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2011 military intervention in Libya

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Revision as of 07:27, 22 March 2011 by Shadowmorph (talk | contribs) (→Forces committed: the forces pie graph is difficult to maintain with updated info (e.g. Greece offers no airplanes after all) ...so I'm removing it. Keeping the bases graph on next section since that is less fluid and unlikely to change)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
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Military intervention in Libya
Part of 2011 Libyan uprising

Mapped conflicts
Date19 March 2011–ongoing
LocationLibya
Status Ongoing (blockade)
Belligerents

Countries enforcing UN SC Resolution 1973:

Phase 1: SEAD
 Canada
 Denmark
 France
 Italy
 United Kingdom
 United States

Phase 2: CAP
 Belgium
 Canada
 Denmark
 France
 Greece
 Italy
 Norway
 Qatar
 Spain
 United Kingdom

 United States

Libya Libya

Commanders and leaders

France Nicolas Sarkozy
France François Fillon
France Édouard Guillaud
United Kingdom David Cameron
United Kingdom Liam Fox
United Kingdom Sir Stuart Peach
United States Barack Obama
United States Robert M. Gates
United States Carter Ham
United States Sam Locklear
Belgium Yves Leterme
Belgium Pieter De Crem
Canada Stephen Harper
Canada Peter MacKay
Canada André Deschamps
Italy Giorgio Napolitano
Italy Silvio Berlusconi
Italy Ignazio La Russa
Spain José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
Spain Carme Chacón

Qatar Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani

Libya Muammar Gaddafi
Libya Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi
Libya Khamis al-Gaddafi
Libya Al-Saadi al-Gaddafi

Libya Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr
Casualties and losses
None 16 soldiers killed;
70 vehicles destroyed: 14 tanks or SP howitzers, 20 APCs, 2 mobile MRLs and 34 jeeps, SUVs, technicals or trucks;
20 surface-to-air missile sites bombed
Unknown number of civilian casualties*
*Libyan Government claims 64–90 civilians killed and 150 wounded. The U.S. military denies civilian casualties occurred.

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First Libyan Civil War

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Military intervention in Libya

Template:Fix bunching In response to the 2011 Libyan uprising, the U.N. resolution authorized air-strikes against Libyan ground troops and "warships" posing a threat to civilians. On 19 March, the no-fly zone enforcement began, with the French Air Force and British Royal Air Force undertaking sorties across Libya and a naval blockade by the Royal Navy. Air strikes against Libyan Army tanks and vehicles by French jets have since been confirmed. On March 22 the French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle will arrive off the coast and provide the enforcers with a rapid-response capability. The official names for the interventions by the coalition are Opération Harmattan by France; Operation Ellamy by the UK; Operation Mobile by Canada and U.S. forces have named their part of the enforcement action Operation Odyssey Dawn, meant to " the Libyan regime from using force against its own people", said U.S. Vice Admiral William E. Gortney. More than 110 Tomahawk cruise missiles were fired in an initial assault by U.S. warships and British nuclear submarine HMS Triumph against Libyan air defences.

Proposal for the no-fly zone

Both Libyan and international states and organisations called for a no-fly zone over Libya in light of airstrikes against Libyan rebels conducted by Muammar Gaddafi's military in the 2011 Libyan uprising.

Chronological development of the no-fly zone

21 February 2011 - Libyan deputy Permanent Representative to U.N. Ambassador Ibrahim Dabbashi " on the U.N. to impose a no-fly zone on all Tripoli to cut off all supplies of arms and mercenaries to the regime."
28 February 2011 - British Prime Minister David Cameron proposed the idea of a no-fly zone to prevent Gaddafi from "airlifting mercenaries" and "using his military aeroplanes and armoured helicopters against civilians."
7 March 2011 - U.S. Ambassador to NATO Ivo Daalder announced that NATO decided to step up surveillance missions of E-3 AWACS aircraft to 24 hours a day. On the same day it was reported that an anonymous U.N. diplomat confirmed to Agence France Presse that France and Britain were drawing up a resolution on the no-fly zone that would be considered by the United Nations Security Council during the same week. The Gulf Cooperation Council also on that day called upon the U.N. Security Council to "take all necessary measures to protect civilians, including enforcing a no-fly zone over Libya."
VOA News report on the United States support of the no-fly zone
9 March 2011 - The head of the Libyan National Transitional Council, Mustafa Abdul Jalil, "pleaded for the international community to move quickly to impose a no-fly zone over Libya, declaring that any delay would result in more casualties". Three days later, he stated that if pro-Gaddafi forces reached Benghazi, then they would kill "half a million" people. He stated, "If there is no no-fly zone imposed on Gaddafi's regime, and his ships are not checked, we will have a catastrophe in Libya."

On 12 March, thousands of Libyan women marched in the streets of the rebel-held town of Benghazi, calling for the imposition of a no-fly zone over Libya.

9 March 2011 - The United States had naval forces positioned off the coast of Libya, as well as forces already in the region - including the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise. Canada had dispatched naval frigate HMCS Charlottetown to the area, reinforcing the display of western power. Canadian Defence Minister Peter MacKay stated, "We are there for all inevitabilities. And NATO is looking at this as well... This is taken as a precautionary and staged measure." Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper stated that the Canadian Forces Air Command is ready to contribute to setting up a no-fly zone if the U.N. and NATO decided to do this.
12 March 2011 - The Arab League "called on the United Nations Security Council to impose a no-fly zone over Libya in a bid to protect civilians from air attack". The Arab League's request was announced by Oman's Foreign minister, Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah, who stated that all member states present at the meeting agreed with the proposal.
15 March 2011 - A resolution for a no-fly zone was proposed and tabled by Nawaf Salam, Lebanon's Ambassador to the United Nations. The resolution was immediately backed by the United Kingdom and France.
17 March 2011 - The United Nations Security Council, acting under the authority of Chapter VII of the U.N. Charter, approved a no-fly zone by a vote of 10 in favour, zero against, and five abstentions, via United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973. The five abstensions were: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and Germany. Less than 24 hours later, Libya announced that it will halt all military operations in the country in response to the Security Council resolution.
18 March 2011 - The Libyan foreign minister, Mussa Kussa, said he has declared a ceasefire, attributing the U.N. resolution. However, artillery shelling on Misurata and Ajdabiya continued, and government soldiers continued approaching Benghazi. Government troops and tanks entered the city on 19 March. Artillery and mortars were also fired into the city.
19 March 2011 - Forces from many nations intervened militarily in Libya in support of an armed uprising and to enforce a no-fly zone established over Libyan airspace by the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 on 17 March 2011. The no-fly zone was proposed to prevent government forces from carrying out air attacks on rebels.

Reaction

Support

Many Libyan and international states , organisations and civic organisations.

Mixed

The secretary-General of the Arab League, Amr Moussa, on March 20 said that the Arab League had wanted "the protection of civilians and not the shelling of more civilians", but on March 21 reiterated his support for the operation.

Poland's Prime Minister Donald Tusk announced that Polish soldiers would not take military action in Libya although it voiced support for the UN Resolution and pledged to offer logistical support.

Germany's foreign minister Guido Westerwelle was skeptical of the no-fly zone and on March 15 called the idea "potentially dangerous" although he recommended greater political pressure be put on the Libyan leader.

The Ministry of External Affairs of India said, "India views with grave concern the continuing violence, strife and deteriorating humanitarian situation in Libya. It regrets the air strikes that are taking place. The measures adopted should mitigate — and not exacerbate — an already difficult situation for the people of the country". India called upon all parties to abjure use of or the threat of use of force and to resolve their differences through peaceful means and dialogue.

South African president Jacob Zuma on March 21 called "for an immediate ceasefire in Libya" and demanded that "Operations aimed at enforcing the no-fly zone and protecting civilians should be limited to just that." He also demanded that "The UN Security Council Resolution should be implemented in letter and spirit by all members of the UN Security Council."

Criticism

Russia's foreign ministry said that it noted "with regret this armed action, taken in conjunction with the hastily passed U.N. Security Council resolution 1973". On 21 March, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin described the resolution as "defective and flawed" stating that "it allows everything" and "resembles medieval calls for crusades.", comments that were later called “unacceptable” by the Russian President Dmitry Medvedev. However on the same day Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov commented after a meeting with the Secretary-General of the Arab League, Amr Moussa, that Moscow supported the Arab League resolution which had called for a no-fly zone over Libya.

China's foreign ministry said that it has "serious reservations" about a UN decision calling for a no-fly zone over Libya and regretted the military strike against Libya. Along with Russia, China said the resolution's backers failed to explain adequately how the no-fly zone would work and what the rules of engagement would be.

A committee of five member states of the African Union demanded an immediate end to the attacks on Libya. However South African government officials have voiced concern that three of the five committee members are "financially reliant on Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi" and questioned whether South Africa should even be part of this committee.

Gaddafi called the air strikes terrorism "and vowed to fight to the death."

Cuba, Namibia, Venezuela, Zimbabwe have each condemned the military intervention in Libya.

Bolivian President Evo Morales, the 2006 recipient of the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights, demanded that U.S. President Barack Obama be stripped of his Nobel Peace Prize for authorizing the attack against Libya.

Ugandas President Yoweri Museveni on March 21 accused Western nations of double standards, a thirst for more oil and declared, that he is "totally allergic to foreign, political and military involvement in sovereign countries, especially the African countries." He called upon the Libyan opposition groups, if they are patriots, to fight their war by themselves.

Iran supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei accused on March 21 the West to have "come after Libyan oil". He also stressed that "Iran utterly condemns the behaviour of the Libyan government against its people, the killings and pressure on people, and the bombing of its cities... but it (also) condemns the military action in Libya". Iran's Ambassador to the UN Mohammad Khazaei said on March 17th, 2011: "Iran has showed that it is not interested in medling in any country's internal affairs, nor wants military presence, and thus condemns any such actions."

Enforcement

Coloured in blue are the nations currently implementing the UN Resolution 1973 over Libya (coloured in green) or having pledged their support for the effort.

Initial NATO planning for a possible no-fly zone took place in late February and early March, especially by NATO members United Kingdom and France. The United Kingdom and France were early supporters of a no-fly zone and have sufficient airpower to impose a no-fly zone over the rebel-held areas, although might need additional assistance for a more extensive exclusion zone.

The U.S. has the air assets necessary to enforce a no-fly zone, but was cautious to support such an action prior to obtaining a legal basis for violating Libya's sovereignty. However, due to the sensitive nature of military action by the U.S. against an Arab nation, the U.S. has sought Arab participation in the enforcement of a no-fly zone.

At a congressional hearing, United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates explained that "a no-fly zone begins with an attack on Libya to destroy the air defences ... and then you can fly planes around the country and not worry about our guys being shot down. But that's the way it starts."

On 19 March, the deployment of French fighter jets over Libya began, and other countries began their individual operations. Phase One started the same day with the involvement of the United States, United Kingdom, France, Italy and Canada.

Operation names

Forces committed

Bases committed

Countries in preparation

  •  Albania: Albanian Prime Minister Sali Berisha said that his country is ready to help.
  •  Croatia: Croatian president Ivo Josipović said that if it becomes necessary Croatia will honour its NATO membership and participate in the actions in Libya. He also stressed that while Croatia is ready for military participation according to its capabilities, it will mostly endeavor to help on the humanitarian side.
  •  Netherlands: Minister of Foreign Affairs Uri Rosenthal said that the Netherlands is prepared to provide as-yet unspecified support to forces enforcing the no-fly zone over Libya.
  •  Sweden: Foreign Minister Carl Bildt announced that Sweden would consider military action in support of a no-fly zone if it is requested by NATO.

Action by international forces

BBC News reported at 16:00 GMT 19 March 2011 that the French Air Force had sent 19 fighter planes over an area 100 km by 150 km (60 by 100 miles) over Benghazi to prevent any attacks on the rebel-controlled city. "Our air force will oppose any aggression by Colonel Gaddafi against the population of Benghazi", said French President Nicolas Sarkozy. BBC News reported at 16:59 GMT that at 16:45 GMT a French warplane had fired at and destroyed a Libyan military vehicle - this being confirmed by French defence ministry spokesman Laurent Teisseire.

According to Al-Jazeera, French aircraft destroyed four Libyan tanks in air strikes to the south-west of Benghazi. The French military claimed that their aircraft had also flown reconnaissance missions over "all Libyan territory". On the same day, British Prime Minister David Cameron confirmed that Royal Air Force jets were also in action and reports suggested that the U.S. Navy had fired the first cruise missile. CBS News' David Martin reported that three B-2 stealth bombers flew non-stop from the United States to drop 40 bombs on a major Libyan airfield. Martin further reported that U.S. fighter jets were searching for Libyan ground forces to attack.

The American destroyer USS Barry launches one of 110 Tomahawk missiles fired by the coalition

The Pentagon and the British Ministry of Defence confirmed that, jointly, HMS Triumph and U.S. Navy ships (including USS Barry, pictured) and submarines fired more than 110 Tomahawk cruise missiles, supported with air attacks on military installations, both inland and on the coast.

Initially, the U.S. element of the operation was under command of United States Africa Command commanded by General Carter Ham. Tactical command of the operation was executed from USS Mount Whitney in the Mediterranean Sea under command of Admiral Sam Locklear, commander United States Naval Forces Europe. United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates indicated that control of the operation would be transferred to French and British authorities, or NATO, within days.

On 20 March 2011, several Storm Shadow missiles were launched by British jets. Nineteen U.S. warplanes also conducted strike operations in Libya. The warplanes included Marine Corps Harrier Jets, Air Force B-2 stealth bombers, and F-15 and F-16 fighter jets. A military convoy was destroyed near Benghazi in eastern Libya by multiple air strikes. Seventy military vehicles are known to have been destroyed along with multiple Libyan Government ground troop casualties.

Also, four Danish F-16 fighters left Italy's Sigonella air base for a successful five-hour long "high risk mission", and three Italian Tornados ECR took off from the Trapani base, which suggests that they accompanied attack(s) against high risk targets such as air defense systems. After the one declared on 18 March, an immediate ceasefire was again declared by the Libyan army on late 20 March, starting at 9pm. By 21 March, SA-2, SA-3 and SA-5 air defense systems in Libya had been taken out. Only SA-6, hand held SA-7s and SA-8 mobile SAMs remained a possible threat to aircraft. A spokesman for the National Transitional Council said Gaddafi's forces were using human shields in defence of their military assets, bringing civilians to Misurata to surround their vehicles and troops in order to deter airstrikes. RAF Tornados aborted a planned airstrike due to information that a number of civilians were reported close to the intended target area. Among the buildings hit on late 20 March and early 21 March were parts of Bab al-Azizia compound usually housing Colonel Gaddafi. Further strikes on Tripoli and, according to Libyan government spokesmen, Sabha and Sirt, have taken place on late March 21.

See also

References

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External links

Template:Wikinews2 Media related to 2011 military intervention in Libya at Wikimedia Commons

Libyan civil war (2011)
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