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The Masonic Square and Compasses. (This is found with or without the "G")

Freemasonry is a worldwide network of fraternal organizations. Members are joined together by shared ideals of both a moral and metaphysical nature and, in most of its branches, by a constitutional declaration of belief in a Supreme Being. Organisationally, Freemasonry is governed on a geographic basis by independent, Sovereign Grand Lodges which may, or may not, be in a state of mutual recognition.

Freemasonry is an esoteric society, in that certain aspects of its internal work are not generally disclosed to the public, but it is not an occult system. In recent years, it has become less and less a secret society and more of a "society with secrets." In fact, most of the so-called "secrets" of Freemasonry were revealed and have been known to the public since as early as the eighteenth century. For this and other reasons, most modern freemasons regard the traditional concern over secrecy as a demonstration of their ability to keep a promise and as a surrogate for the organization's concern over the privacy of their own affairs. The private aspects of modern Freemasonry deal with elements of ritual and the modes of recognition amongst members within the ritual.

Organizational structure

Main article: Grand Lodge
Home of the United Grand Lodge of England.

There are many jurisdictions within Freemasonry, each sovereign and independent of the others, and usually defined according to a national or geographic territory. There is no central Masonic organizational structure or authority, and in any event many practices are determined by Lodge custom, so any general description will inevitably be inaccurate in respect of some places.

The authority in any Masonic jurisdiction is vested in a Grand Lodge, or sometimes a Grand Orient. Each jurisdiction maintains a list of other jurisdictions that it formally recognizes as meeting its requirements for regularity based on a number of Landmarks. If the other jurisdiction reciprocates the recognition, the two jurisdictions are said to be in amity. Being in amity means that the members are able to attend meetings bilaterally. In keeping with the decentralized and non-dogmatic nature of Freemasonry, there is no universally accepted list of landmarks, although a number of core principles exist. Jurisdictions in amity with each other may have very different ideas as to what those landmarks are, with some taking no official position at all.

Subject to the size of the Grand Lodge the geographic area of coverage may be sub-divided into Provinces, each governed by a Provincial, District or Metropolitan Grand Lodge.

The first Grand Lodge jurisdiction in Freemasonry was the Grand Lodge of England, founded in 1717 when four existing Lodges met to form the governing body. A competing Grand Lodge formed in York claiming that the Grand Lodge in London had broken with a number of traditions and was divergent from the principles of Freemasonry. The Grand Lodge became known as the Moderns and the York Grand Lodge became known as Antients. The two reunited in 1813, to become the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE). It is today the only regular Craft jurisdiction in England, and generally considered to be the oldest Grand Lodge jurisdiction in the world.

The oldest jurisdiction in the European Continental branch, and the largest jurisdiction in France, is the Grand Orient de France (GOdF), founded in 1728. At one time, the two branches bilaterally recognized each other, but most jurisdictions cut off formal relations with the GOdF around 1877. The Grande Loge Nationale Francaise (GLNF) is currently the only French Grand Lodge that is in regular amity with The United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE), and concordant jurisdictions. In most Latin countries, and in Belgium, the GOdF style of European Continental Freemasonry predominates. The rest of the world, accounting for the bulk of Freemasonry, tends to follow the lead of the English UGLE, and concordant juristictions.

So, Freemasonry is often said to consist of two different branches:

  • the UGLE and concordant tradition of jurisdictions (termed Grand Lodges) in amity and,
  • the GOdF European Continental tradition of jurisdictions (often termed Grand Orients) in amity.

In reality, there is no tidy way to split jurisdictions into distinct camps, as recognition is constitutional, not dogmatic. In addition, the geographical territory of one jurisdiction may overlap with another's, which may affect their relations, for purely territorial reasons. In other cases, one jurisdiction may overlook irregularities in another due simply to a desire to maintain friendly relations. Also, a jurisdiction may be formally affiliated with one tradition, while maintaining informal ties with the other. For all these reasons, labels must be taken only as rough indicators, not as clear designations.

See also: Regular Masonic jurisdictions

The Masonic Lodge

Main article: Masonic Lodge

A Lodge, often termed a Private Lodge or Constituent Lodge in Constitutions, is the basic organisation of Freemasonry. Every new Lodge must be warranted by a Grand Lodge, but is subject to its direction only in enforcing the published Constitution of the jurisdiction. A Master Freemason is generally entitled to visit any Lodge - in any jurisdiction in amity with his own. He is first usually required to check, and certify, the regularity of the relationship of the Lodge - and be able to satisfy that Lodge of his regularity of membership.

Freemasons meet as a Lodge not in a Lodge, however the rooms and buildings within which Masons meet. Lodge buildings are variously known as Lodges or Temples, ("of Philosophy and the Arts"), but in many countries Masonic Centre or Hall has now replaced this term - to settle modern scruples. Several different Lodges often use the same premises - each on published dates.

According to Masonic myth (see below), the operative lodges (the Medieval lodges of actual stonemasons) constructed a lodge building adjacent to their work site where the masons could meet for shelter, instruction and social contact. Normally this was on the southern side of the site (in Europe, the side with the sun warming the stones during the day). Hence the social gathering, (the Festive or Social Board), of the lodge is sometimes also called the South.

An early Speculative Lodge, (including members not actually stonemasons), would meet in a tavern or other convenient meeting place with a private annex. The word Freemason may refer to these masons being "free" from work - as they met to talk about Masonic theory rather than practice - or it could relate to the liberal or "free" arts upon which much of freemasonry is based. It may simply refer to the superior grade of masons working in freestone, as used in early English statutes.

Many Lodges are formed by Masons living within a given town or neighborhood. Other Lodges, particularly in urban areas where there are many Lodges close together, are formed by persons who share a particular interest, particular profession or background - certain schools, universities or military units. There are also specialist lodges of "Research and Instruction" (R&I). Membership in these R&I lodges is typically open to interested Master Masons of other lodges - as R&I lodges usually do not initiate new candidates to Freemasonry.

Prince Hall Freemasonry

Main article: Prince Hall Freemasonry

In 1775, an African American named Prince Hall was initiated into an Irish Constitution Military Lodge then in Boston, Massachusetts, along with fourteen other African Americans, all of whom were free born. When the Military Lodge left the North America, the African Americans were given the authority to meet as a lodge, form Processions on the days of the Saints John, and conduct Masonic funerals, but not to confer degrees, nor to do other Masonic Work. In 1784 these individuals applied for, and obtained, a Lodge Warrant from the Premier Grand Lodge of England and formed African Lodge, Number 459 (Premier Grand Lodge of England). When the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) was formed in 1813, all U.S. based lodges were stricken from their rolls – due largely to the U.S. and British War, 1812 to 1815. Thus, separated from both UGLE and any concordantly recognised U.S. Grand Lodge, African Lodge re-titled itself as the African Lodge, Number 1 - and became a de facto "Grand Lodge". (This Lodge is not to be confused with the various Grand Lodges on the Continent of Africa). These events led to a tradition of separate and predominantly African American Freemasonry in North America, known as Prince Hall Freemasonry. As with the rest of U.S. Freemasonry, Prince Hall Freemasonry soon grew, and organised on a Grand Lodge system for each State.

Prince Hall Masonry has always been regular in all respects except constitutional separation. Widespread racism and segregation, in the 19th and early 20th century North America, made it impossible for African Americans to join lodges outside of Prince Hall jurisdictions - and impossible for inter-jurisdiction recognition between the parallel U.S. Masonic authorities. Prince Hall Grand Lodges are, presently, recognized by some UGLE Concordant Grand Lodges and not by others, but appears to be working its way toward full recognition . It is now quite usual for non-Prince Hall lodges to have ethnically diverse membership. The majority of Masonic Grand Lodges in the United States now grant at least some degree of recognition to Prince Hall Grand Lodges.

In 2005, Prince Hall Lodge became formally recognized by the Grand Lodge of Maryland in Cockysville. All Prince Hall Lodge members are now recognized and allowed to attend all other recognized lodge's meetings.

See also: Regular Masonic jurisdictions

Other degrees, orders and bodies

There is no degree in Freemasonry higher than that of Master Mason.

A number of organisations exist which require one to be a Master Mason as a prerequisite for membership, none of which are considered to have any authority over the craft. These organisations are considered as additional or appendant, membership being discretionary in order to provide a different perspective on some of the allegorical, moral and philosophical content within Freemasonry. These appendant bodies are administered separately from Freemasonry and within each there is a system of offices which confer rank within that order alone, although frequently these bodies style themselves as Masonic due to the membership requirement that one hold the Master Mason degree.

Examples of these appendant orders include:

  • Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite (also known as Antient and Accepted Rite), a system of degrees developed in Continental Europe, particularly in France.
  • York Rite, Predominantly in the United States of America; a system of degrees which includes three distinct sovereign rites: the Holy Royal Arch, Royal and Select Masters (Cryptic Masonry), and (Masonic) Knights Templar. These orders are wholly distinct elsewhere.
  • Royal Order of Scotland
  • Societas Rosecruciana
  • Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, commonly known as (Shriners)
  • Mystic Order of Veiled Prophets of the Enchanted Realm (Grotto)
  • Tall Cedars of Lebanon.

The Shrine and Grotto, which are mostly located in North America, tend to emphasize fun and philanthropy.

Different Freemasonic jurisdictions vary in their relationships with such bodies, if at all. Some offer formal recognition, while others consider them wholly outside of Freemasonry. This leads to some such bodies not being universally considered as appendant bodies, some being simply as separate organizations that happen to require Masonic affiliation for membership. Some of these organizations have additional religious requirements, beyond "Craft Masonry", since they approach Masonic teachings from a particular, Christian, perspective.

A number of youth organizations exist, mainly North American, which are associated with Freemasonry, but are not Masonic in their content. These include:

There are some organisations which are commonly perceived as being related to Freemasonry, such as the Boy Scouts of America, which is incorrect, however some of these benefit from charitable support by Masonic or appendant bodies.

A number of bodies style themselves along Masonic lines, using similar regalia and ritual however 

they are not accorded recognition.

Membership requirements

A candidate for Freemasonry must apply to a Private (or Constituent) Lodge in his community, obtaining an introduction by asking an existing member. After enquiries are made, he must be freely elected by secret ballot in open Lodge. Members approving his candidacy will vote with "white balls" in the voting box. Adverse votes by "black balls" will exclude a candidate. The number of adverse votes necessary to reject a candidate, which in some jurisdictions is as few as one, is set out in the governing Constitution. Lodges conduct these elections in a number of different ways; a wholly secret ballot where every member is given the means to vote either way, or semi public where members who choose to vote go to the ballot box and cast a secret vote.

General requirements

Generally to be a Freemason, one must:

  1. Be a man who comes of his own free will. Traditionally Freemasons do not actively recruit new members.
  2. Believe in a Supreme Being, or, in some jurisdictions, a Creative Principle.
  3. Be at least the minimum age (18–25 years depending on the jurisdiction, but commonly 21),
  4. Be of sound mind, body and of good morals, and of good repute.
  5. Be free (or "born free", i.e. not born a slave or bondsman).
  6. Have one or two references from current Masons (depending on jurisdiction).

One must approach an existing member for an application, so Freemasonry is open to all who otherwise fulfil the requirements.

A candidate is asked 'Do you believe in a Supreme Being?', there is no further investigation into the nature of that Supreme Being. Since an initiate is obligated on that sacred volume which is applicable to his faith, a sponsor will enquire as to an appropriate volume once a decision has been made on the applicants suitability for initiation.

A number of Grand Lodges allow a Lewis, the son of a Mason, to be initiated earlier than the normal minimum age for that Grand Lodge.

Being of "sound body" is thought to be derived from the operative origins of Freemasonry, an apprentice would be able to meet the demands of their profession. It is today generally taken to mean "physically capable of taking part in Lodge rituals"; Grand Lodges encourage the use of mechanisms within the ritual to mitigate for difficulty.

The "free born" requirement is moot in modern Lodges; it remains for purely historical reasons. Some jurisdictions have done away with it entirely.

Some Grand Lodges in the United States have a residence requirement, candidates being expected to have lived within the jurisdiction for certain period of time, typically six months. This requirement may be waived in certain jurisdictions for certain situatons.

See also: List of famous Freemasons

Membership and religion

Freemasonry explicitly and openly states that it is not a religion, nor a substitute for religion. There is no separate "Masonic God," and there is no separate proper name for a deity in any branch of Freemasonry.

Freemasonry requires that its candidates believe in a Supreme Being, the nature of that being subject to the conscience of the candidate. As the interpretation of the term Supreme Being is left up to the individual members can be drawn from a wide range of faiths; the Abrahamic religions and other monotheistic religions. Some members of non-monotheistic religions are accepted subject to answering Yes to the question asked, these include, for example, Buddhists and Hindus.

In the irregular Continental European tradition, since the early 19th Century, a very broad interpretation has been given to a (non-dogmatic) Supreme Being — usually allowing Deism and naturalistic views in the tradition of Spinoza and Goethe (himself a Freemason), or views of The Ultimate or Cosmic Oneness, along with Western atheistic idealism and agnosticism. This leads some anti-Masonic pundits to suggest that even regular Freemasonry will, in practice, accept certain kinds of atheists — willing to adopt quasi-spiritual language.

In some jurisdictions (mostly English-speaking), Freemasonry is actually less tolerant of naturalism than it was in the 18th Century, and specific religious requirements with more theistic and orthodox overtones have been added since the early 19th Century (mostly in North America), including belief in the immortality of the soul.

The Freemasonry that predominates in Scandinavia, known as the Swedish Rite accepts only Christians..

Women and Freemasonry

Main article: Co-Freemasonry

The position of women and Freemasonry is complex, although traditionally, only men can be made Freemasons, in Regular Freemasonry.

Principles and activities

Freemasonry is described as a System of Morality, veiled in allegory and illustrated by symbol and as such it uses ritual to convey the principles of "Brotherly Love, Relief and Truth" - otherwise related, as in France: "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"..

Moral lessons are delivered in a ritualised manner, the candidate progressing through degrees gaining in knowledge and understanding of himself, his relationship with others and his relationship with that Supreme Being to which he adheres.

Outside the ritual context the fraternity is widely involved in charity and community service activities, as well as providing a social outlet for the members.

The balance between ritual, philosophcal and spiritual, charitable service and social interchange aspects varies subject to the cultures of the various Grand Lodges which govern Freemasonry around the world. Some Continental European Grand Lodges require the candidate to demonstrate philosophical competence as he advances through the degrees which is not overwhelmingly present in Britain, North America, and the anglophone parts of the world where charity tends to balance philosophy. There is a growing movement of lodges throughout the anglophone world tending towards the more philosophical and spiritual aspects of the craft.

Nevertheless, philosophy and esoteric knowledge remains a deep interest to many individuals. The philosophical aspects of the Craft tend to be discussed in Lodges of Instruction or Research, and sometimes informal groups. Freemasons themselves frequently reprint the scholarly studies that are available to the public.


Contemporary challenges

As with other fraternal organisations in the 21st Century, Freemasonry in some districts of the United States, the UK and other jurisdictions has been losing members, faster than it can replenish them. In contrast, the number of Masons is generally on the rise in South America and Continental Europe.

A number of theories exist as to the cause of this declining membership:

  • A consequence of changing social mores and recognisable in other similar organisations.
  • A return to a more natural level following an unsustainable increase in membership following WWII.

Many Grand Lodges in the U.S. have tried a variety of, often-controversial, measures to address declining membership. These have included "one-day ceremonies" of all the three degrees for large groups of candidates, (as opposed to individual degree conferrals taking months or years to complete); advertising on billboards, and even active recruitment of new candidates by members, (as opposed to the tradition of considering only those who actively seek membership for themselves). Some Masons object to the traditions and principles of Freemasonry being diluted by these changes, feeling that the Fraternity has survived centuries of social change without changing itself; others cite a need for Freemasonry to modernize and make itself relevant to new generations.

Ritual and symbolism

Freemasonic Ritual uses the architectural symbolism of the medieval operative Masons who actually worked in stone. Tools from operative masonry are used by Freemasons to teach moral and ethical lessons and to encourage the development of a relationship with the Supreme Being. Two of the principal symbols always found in a lodge are the square and compasses. However, as Freemasonry is non-dogmatic, there is no general interpretation for any of these symbols.

The square and compasses are displayed at all Masonic meetings, along with the open Volume of the Sacred Law (VSL). In English-speaking countries, this is frequently the King James Version of the Bible or another standard translation (there is no such thing as an exclusive "Masonic Bible"). It is otherwise whatever book a particular jurisdiction authorizes. In many French Lodges, the Masonic Constitutions are used.

A candidate for a degree will normally be given his choice of religious text for his Obligation, according to his beliefs. UGLE aludes to symilarities to legal practice in the UK, and to a common source with other oath taking. Christian candiates will typically use the Lodge's Bible while those of other religions may choose another book that is holy to them, to be displayed alongside the Lodges' usual VSL. In lodges with a mixed religious membership it is common to find more than one sacred text displayed representing the beliefs of the individuals present.

In keeping with the geometrical and architectural theme of Freemasonry, the Supreme Being is referred to in Masonic ritual by the attributes of Great Architect of the Universe (G.A.O.T.U.), Grand Geometer or similar. Freemasons use a variety of forms of words in make clear that they are reference is generic, not about any one religion's particular God or God-like concept.

Degrees

The degrees of Craft or Blue Lodge Freemasonry are those of:

  1. Entered Apprentice (EA)
  2. Fellow Craft (FC)
  3. Master Mason (MM)

As a Freemason works through the degrees, and studies the lessons they contain, he interprets them for himself. No Mason is dictated to as to the interpretation he personally gives, bounded only by the Constitution within which he works. A common structure of speaking symbolically, and universal human archetypes, provides for each Freemason a means to come to his own answers to life's important philosophical questions. Especially in Europe, Freemasons working through the degrees are asked to prepare papers on related philosophical topics, and present these papers in an open Lodge.


Signs, grips and words

Freemasons use signs (hand gestures), grips (hand shakes) and passwords to gain admission to their meetings and identify that a visitor is legitimate. Over the years many exposés have been written claiming to reveal these signs grips and passwords for the uninitiated. However, as each Grand Lodge is free to create its own rituals, the signs, grips and passwords can and do differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, as noted clearly by Christopher Hodapp. Furthermore, according to historian John J. Robinson Grand Lodges can and do change their rituals frequently, updating the language used, adding or omitting sections.The logical conclusion of Hodapp's and Robinson's assertions is that any exposé is only valid for a particular jurisdiction at a particular time, and therefore may or may not be accurate with respect to modern ritual.


Landmarks

The Landmarks are the ancient and unchangeable precepts of Masonry, the standards by which the regularity of a Freemasonic Lodge and Grand Lodges are judged. Each Grand Lodge is self-governing and no single authority exists over the whole of Freemasonry. The interpretation of these principles can and do vary, leading to controversies of recognition.

The concept of Masonic Landmarks appears in Masonic regulations as early as 1723, and seems to have been adopted from the regulations of operative masonic guilds. Nowadays the term Landmark is generally understood by the definition of Dr. Albert Gallatin Mackey, who laid down three requisite characteristics, namely: (1) immemorial antiquity (2) universality (3) absolute irrevocability.

In 1856, Mackey attempted to set down the actual Landmarks as he saw them. He determined there were 25 in all. Seven years later, in 1863, George Oliver published Freemason's Treasury in which he listed 40 Landmarks. In the last century, a number of American Grand Lodges attempted the daunting task of enumerating the Landmarks, ranging from West Virginia (7) and New Jersey (10) to Nevada (39) and Kentucky (54).

History of Freemasonry

Main article: History of Freemasonry

Beyond myth, there is a distinct absence of documentation as to Freemasonry’s origins, which has led to a great deal of speculation among historians, both from within and from outside the fraternity. Hundreds of books have been written on the subject. Much of the content of these books is highly speculative, and the precise origins of Freemasonry may very well be permanently lost to history.

Anti-Masonry

Main article: Anti-Masonry

Anti-Masonry (alternatively called Anti-Freemasonry) is defined as "Avowed opposition to Freemasonry".

There is no homogenous anti-Masonic movement. Anti-Masonry consists of radically differing criticisms from sometimes incompatible groups, but the unifying motive of all the various Anti-Masonic groups is that they share some form of hostility to Freemasonry. However, exactly how that hostility is promulgated and why is a dynamic phenomenon that has changed over time.

Civil Anti-Masonry

Main article: Anti-Masonry

Freemasonry is often alleged to hold back its members from fully committing to their nation. Critics claim that compared to Operative Masonry's clear denunciations of treachery Masonry after 1723 (Speculative masonry) was far more ambiguous. It is alleged that Masonic disapproval of treachery is not on moral grounds but on the grounds of inconvenience to other Masons. The adage "Loyalty to freedom overrides all other considerations" is said to justify treason.

Religious Anti-Masonry

Christian Anti-Masonry

Main article: Christianity and Freemasonry

According to Eddy D. Field II and Eddy D. Field III, of the Masters Seminary, many Christians argue that Freemasonry is contrary to the claim that salvation comes exclusively through Jesus Christ, encouraging religious indifferentism. Some evangelical Christians claim that Freemasonry involves Satan worship.

Catholic criticism of Freemasonry

Main article: Catholicism and Freemasonry

The Roman Catholic Church has consistently opposed Freemasonry, arguing that it encourages anti-clericalism.



Cultural references

  • The plot of the opera "Die Zauberflöte" ("The Magic Flute") contains several references to Masonic ideals and ceremonies. Mozart and his librettist Emanuel Schikaneder were in the same Masonic "Lodge of the Nine Muses".
  • The plot of the 2004 movie National Treasure revolves heavily around the Freemasons and is somewhat unusual in that it depicts them in a benign light.
  • In The Baron in the Trees Italian writer Italo Calvino includes Masonry lodges branching out into the lands of Ombrosa with the protagonist of the novel, Cosimo di Rondo, mysteriously and supposedly involved with them.

Notes

  1. http://www.grandlodge-england.org/pdf/cr-rule-update2-141205.pdf Aims and Relationships of the Craft Para 9
  2. http://www.grandlodge-england.org/pdf/cr-rule-update2-141205.pdf Aims and Relationships of the Craft Para 11
  3. http://www.grandlodge-england.org/masonry/what-is-freemasonry.htm
  4. http://www.grandlodge-england.org/masonry/YQA-secret-society.htm
  5. http://www.mqmagazine.co.uk/issue-15/p-43.php
  6. http://www.msana.com/secrecy.htm
  7. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Thebes/6779/secrets.html
  8. Emulation Ritual ISBN 0 85318 187 X pub 1991, London
  9. http://www.grandlodge-england.org/masonry/YQA-secret-society.htm
  10. ^ Freemasons for Dummies, by Christopher Hodapp, Wiley Publishing Inc., Indianapolis, 2005, p.70, sec. "The Grand Orient of France" Cite error: The named reference "GOdF" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  11. The Grande Loge Nationale Francaise (GLNF), accessed February 6 2006.
  12. Who is Prince Hall?, accessed November 14 2005.
  13. Prince Hall Masonry Recognition details, Paul M. Bessel, accessed November 14 2005
  14. http://www.grandlodge-england.org/pdf/cr-rule-update2-141205.pdf Aims and Relationships of the Craft
  15. Beyond the Craft: The Indispensable Guide to Masonic Orders Practised in England and Wales, Keith B Jackson, ISBN 0853182485, Pub 2005
  16. http://www.grandlodge-england.org/pdf/cr-rule-update2-141205.pdf Aims and Relationships of the Craft
  17. http://www.grandlodge-england.org/pdf/cr-rule-update2-141205.pdf
  18. http://www.grandlodge-england.org/pdf/cr-rule-update2-141205.pdf Aims and Relationships of the Craft
  19. UGLE: Is Freemasonry a religion?, accessed January 21 2006.
  20. http://www.mqmagazine.co.uk/issue-13/p-46.php
  21. Freemasons for Dummies, by Christopher Hodapp, Wiley Publishing Inc., Indianapolis, 2005, p.65, sec. "Religion and the Masons"
  22. http://www.grandlodge-england.org/pdf/cr-rule-update2-141205.pdf Aims and Relationships of the Craft
  23. http://www.cornerstonesociety.com/Insight/Articles/Cornerstone%20Society%20%20Whither%20directing%20our%20course%202.pdf
  24. http://www.cornerstonesociety.com/Insight/Articles/darkness.pdf Darkness Visible by Michael Baigent, paper for The Cornerstone Society
  25. http://www.mqmagazine.co.uk/issue-10/p-61.php.
  26. UGLE Freemasons Accessed February 23 2006.
  27. UK Government information on Courts system Accessed March 8 2006.
  28. Masonic Civil and Military Oaths compared by UGLE Accessed March 8 2006.
  29. Masonic oath 1650 to 1750 Accessed March 8 2006.
  30. Feudal Oath on the Bible Accessed March 8 2006.
  31. UGLE Freemasons Accessed February 23 2006.
  32. http://www.mqmagazine.co.uk/issue-10/p-61.php
  33. Christopher Hodapp, Freemasons For Dummies, Wiley Publishing Inc., Indianapolis, 2005, p.18. He further points out that these differences can cause difficulties for Masons who visit other Jurisdictions. Grand Lodges have had to issue "Masonic Passports" and dues cards to prove membership and ease this confusion.
  34. John J. Robinson, A Pilgrim's Path, M. Evans and Co., Inc. New York, p.129
  35. Masonic Landmarks, by Bro. Michael A. Botelho. Accessed 7 February 2006.
  36. Oxford English Dictionary (1979 ed., p. 369).
  37. "Another characteristic of Masonic law is that "treason" and "rebellion" against civil authority are declared only political crimes, which affect the good standing of a Brother no more than heresy, and furnish no ground for a Masonic trial." Masonry (Freemasonry) from the Catholic Encyclopedia, quoting Mackey, "Jurisprudence", 509.
  38. "2nd -- You shall be true liegemen to the King of England without any treason or falsehood, and if you know of any that you amend it privily, if you may, or else warn the King and his Council of it by declaring it to his officers."
  39. II. Of the CIVIL MAGISTRATES supreme and subordinate "A Mason is a peaceable Subject to the Civil Powers, wherever he resides or works, and is never to be concern'd in Plots and Conspiracies against the Peace and Welfare of the Nation, nor to behave himself undutifully to inferior Magistrates; for as Masonry hath been always injured by War, Bloodshed, and Confusion, so ancient Kings and Princes have been much dispos'd to encourage the Craftsmen, because of their Peaceableness and Loyalty, whereby they practically answer'd the Cavils of their Adversaries, and promoted the Honour of the Fraternity, who ever flourish'd in Times of Peace. So that if a Brother should be a Rebel against the State he is not to be countenanc'd in his Rebellion, however he may be pitied as an unhappy Man; and, if convicted of no other Crime though the loyal Brotherhood must and ought to disown his Rebellion, and give no Umbrage or Ground of political Jealousy to the Government for the time being; they cannot expel him from the Lodge, and his Relation to it remains indefeasible."
  40. "The brotherhood ought to disown the rebellion, but only in order to preserve the fraternity from annoyance by the civil authorities." from the article Masonry (Freemasonry) in the Catholic Encyclopedia
  41. "Freemason's Chronicle" 1875, I, 81, quoted as footnote in Masonry (Freemasonry) in the Catholic Encyclopedia
  42. "An overwhelming number of Christian denominations have condemned Freemasonry, including the Roman Catholic Church, the Methodist Church of England, the Wesleyan Methodist Church, the Russian Orthodox Church, the Synod Anglican Church of England, the Assemblies of God, the Church of the Nazarene, the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, the Reformed Presbyterian Church, the Christian Reformed Church in America, the Evangelical Mennonite Church, the Church of Scotland, the Free Church of Scotland, General Association of Regular Baptist Churches, Grace Brethren, Independent Fundamentalist Churches of America, The Evangelical Lutheran Synod, the Baptist Union of Scotland, The Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod, the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, and the Presbyterian Church in America. " FREEMASONRY AND THE CHRISTIAN, Eddy D. Field II and Eddy D. Field III, The Master's Seminary Journal, Fall 1994, pp. 141-157

See also

Appendant bodies

Organizations with Masonic affiliations

External links

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