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In 1941, Escher summarized his findings in a notebook, which he labeled Regelmatige vlakverdeling in asymmetrische congruente veelhoeken ("Regular division of the plane with asymmetric congruent polygons"). His intention in writing this was to aid himself in integrating mathematics into art. Escher is considered a research mathematician of his time because of his documentation with this paper. In it, he studied color based division, and developed a system of categorizing combinations of shape, color and symmetrical properties.
igns that told a story through the use of pictures. These works demonstrated a culmination of Escher's skills to incorporate mathematics into art. In Metamorphosis I, he transformed convex polygons into regular patterns in a plane to form a human motif. This effect symbolizes his change of interest from landscape and nature to regular division of a plane.
One of his most notable works is the piece Metamorphosis III, which is wide enough to cover all the walls in a room, and then loop back onto itself.
A related entity, the M.C. Escher Foundation of Baarn, promotes Escher's work by organizing exhibitions, publishing books and producing films about his life and work.
The primary institutional collections of original works by M.C. Escher are the Escher Museum, a subsidiary of the Haags Gemeentemuseum in The Hague; the National Gallery of Art (Washington, DC); the National Gallery of Canada (Ottawa); the Israel Museum (Jerusalem); Huis ten Bosch (Nagasaki, Japan); and the Boston Public Library.
Selected works
- Trees, ink (1920)
- St. Bavo's, Haarlem, ink (1920)
- Flor de Pascua (The Easter Flower), woodcut/book illustrations (1921)
- Eight Heads, woodcut (1922)
- Dolphins also known as Dolphins in Phosphorescent Sea, woodcut (1923)
- Tower of Babel, woodcut (1928)
- Street in Scanno, Abruzzi, lithograph (1930)
- Castrovalva, lithograph (1930)
- The Bridge, lithograph (1930)
- Palizzi, Calabria, woodcut (1930)
- Pentedattilo, Calabria, lithograph (1930)
- Atrani, Coast of Amalfi, lithograph (1931)
- Ravello and the Coast of Amalfi, lithograph (1931)
- Covered Alley in Atrani, Coast of Amalfi, wood engraving (1931)
- Phosphorescent Sea, lithograph (1933)
- Still Life with Spherical Mirror, lithograph (1934)
- Hand with Reflecting Sphere also known as Self-Portrait in Spherical Mirror, lithograph (1935)
- Inside St. Peter's, wood engraving (1935)
- Portrait of G.A. Escher, lithograph (1935)
- “Hell”, lithograph, (copied from a painting by Hieronymus Bosch) (1935)
- Regular Division of the Plane, series of drawings that continued until the 1960s (1936)
- Still Life and Street (his first impossible reality), woodcut (1937)
- Metamorphosis I, woodcut (1937)
- Day and Night, woodcut (1938)
- Cycle, lithograph (1938)
- Sky and Water I, woodcut (1938)
- Sky and Water II, lithograph (1938)
- Metamorphosis II, woodcut (1939–1940)
- Verbum (Earth, Sky and Water), lithograph (1942)
- Reptiles, lithograph (1943)
- Ant, lithograph (1943)
- Encounter, lithograph (1944)
- Doric Columns, wood engraving (1945)
- Three Spheres I, wood engraving (1945)
- Magic Mirror, lithograph (1946)
- Three Spheres II, lithograph (1946)
- Another World Mezzotint also known as Other World Gallery, mezzotint (1946)
- Eye, mezzotint (1946)
- Another World also known as Other World, wood engraving and woodcut (1947)
- Crystal, mezzotint (1947)
- Up and Down also known as High and Low, lithograph (1947)
- Drawing Hands, lithograph (1948)
- Dewdrop, mezzotint (1948)
- Stars, wood engraving (1948)
- Double Planetoid, wood engraving (1949)
- Order and Chaos (Contrast), lithograph (1950)
- Rippled Surface, woodcut and linoleum cut (1950)
- Curl-up, lithograph (1951)
- House of Stairs, lithograph (1951)
- House of Stairs II, lithograph (1951)
- Puddle, woodcut (1952)
- Gravitation, (1952)
- Dragon, woodcut lithograph and watercolor (1952)
- Cubic Space Division, lithograph (1952)
- Relativity, lithograph (1953)
- Tetrahedral Planetoid, woodcut (1954)
- Compass Rose (Order and Chaos II), lithograph (1955)
- Convex and Concave, lithograph (1955)
- Three Worlds, lithograph (1955)
- Print Gallery, lithograph (1956)
- Mosaic II, lithograph (1957)
- Cube with Magic Ribbons, lithograph (1957)
- Belvedere, lithograph (1958)
- Sphere Spirals, woodcut (1958)
- Ascending and Descending, lithograph (1960)
- Waterfall, lithograph (1961)
- Möbius Strip II (Red Ants) woodcut (1963)
- Knot, pencil and crayon (1966)
- Metamorphosis III, woodcut (1967–1968)
- Snakes, woodcut (1969)
See also
- Gödel, Escher, Bach by Douglas Hofstadter
- echochrome
- Giovanni Battista Piranesi
- Impossible object
- Ravello
- Strange loop
Notes
- Barry Cipra (1998). Paul Zorn (ed.). What's Happening in the Mathematical Sciences, Volume 4. American Mathematical Society. p. 103. ISBN 0-8218-0766-8.
References
- M.C. Escher, The Graphic Work of M.C. Escher, Ballantine, 1971. Includes Escher's own commentary.
- M.C. Escher, The Fantastic World of M.C. Escher, Video collection of examples of the development of his art, and interviews, Director, Michele Emmer.
- Locher, J.L. (2000). The Magic of M. C. Escher. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 0-8109-6720-0.
- Ernst, Bruno; Escher, M.C. (1995). The Magic Mirror of M.C. Escher (Taschen Series). TASCHEN America Llc. ISBN 1-886155-00-3 Escher's art with commentary by Ernst on Escher's life and art, including several pages on his use of polyhedra.
- Abrams (1995). The M.C. Escher Sticker Book. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-2638-5 .
- "Escher, M. C.." The World Book Encyclopedia. 10th ed. 2001.
- O'Connor, J. J. "Escher." Escher. 01 2000. University of St Andrews, Scotland. 17 June 2005. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Escher.html.
- Schattschneider, Doris and Walker, Wallace. M. C. Escher Kaleidocycles, Pomegranate Communications; Petaluma, California, 1987. ISBN 0-906212-28-6.
- Schattschneider, Doris. M.C. Escher : visions of symmetry, New York, N.Y. : Harry N. Abrams, 2004. ISBN 0-8109-4308-5.
- M.C. Escher's legacy: a centennial celebration; collection of articles coming from the M.C. Escher Centennial Conference, Rome, 1998 / Doris Schattschneider, Michele Emmer (editors). Berlin; London: Springer-Verlag, 2003. ISBN 3-540-42458-X (alk. paper), ISBN 3-540-42458-X (hbk).
- M.C. Escher: His Life and Complete Graphic Work, edited by J. L. Locher, Amsterdam 1981.
External links
- M.C. Escher official website.
- Math and the Art of M.C. Escher, USA: SLU.
- Artful Mathematics: The Heritage of M. C. Escher (PDF), USA: AMS.
- Escherization problem and its solution, CA: University of Waterloo.
- Escher for Real, IL: Technion — physical replicas of some of Escher's "impossible" designs.
- M.C. Escher: Life and Work, USA: NGA.
- US copy right proctection for UK artists, UK. Copyright issue regarding Escher from the Artquest Artlaw archive.
- Schattschneider, Doris (2010). "The Mathematical Side of M. C. Escher" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 57 (6). USA: 706–18. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
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