, and therefore most modern Appaloosas have relatively full manes and tails.

Color and spotting patterns

The coat color of an Appaloosa is a combination of a base color with a overlaid spotting pattern. The base colors recognized by the Appaloosa Horse Club include bay, black, chestnut, palomino, buckskin, cremello or perlino, roan, gray, dun and grulla. Appaloosa markings have several pattern variations. It is this unique group of spotting patterns, collectively called the "leopard complex," that most people associate with the Appaloosa horse. Spots overlay darker skin, and often are surrounded by a "halo," where the skin next to the spot is also dark but the overlying hair coat is white.

It is not always easy to predict a grown Appaloosa's color at birth. Foals in general tend to be born with coats that darken when they shed their baby hair. Further, Appaloosa foals do not always show classic leopard complex characteristics at birth. Patterns sometimes change over the course of the horse's life. Some horses are born with a pattern that does not change, particularly blanket and leopard horses. Others, particularly the varnish roan and snowflake patterns, will be born showing very little color pattern, but develop more color as they get older.

In addition, the ApHC recognizes the concept of a "Solid" horse which has a base color, "but no contrasting color in the form of an Appaloosa coat pattern." Solid horses can be registered if they have mottled skin and one other leopard complex characteristic.

Base color are overlain by various spotting patterns, which are variable and often do not fit neatly into a specific category. These patterns are described as follows:

Pattern	Description	Image
Blanket or snowcap	A solid white area normally over, but not limited to, the hip area with a contrasting base color.
Spots	general term that refers to a horse which has white or dark spots over all or a portion of its body.
Blanket with spots	a white blanket which has dark spots within the white. The spots are usually the same color as the horse's base color.
Leopard	Considered an extension of a blanket to cover the whole body. A white horse with dark spots that flow out over the entire body.
Few Spot Leopard	A mostly white horse with a bit of color remaining around the flank, neck and head.
Snowflake	A horse with white spots, flecks, on a dark body. Typically the white spots increase in number and size as the horse ages.
Appaloosa Roan, Varnish roan or Marble	A distinct version of the leopard complex. Intermixed dark and light hairs with lighter colored area on the forehead, jowls and frontal bones of the face, over the back, loin and hips. Darker areas may appear along the edges of the frontal bones of the face as well and also on the legs, stifle, above the eye, point of the hip and behind the elbow. The dark points over bony areas are called "varnish marks" and distinguish this pattern from a traditional roan.
Mottled	A fewspot leopard that is completely white with only mottled skin showing.
Roan Blanket or Frost	Horses with roaning over the croup and hips. The blanket normally occurs over, but is not limited to, the hip area.
Roan Blanket With Spots	refers to a horse with a roan blanket which has white and/or dark spots within the roan area.

Color genetics

Any horse that shows Appaloosa characteristics carries at least one allele of the dominant "leopard complex" (LP) gene. The use of the word "complex" is used to refer to the large group of visible patterns that may occur when LP is present. LP is an autosomal incomplete dominant mutation in the TRPM1 gene located at horse chromosome 1 (ECA 1). All horses with at least one copy of LP show leopard characteristics, and it is now hypothesized that LP acts together with other patterning genes (PATN) that have not yet been identified to produce the different coat patterns. Horses that are heterozygous for LP tend to be darker than homozygous horses, but this is not consistent.

Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TRPM1 gene have been identified as closely associated with the LP mutation, although the mechanism by which the pattern is produced remains unclear. A commercially available DNA based test is likely to be developed in the near future, which breeders can use to determine if LP is present in horses that do not have visible Appaloosa characteristics.

Not every Appaloosa horse exhibits visible coat spotting. However, even apparently solid-colored horses who carry at least one dominant LP allele will exhibit characteristics such as vertically striped hooves, white sclera of the eye, and mottled skin around the eyes, lips, and genitalia. Sometimes, Appaloosas may also exhibit sabino or pinto type markings. However, because pinto genes may "cover-up" or obscure Appaloosa patterns, pinto breeding is discouraged by the ApHC, which will deny registration to some horses if they have excessive white markings. The genes that create these different patterns can all be present in the same horse and the Appaloosa Project, a genetic study group, has researched the interactions of Appaloosa and pinto genes and how they affect each other.

History

Domesticated horses with blanket spotting patterns have been depicted in the art of Ancient Persia, in Ancient Greece, the "Celestial horses" of the T'ang Dynasty in China, and 11th century France. Paintings from France in the 16th and 17th century show horses with leopard coat patterns being used as riding horses, and other records indicate they were also used as coach horses at the court of King Louis XIV of France. In mid-18th century Europe, there was a high demand for horses with the Appaloosa coat pattern among the nobility and royalty. These horses were used in the schools of horsemanship and for parade and display use.

The Spanish probably obtained spotted horses through trade with southern Austria and Hungary, where the color pattern was known to exist. Then, the Conquistadors and Spanish settlers brought some vividly marked horses to the Americas when they first arrived in the early 16th century. One horse with snowflake patterning was listed with the 16 horses brought to Mexico by Cortez. Additional spotted horses were noted by Spanish writers by 1604. More arrived when spotted horses went out of style in late-18th century Europe, resulting in large numbers shipped to the west coast of America and traded to Spanish settlers and the Indian people of the Pacific Northwest, a voyage survived only by the hardiest animals.

The Nez Perce

The Nez Perce people lived in what today is eastern Washington, Oregon, and western Idaho. They were a relatively peaceful nation, many of whom engaged in agriculture as well as horse breeding. Peace with the United States dated back to an alliance arranged by Lewis and Clark.

The Nez Perce first obtained horses around 1700, particularly from the Shoshone. From there, they took advantage of the fact that they lived in excellent horse-breeding country, relatively safe from the raids of other tribes, and developed strict breeding selection practices for their animals, establishing breeding herds by 1750. They were one of the few tribes to actively use the practice of gelding inferior male horses, actively traded away poorer stock to remove unsuitable animals from the gene pool, and thus were known as notable horse breeders by the early 19th century.

Early Nez Perce horses were considered to be of high quality. Meriwether Lewis of the Lewis and Clark Expedition wrote in his February 15, 1806 journal entry: "Their horses appear to be of an excellent race; they are lofty, eligantly formed, active and durable: in short many of them look like fine English coarsers and would make a figure in any country." Lewis did note spotting patterns, saying, "...some of these horses are pided with large spots of white irregularly scattered and intermixed with the black brown bey or some other dark colour..." By "pied," Lewis may have been referring to leopard-spotted patterns seen in the modern Appaloosa, though Lewis also noted that "much the larger portion are of a uniform colour..." The Appaloosa Horse Club itself estimates that only about ten percent of the horses owned by the Nez Perce at the time were spotted. While the Nez Perce originally had many solid-colored horses and only began to emphasize color in their breeding program some time after the visit of Lewis and Clark, they had many spotted horses by the late 19th century. As white settlers moved into traditional Nez Perce lands, a successful trade in horses enriched the Nez Perce, who in 1861 bred horses described as "elegant chargers, fit to mount a prince."

The Nez Perce War

The encroachment of gold miners in the 1860s and settlers in the 1870s put pressure on the Nez Perce to give up much of their land, which covered seven million acres (28,000 km²). Although a treaty in 1855 allowed them to keep most of their traditional land, another in 1863 reduced the land alloted to the Nez Perce by 90%.

The Nez Perce who had refused to give up their land under the 1863 treaty included a band living in the Wallowa Valley of Oregon, led by Heinmot Tooyalakekt, widely known as Chief Joseph. Although the nontreaty Nez Perce managed to avoid conflict and stay on their lands for another fourteen years, tensions rose in 1876 and 1877 until General Oliver Howard called a council in May 1877 and ordered the nontreaty bands move to the reservation, setting an impossible deadline of 30 days. Chief Joseph considered military resistance futile, and by June 14, 1877 had gathered about 600 people at a site near present-day Grangeville, Idaho. However, a small group of warriors staged an attack on nearby white settlers, which led to the Nez Perce War. After several small battles in Idaho during the next month, over 800 Nez Perce, mostly non-warriors, along with 2000 head of various livestock, began a remarkable journey. They traveled from Idaho over Lolo Pass into Montana, traveling southeast, dipping into Yellowstone National Park and then back northeast into eastern Montana. They attempted to seek refuge with the Crow Nation but were rebuffed, so ultimately decided to try to reach safety in Canada. A small number of Nez Perce fighters, probably fewer than 200, successfully held off larger forces of the U.S. Army in several skirmishes, including the two-day Battle of the Big Hole in southwestern Montana. Throughout this journey, which covered roughly 1,400 miles (2,300 km), the Nez Perce relied heavily upon their fast, agile and hardy Appaloosa horses.

The journey came to an end when, thinking that they had shaken off their pursuers, they stopped to rest near the Bears Paw Mountains in Montana, 40 miles (64 km) from the Canadian border. Unbeknownst to the Nez Perce, Nelson A. Miles, then a colonel, had quickly brought up an infantry-cavalry column from Fort Keogh in pursuit. After a five-day fight, on October 5, 1877, Joseph surrendered. The battle—and the war—was over. With many dead, including most of the war chiefs, and cold, starving noncombatants, Joseph declared in his famous speech that he would "fight no more forever."

The aftermath of the Nez Perce War

When the U.S. 7th Cavalry accepted the surrender of Chief Joseph and the remaining Nez Perce, they immediately took over 1,000 of the tribe's horses, sold what they could, and shot many of the rest. A significant population of horses had been hastily left behind in the Wallowa valley when the Nez Perce began their retreat and additional animals escaped or were abandoned along the way. The Nez Perce were ultimately settled on reservation lands in north central Idaho, were allowed very few horses, and were required by the Army to breed what mares they still had to draft horse stallions in an attempt to create farm horses. The Nez Perce tribe never regained its former position as breeders of Appaloosa horses. However, in the late 20th century the Nez Perce began a new horse breeding program with the intent to resurrect their horse culture, tradition of selective breeding, and horsemanship.

Although a remnant population of Appaloosa horses remained after 1877, they were virtually forgotten as a distinct breed for almost 60 years. However, a few quality horses continued to be bred, mostly those captured or purchased by white settlers and used as working ranch horses. Others were used in circuses and related forms of entertainment such as Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show. The horses were originally called "Palouse horses" by white settlers, a reference to the Palouse River that ran through the heart of what was once Nez Perce country. Gradually, the name evolved into "Apalouse," and then "Appaloosa."

Revitalization

In 1937, the Appaloosa had caught the eye of the general public because of a series of articles in Western Horseman magazine, and the Appaloosa Horse Club (ApHC) was founded by Claude Thompson and a small group of other dedicated breeders in 1938. The registry was originally housed in Moro, Oregon, then in 1947 moved to Moscow, Idaho. The Appaloosa Museum foundation was formed in 1975 to preserve the history of the Appaloosa horse.

A significant crossbreeding influence used to revitalize the Appaloosa was the Arabian horse, as evidenced by early registration lists which show Arabian-Appaloosa crossbreeds as ten of the first fifteen horses registered with the ApHC. For example, one of Claude Thompson's major herd sires was Ferras, an Arabian stallion bred by W.K. Kellogg from horses imported from the Crabbet Arabian Stud of England. Ferras then sired Red Eagle, a prominent Appaloosa stallion, who was added to the Appaloosa Hall of Fame in 1988. Later, Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse lines were added, as well as crosses from other breeds, including Morgans and Standardbreds. In 1983, the ApHC reduced the number of allowable outcrosses to three main breeds: the Arabian horse, the American Quarter Horse and the Thoroughbred.

By 1978, the ApHC was the third largest horse registry in the United States. Today, the Appaloosa is one of America's most popular breeds. From 1938 to 2007 over 670,000 Appaloosas had been registered by the ApHC. The state of Idaho adopted the Appaloosa as its official state horse on March 25, 1975 when Idaho Governor Cecil Andrus signed the enabling legislation. Idaho even offers a custom license plate featuring an Appaloosa horse, the first state to offer a plate featuring a state horse.

Registration

Located in Moscow, Idaho, the ApHC is the principal body for the promotion and preservation of the Appaloosa breed in the United States. Affiliate Appaloosa organizations exist in many South American and European countries, as well as South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Mexico and Israel. The Appaloosa Horse Club does not release membership numbers, but the circulation of the Appaloosa Journal, which is included with most types of membership, is around 32,000 as of 2008. The American Appaloosa Association was founded in 1983 by members opposed to the registration of plain-colored horses as Appaloosas in the color rule controversy. Based in Missouri, it has a membership of over 2000 as of 2008.

The Appaloosa is "a breed defined by ApHC bloodline requirements and preferred characteristics, including coat pattern." In other words, the Appaloosa is a distinct breed from limited bloodlines with distinct physical traits and a desired color, referred to as a "color preference." Thus, Appaloosas are not strictly a "color breed." All ApHC-registered Appaloosas must be the offspring of two registered Appaloosa parents or a registered Appaloosa and a horse from an approved breed registry, which includes Arabian horses, Quarter Horses, and Thoroughbreds. In all cases, one parent must always be a regular registered Appaloosa. The only exception to the bloodline requirements is in the case of Appaloosa colored geldings or spayed mares with unknown pedigrees; owners may apply for "hardship registration" for these non-breeding horses. The ApHC does not accept horses with draft, pony, Pinto, or Paint breeding, and requires mature Appaloosas to stand, unshod at least 14 hands (56 inches, 142 cm). If a horse has excessive white markings not associated with the Appaloosa pattern (such as those characteristic of a pinto) it cannot be registered unless it is verified through DNA testing that both parents have ApHC registration.

In addition to the spotting patterns previously mentioned, certain other characteristics are used to determine if a horse receives "regular" registration: striped hooves, a white ring or sclera around the eyes, and mottled (spotted) skin around the eyes, lips, and genitalia. The Appaloosa is one of the few horse breeds to exhibit skin mottling, and so this characteristic is very basic and decisive indication of a true member of the breed. Appaloosas who are born with visible coat pattern, or mottled skin and at least one other characteristic, are registered with "regular" papers and have full show and breeding privileges. A horse that meets bloodline requirements but is born without the recognized color pattern/characteristics can still be registered with the ApHC as a "non-characteristic" Appaloosa. These solid colored, "non-characteristic" Appaloosas may not be shown at ApHC events unless the owner verifies the parentage through DNA testing and pays an extra fee to enter the horse into the ApHC's Performance Permit Program (PPP). Solid-colored Appaloosas also have breeding restrictions.

Color rule controversy

During the 1940s and 1950s, when both the Appaloosa Horse Club (ApHC) and the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA) were in their formative years, minimally marked or roan Appaloosas were sometimes used in Quarter Horse breeding programs. At the same time, it was noted that two solid-colored registered Quarter Horse parents would sometimes produce what was called a "cropout" – in the Quarter horse world, a term referring to either an Appaloosa or pinto-colored foal, one with too much white in the "wrong" places. For a considerable time, until DNA testing could verify parentage, the AQHA refused to register such horses. However, the ApHC accepted cropout horses that exhibited proper Appaloosa traits, while cropout pintos became the core of the American Paint Horse Association. Famous Appaloosas who were cropouts included Colida, Joker B, Bright Eyes Brother and Wapiti.

In the late 1970s, the color controversy went in the opposite direction within the Appaloosa registry. The ApHC generated considerable controversy by a decision in 1982 to allow solid-colored or "non-characteristic" Appaloosas to be registered. Prior to the implementation of the rule, a foal of Appaloosa parents who did not have sufficient color was often denied registration. However, non-characteristic Appaloosas were allowed into the registry and breeder experience showed that some solid Appaloosas could throw a spotted foal in a subsequent generation, at least when bred to a spotted Appaloosa, and in addition, many horses with a solid coat nonetheless exhibited secondary characteristics such as skin mottling, the white sclera and striped hooves. However, the controversy was intense, and a number of Appaloosa breeders split from the ApHC and founded a separate Appaloosa organization in 1983.

Uses

Appaloosas are used extensively for both Western and English riding. Western competitions include cutting, reining, roping and O-Mok-See sports such as barrel racing (known as the Camas Prairie Stump Race in Appaloosa-only competition) and pole bending (called the Nez Percé Stake Race at breed shows). English disciplines that they are used in include eventing, show jumping, and fox hunting. They are common in endurance riding competitions, as well as in casual trail riding. Appaloosas are also bred for racing, with an active breed racing association promoting the sport. They are generally used for middle-distance racing at distances between 350 yards and a half mile, and an Appaloosa holds the record for the 4.5 furlong distance, set in 1989.

Appaloosas are often used in Western movies and television series as mounts for both cowboy and Native American characters. Examples included "Cojo Rojo" in the Marlon Brando film The Appaloosa and "Zip Cochise" ridden by John Wayne in the 1966 film El Dorado. An Appaloosa horse is part of the controversial mascot team for the Florida State Seminoles, Chief Osceola and Renegade, even though the Seminole people were not directly associated with Appaloosa horses.

A similarly spotted breed in Europe, with a sport horse build, is the Knabstrup. Breeds with leopard coloring and Appaloosa ancestry include the Pony of the Americas and the Colorado Ranger. Appaloosas are also crossbred with a number of gaited horse breeds in an attempt to create a leopard-spotted ambling horse. Because the ensuing offspring are not eligible for ApHC registration, their owners are forming a number of new breed registries to promote gaited horses with spotted coats. In 1995 the Nez Perce tribe began a program to develop a new and distinct horse breed, the Nez Perce Horse, based on crossbreeding the Appaloosa with a Central Asian breed called Akhal-Teke.

Health issues

Genetically-linked blindness

Appaloosas have an eightfold greater risk of developing Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU) than all other breeds combined. Up to 25% of all horses with ERU may be Appaloosas. Uveitis in horses has many causes, including eye trauma, disease, and bacterial, parasitic and viral infections, but ERU is characterized by recurring episodes of uveitis, rather than a single incident. If not treated, ERU can lead to blindness, which occurs more often in Appaloosas than in other breeds. Up to 80% of all uveitis cases are found in Appaloosas, with physical characteristics including light colored coat patterns, little pigment around the eyelids and sparse hair in the mane and tail denoting more at-risk individuals. Researchers may have identified a gene region containing an allele that makes the breed more susceptible to the disease.

Appaloosas that are homozygous for the leopard complex (LP) gene are also at risk for congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB). This form of night blindness has been linked with the leopard complex since the 1970s, and in 2007 a "significant association" between LP and CSNB was identified. CSNB is a disorder that causes an affected animal to completely lack night vision, although day vision is normal. It is an inherited disorder, present from birth, and does not progress over time. Studies in 2008 and 2010 indicate that both CSNB and leopard complex spotting patterns are linked to TRPM1.

Drug rules

In 2007, the ApHC implemented new drug rules which allow Appaloosas to show with the drugs furosemide, known by the trade name of Lasix, and acetazolamide. Furosemide is used to prevent horses who bleed from the nose when subjected to strenuous work from having bleeding episodes when in competition, and is widely used in horse racing. Acetazolamide ("Acet") is used for treating horses with the genetic disease hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP), and prevents affected animals from having seizures. Acet is only allowed for horses that test positive for HYPP and have HYPP status noted on their registration papers. The ApHC recommends that Appaloosas that trace to certain American Quarter Horse bloodlines be tested for HYPP, and owners have the option to choose to place HYPP testing results on registration papers. Foals of AQHA-registered stallions and mares born on or after January 1, 2007 that carry HYPP will be required to be HYPP tested and have their HYPP status designated on their registration papers.

Both drugs are controversial in part because they are considered drug maskers and as diuretics which can be used to make it difficult to detect the use of other drugs from the horse's system. For these and other reasons, this rule change has generated controversy. On one side, it is argued that both the United States Equestrian Federation (USEF), which sponsors show competition for many different horse breeds, and the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI), which governs international and Olympic equestrian competition, ban the use of furosemide. On the other side of the controversy, several major stock horse registries that sanction their own shows, including the American Quarter Horse Association, American Paint Horse Association, and the Palomino Horse Breeders of America, allow acetazolamide and furosemide to be used with 24 hours of showing under certain circumstances.

Notes

1. Chief Joseph and his band were settled in central Washington on the Colville Indian Reservation (West, "The Nez Perce and Their Trials: Rethinking America's Indian Wars", p. 4).
2. Acetazolamide is not to be confused with Acepromazine ("Ace"), a tranquilizer, which is illegal in all forms of competition.

Footnotes

1. ^ "2010 Appaloosa Horse Club Handbook" (PDF). Appaloosa Horse Club. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
2. ^ "Guide to Identifying an Appaloosa". Appaloosa Horse Club. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
3. "Characteristics of the Appaloosa". American Appaloosa Association Worldwide. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
4. ^ Bennett, Conquerors, p. 392
5. ^ Bennett, Conquerors, p. 391
6. Bennett, Conquerors, p. 170
7. Bennett, Conquerors, p. 308
8. ^ Richardson, The Appaloosa, pp. 27–28
9. ^ Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics, pp. 90–91
10. Bennett, Conquerors, p. 393
11. Harris, Horse Breeds of the West, p. 12
12. ^ Archer, Sheila. "The Appaloosa Project: Studies Currently Underway". The Appaloosa Project. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
13. ^ Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics, p. 92
14. "Appaloosa Horse". International Museum of the Horse – Horse Breeds of the World. Kentucky Horse Park. Retrieved 2010-11-13.
15. Based on images from Sponenberg, 153–156
16. ^ Bellone, R. R. Bellone (December 2010). "Association analysis of candidate SNPs in TRPM1 with leopard complex spotting (LP ) and congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) in horses". Animal Genetics. 41 (Supplement s2): 207. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2010.02119.x. Retrieved 2010-12-10. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); hair space character in |title= at position 82 (help)
17. Terry, R. B. (2004). "Assignment of the appaloosa coat colour gene (LP) to equine chromosome 1". Animal Genetics. 35 (2): 134–137. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01113.x. PMID 15025575. Retrieved 2008-06-09. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
18. "Applications of Genome Study – Coat Color". Horse Genome Project. University of Kentucky. Retrieved 2008-07-03.
19. Sponenberg, Equine Color Genetics, p. 93
20. "Introduction to Coat Color Genetics". Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine. University of California-Davis. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
21. "2010 Appaloosa Horse Club Handbook" (PDF). Appaloosa Horse Club. pp. Rule 205.C. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
22. "What is the Appaloosa Project?". The Appaloosa Project. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
23. ^ The Appaloosa Museum. "History of the Appaloosa". The Appaloosa Museum. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
24. Crowell, Cavalcade, p. 298
25. Peckinpah, Robert L. (1953). "Appaloosa Ancient History". Horse Lover's Magazine: 26–29. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
26. Richardson, The Appaloosa, pp. 12–16
27. Bennett, Deb (1997). "Hot Spots". Equus. 233: 57. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
28. ^ Crowell, Cavalcade, p. 299
29. Richardson, The Appaloosa, pp. 17–18
30. Bennett, Conquerors, p. 196
31. Bennett, Conquerors, p. 207
32. Bennett, Conquerors, p. 391
33. West, "The Nez Perce and Their Trials: Rethinking America's Indian Wars", p. 7
34. Malone, et.al., Montana, p. 134
35. ^ West, "The Nez Perce and Their Trials: Rethinking America's Indian Wars", pp. 5–6
36. ^ Spencer III, Dick (1958). "Appaloosas". Western Livestock Journal: 50, 53–55. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
37. ^ "Appaloosa History". Appaloosa Horse Club. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
38. ^ Moulton, The Lewis and Clark Journals, p. 333
39. Bennett, Conquerors, p. 390
40. Bennett, Conquerors, pp. 390, 392
41. West, "The Nez Perce and Their Trials: Rethinking America's Indian Wars", p. 14
42. ^ Malone, et.al., Montana, pp. 135–136
43. West, "The Nez Perce and Their Trials: Rethinking America's Indian Wars", p. 9
44. ^ West, "The Nez Perce and Their Trials: Rethinking America's Indian Wars", p. 4
45. West, "The Nez Perce and Their Trials: Rethinking America's Indian Wars", pp. 14–15
46. ^ "Chief Joseph". New Perspectives on the West. The West Film Project/WETA/PBS/. 2001. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
47. ^ Haines, Appaloosa, pp. 92–95
48. ^ Malone, et.al. Montana, p. 138
49. Richardson, The Appaloosa, p. 23
50. Richardson, The Appaloosa, p. 24
51. ^ Murphy, Michael (1995). "Nez Perce Launch Horse Breeding Program". Articles. Nez Perce Horse Registry. Retrieved 2008-01-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
52. Haines, Appaloosa, pp. 96–98
53. ^ Crowell, Cavalcade, pp. 296–97
54. ^ "History of the ApHC". The Appaloosa Museum. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
55. ^ Haines, Appaloosa, p. 98
56. "Appaloosa Museum". The Appaloosa Museum. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
57. Appaloosa Horse Club, Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book, Vol. 1
58. ^ Thorson, Juli S. (1997). "Claude Thompson: Appaloosa Forefather". Appaloosa Journal: 40–45. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
59. Appaloosa Horse Club, Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book, Vol. 2&3
60. "2010 Appaloosa Horse Club Handbook" (PDF). Rule 204 A 1, 2, 3. Appaloosa Horse Club. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
61. Appaloosa Horse Club. "Appaloosa Horse Club Fact Sheet". Appaloosa Horse Club Website. Appaloosa Horse Club. Retrieved 2007-02-01.
62. Sellnow, Les (September 1, 2008). "Overbreeding" (Registration required). The Horse. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
63. Idaho Transportation Department. "Personalized Plates for Your Vehicle & Souvenir Sample Plates". Idaho Transportation Department. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
64. "Everything you need to know about the Appaloosa License Plate". Appaloosa Horse Club. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
65. "Appaloosa Horse Club: International Affiliates". Appaloosa Horse Club. 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-12.
66. "Appaloosa Horse Club Sponsorship Levels" (PDF). Appaloosa Horse Club. Retrieved 2008-02-12.
67. "ApHC Membership". Appaloosa Horse Club. Retrieved 2008-02-12.
68. ^ "American Appaloosa Association". American Appaloosa Association. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
69. "Performance Permit Program". Appaloosa Horse Club. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
70. Holmes, Spotted Pride, p. 165
71. "Famous horses". The Appaloosa Museum. 2007. Retrieved 2008-12-31.
72. Stanger, Fifty Years of Appaloosa History, p. 163
73. "Tips for Registering Your Appaloosa". Appaloosa Horse Club. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
74. Dutson, Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America, pp. 74–78
75. "How do people use Appaloosas?". The Appaloosa Museum. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
76. Wilson, Animal Movies Guide, p. 161
77. Murphy, Caitriona. "Ride 'em like a real cowboy". Independent News & Media Plc. Retrieved 2008-07-03.
78. Powell, Robert Andrew (2005). "The debate over Indian mascots: does the NCAA's ban on Indian mascots and nicknames go too far, or not far enough? Fans—and tribes—are divided". The New York Times Upfront. Scholastic, Inc. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
79. "A Brief History of the POA Breed and POAC". Pony of the Americas Club. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
80. "CRHA History". Colorado Ranger Horse Association. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
81. "2010 Official Handbook of the Appaloosa Horse Club" (PDF). Appaloosa Horse Club. pp. Rules 204, 205. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
82. "Breed Profiles". Gaited Horses. Fairwind WebPages. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
83. Sandmeyer, Lynne (July 28, 2008). "Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU)". The Appaloosa Project. Retrieved 2010-03-21.
84. Loving, Nancy (April 19, 2008). "Uveitis: Medical and Surgical Treatment" (Registration required). The Horse. Retrieved 2010-03-21.
85. "Abstracts: 36th Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Ophthamologists, Nashville, TN, USA, October 12–15, 2005". Veterinary Ophthalmology. 8 (6): 437–450. November 2005. doi:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2005.00442.x. Based on these data, we conclude that a susceptibility allele for ERU in Appaloosas exists in the MHC region.
86. ^ Archer, Sheila. "Night Blindness in the Appaloosa (CSNB)". The Appaloosa Project. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
87. Witzel, C.A.; Joyce, J.R.; Smith, E.L. (1977). "Electroretinography of congenital night blindness in an Appaloosa filly". Journal of Equine Medicine and Surgery (1): 226–229.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
88. Sandmeyer, Lynne S. (November 2007). "Clinical and electroretinographic characteristics of congenital stationary night blindness in the Appaloosa and the association with the leopard complex". Journal of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmology (ACVO). 10 (6). Blackwell Science: 368–375. Retrieved 2010-12-10. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
89. "Researchers Pinpoint Link Between Appaloosa Coloring and Night Blindness" (Registration required). The Horse. November 21, 2007. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
90. Oke, Stacey (August 31, 2008). "Shedding Light on Night Blindness in Appaloosas" (Registration required). The Horse. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
91. "2010 Appaloosa Horse Club Handbook" (PDF). Appaloosa Horse Club. 2010. p. Rule 40C, note. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
92. Nelson, Shonda (2008). "Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP) Testing Procedures" (PDF). Appaloosa Horse Club. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
93. "HYPP Test Result Proecdures". Appaloosa Newsletter. Appaloosa Horse Club. 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
94. "July 2007 Appaloosa Horse Club Board Motions" (PDF). Appaloosa Horse Club. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
95. "Drugs and Medication Guidelines" (PDF). United States Equestrian Federation. August 1, 2007. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-08-11. Note: Specifically lists Furosemide.
96. "Equine Prohibited List" (PDF). Veterinary Regulations. Federation Equestre Internationale. 2009. p. 2. Retrieved 2009-10-24. Note: Bans use of diuretics generally with no exception for Furosemide.
97. "Therapeutic Medication Fact Sheet". American Quarter Horse Association. Retrieved 2010-11-11.
98. "APHA Rulebook". American Paint Horse Association. pp. 78–79, Rule CS-085. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
99. "PHBA Rule Book" (PDF). Palomino Horse Breeders Association. pp. 77–78, Rule 2528A. Retrieved 2009-10-24. The PHBA does not allow Lasix within 24 hours of show and only allows Acetazolamide for HYPP horses.

References

• Appaloosa Horse Club. Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book Volume 1. Appaloosa Horse Club.
• Appaloosa Horse Club. Appaloosa Horse Club Stud Book Volume 2 & 3. Appaloosa Horse Club.
• Bennett, Deb (1998). Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship (First ed.). Amigo Publications. ISBN 0-9658533-0-6.
• Crowell, Pers (1951). Cavalcade of American Horses. New York: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 1428574.
• Dutson, Judith (2005). Storey's Illustrated Guide to 96 Horse Breeds of North America. Storey Publishing. ISBN 1580176127.
• Haines, Francis (1963). Appaloosa: The Spotted Horse in Art and History. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0912830212.
• Harris, Freddie S. (1973). Horse Breeds of the West. Cordovan Corp. OCLC 1583675.
• Holmes, Frank (2003). Spotted Pride. Loft Enterprises. ISBN 0971499829.
• Malone, Michael P.; Roeder, Richard B. and Lang, William L. (1991). Montana: A History of Two Centuries. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0295971290.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Moulton, Gary E. (editor) (2003). The Lewis and Clark Journals. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803280394. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
• Richardson, Bill and Richardson, Dona (1968). The Appaloosa. New York: A. S. Barnes. ISBN 0498067874.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Sponenberg, Dan Phillip (2003). Equine color genetics (2nd ed.). Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 978-0813807591.
• Stanger, Edith M. (1997). Fifty Years of Appaloosa History. Double Arrow Appaloosas. ISBN 0966116046.
• West, Elliott (Autumn, 2010). "The Nez Perce and Their Trials: Rethinking America's Indian Wars". Montana: The Magazine of Western History. Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society: 3–18. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Text "authorlink" ignored (help)
• Wilson, Staci Layne (2007). Animal Movies Guide. Running Free Press. ISBN 0967518539.

External links

• Appaloosa Horse Club (USA)
• Appaloosa Museum
• American Appaloosa Association
• Appaloosa Horse Club of Canada
• Appaloosa Horse Club of Denmark
• Appaloosa Horse Club of Germany
• American Appaloosa Horse Club Holland
• Appaloosa Horse Association of New Zealand
• Appaloosa Horse Club of the United Kingdom
• Animal Planet Live Appaloosa Horse Cam
• Appaloosa Breeding in Argentina

• Horse breeds
• Animal breeds originating in the United States
• Horse coat colors