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Georgia

Continent	Europe
Subregion	Caucasus
Geographic coordinates	42°00′N 43°30′E / 42.000°N 43.500°E / 42.000; 43.500
Area	69,875 km²
Coastline	315 km
Land boundaries	1,655 km
Countries bordered	Armenia 164 km, Azerbaijan 322 km, Russia 723 km, Turkey 252 km
Maritime claims	200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi)
Highest point	Mount Shkhara, 5,201 m
Lowest point	Bogs between Poti and Kulevi , (-1.5-2.3 m)
Longest river	Mtkvari, 1,364 km
Land Use  - Arable land  - Permanent    crops  - Permanent    pastures  - Forests and    woodlands  - Other	9% 4% 25% 34% 28% (1993 est.)
Climate:	Temperate to Subtropical on Black Sea coast
Terrain:	plains, mountains, valleys
Natural resources	forests, hydropower, manganese deposits, iron ore, copper, minor coal and petroleum deposits; coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth
Natural hazards	earthquakes
Environmental issues	air and water pollution, soil pollution from toxic chemicals

The geography of Georgia entails the physical and human geography of Georgia, a country in Europe. It is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. Georgia covers an area of 69,875 km².

Location

Georgia is located on the coast of the Black Sea in the mountainous South Caucasus region. Since the country is positioned in the easternmost part of Europe, at least southern parts of it are sometimes considered Western Asian. However, this is often disregarded because of cultural, historical, and political considerations, with the majority of European and international organizations placing Georgia in Europe.

Topography

Despite its small area, Georgia has one of the most varied topographies of the former Soviet republics. Georgia lies mostly in the Caucasus Mountains, and its northern boundary is partly defined by the Greater Caucasus range. The Lesser Caucasus range, which runs parallel to the Turkish and Armenian borders, and the Surami and Imereti ranges, which connect the Greater Caucasus and the Lesser Caucasus, create natural barriers that are partly responsible for cultural and linguistic differences among regions. Because of their elevation and a poorly developed transportation infrastructure, many mountain villages are virtually isolated from the outside world during the winter. Earthquakes and landslides in mountainous areas present a significant threat to life and property. Among the most recent natural disasters were massive rock- and mudslides in Ajaria in 1989 that displaced thousands in southwestern Georgia, and two earthquakes in 1991 that destroyed several villages in northcentral Georgia and South Ossetia.

Georgia has about 25,000 rivers, many of which power small hydroelectric stations. Drainage is into the Black Sea to the west and through Azerbaijan to the Caspian Sea to the east. The largest river is the Mtkvari (formerly known by its Azerbaijani name, Kura, which is still used in Azerbaijan), which flows 1,364 km from northeast Turkey across the plains of eastern Georgia, through the capital, Tbilisi, and into the Caspian Sea. The Rioni River, the largest river in western Georgia, rises in the Greater Caucasus and empties into the Black Sea at the port of Poti. Soviet engineers turned the river lowlands along the Black Sea coast into prime subtropical agricultural land, embanked and straightened many stretches of river, and built an extensive system of canals. Deep mountain gorges form topographical belts within the Greater Caucasus.

Climate

Georgia's climate is affected by subtropical influences from the west and Mediterranean influences from the east. The Greater Caucasus range moderates local climate by serving as a barrier against cold air from the north. Warm, moist air from the Black Sea moves easily into the coastal lowlands from the west. Climatic zones are determined by distance from the Black Sea and by altitude. Along the Black Sea coast, from Abkhazia to the Turkish border, and in the region known as the Kolkhida Lowlands inland from the coast, the dominant subtropical climate features high humidity and heavy precipitation (1,000 to 2,000 mm (39.4 to 78.7 in) per year; the Black Sea port of Batumi receives 2,500 mm (98.4 in) per year). Several varieties of palm trees grow in these regions, where the midwinter average temperature is 5 °C (41 °F) and the midsummer average is 22 °C (71.6 °F).

The plains of eastern Georgia are shielded from the influence of the Black Sea by mountains that provide a more continental climate. Summer temperatures average 20 °C (68 °F) to 24 °C (75.2 °F), winter temperatures 2 °C (35.6 °F) to 4 °C (39.2 °F). Humidity is lower, and rainfall averages 500 to 800 mm (19.7 to 31.5 in) per year. Alpine and highland regions in the east and west, as well as a semi-arid region on the Iori Plateau to the southeast, have distinct microclimates.

At higher elevations, precipitation is sometimes twice as heavy as in the eastern plains. In the west, the climate is subtropical to about 650 m (2,133 ft); above that altitude (and to the north and east) is a band of moist and moderately warm weather, then a band of cool and wet conditions. Alpine conditions begin at about 2,100 m (6,890 ft), and above 3,600 m (11,811 ft) snow and ice are present year-round.

Environmental issues

Beginning in the 1980s, Black Sea pollution has greatly harmed Georgia's tourist industry. Inadequate sewage treatment is the main cause of that condition. In Batumi, for example, only 18 percent of wastewater is treated before release into the sea. An estimated 70 percent of surface water contains health-endangering bacteria to which Georgia's high rate of intestinal disease is attributed.

The war in Abkhazia did substantial damage to the ecological habitats unique to that region. In other respects, experts considered Georgia's environmental problems less serious than those of more industrialized former Soviet republics. Solving Georgia's environmental problems was not a high priority of the national government in the post-Soviet years, however; in 1993 the minister for protection of the environment resigned to protest this inactivity. In January 1994, the Cabinet of Ministers announced a new, interdepartmental environmental monitoring system to centralize separate programs under the direction of the Ministry of Protection of the Environment. The system would include a central environmental and information and research agency. The Green Party used its small contingent in the parliament to press environmental issues in 1993.

Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

See also

• Georgia
• Glaciers of Georgia
• Caucasus

References

1. Geography of Georgia - 9th grade book; G. Chanturia, D. Kereselidze; p. 43
2. The majority of sources place Georgia in Europe, such as the European Union , the Council of Europe , British Foreign and Commonwealth Office , World Health Organization , World Tourism Organization , UNESCO , UNICEF , UNHCR , European Civil Aviation Conference , Euronews , BBC , NATO , Russian Foreign Ministry , the World Bank , Assembly of European Regions , International Air Transport Association ,Oxford Reference Online, OSCE , ICRC , Salvation Army , International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies , Council on Foreign Relations , United States European Command , Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary and www.worldatlas.com; less frequently, it is considered Western Asian—the UN Statistics Department places Georgia in Western Asia for statistical convenience : "The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories." The CIA World Factbook , National Geographic, and Encyclopædia Britannica also place Georgia in Asia.
3. The majority of sources place Georgia in Europe, such as the European Union , the Council of Europe , British Foreign and Commonwealth Office , World Health Organization , World Tourism Organization , UNESCO , UNICEF , UNHCR , European Civil Aviation Conference , Euronews , BBC , NATO , Russian Foreign Ministry , the World Bank , Assembly of European Regions , International Air Transport Association ,Oxford Reference Online, OSCE , ICRC , Salvation Army , International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies , Council on Foreign Relations , United States European Command , Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary and www.worldatlas.com; less frequently, it is considered Western Asian—the UN Statistics Department places Georgia in Western Asia for statistical convenience : "The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories." The CIA World Factbook , National Geographic, and Encyclopædia Britannica also place Georgia in Asia.

External links

• US Army Corps of Engineers, Topographic Engineering Center. "Crisis Support for the Republic of Georgia." This webpage includes topographic, geological and transportation maps of the republic of Georgia, as well as further information on the geology, geography and the earth sciences of this country.

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• Geography of Georgia (country)
• Caucasus