Misplaced Pages

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Swedenman (talk | contribs) at 14:27, 15 March 2006 (rv trolling from you self). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Ernesto Guevara de la Serna
Born	June 14, 1928 Rosario, Argentina
Died	October 9, 1967 La Higuera, Bolivia

Ernesto Guevara de la Serna (June 14, 1928 – October 9, 1967), commonly known as Che Guevara or el Che, was an Argentine-born Marxist revolutionary, politician, and Cuban guerrilla leader. As a young man, Guevara studied medicine and traveled "rough" throughout Latin America, activities that brought him into direct contact with the poverty in which many lived. Through these experiences he became convinced that only revolution could remedy the region's economic inequality, leading him to study Marxism and become involved in Guatemala's social revolution under President Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán.

Later, Guevara became a member of Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement that seized power in Cuba in 1959. After serving in various important posts in the new government and writing a number of articles and books on the theory and practice of guerrilla warfare, Guevara left Cuba in 1965 with the intention of fomenting revolutions first in the Congo-Kinshasa (later named the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and then in Bolivia, where he was captured in a CIA-organized military operation. Guevara died at the hands of the Bolivian Army in La Higuera near Vallegrande on October 9 1967. Participants in and witnesses to the events of his final hours testify that his captors summarily executed him, perhaps to avoid a public trial followed by imprisonment in Bolivia.

After his death, Guevara became an icon of socialist revolutionary movements worldwide. An Alberto Korda photo of Guevara (right) has received wide distribution and modification, and has been called "the most famous photograph in the world and a symbol of the 20th century."

Family heritage and early life

Guevara was born in Rosario, Argentina, the eldest of five children in a family of mixed Spanish, Basque and Irish descent. The date of birth recorded on his birth certificate was June 14 1928, although some sources assert that he was actually born on May 14 1928, and the birth certificate was falsified to shield the family from a potential scandal relating to his mother's having been three months pregnant when she was married.

One of Guevara's forebears, Patrick Lynch, was born in Galway, Ireland, in 1715. He left for Bilbao, Spain, and traveled from there to Argentina. Francisco Lynch (Guevara's great-grandfather) was born in 1817, and Ana Lynch (his beloved grandmother) in 1861. Her son Ernesto Guevara Lynch (Guevara's father) was born in 1900. Guevara Lynch married Celia de la Serna y Llosa in 1927, and they had three sons and two daughters.

In this upper-class family with leftist leanings, Guevara became known for his dynamic and radical perspective even as a boy. Though suffering from the crippling bouts of asthma that were to afflict him throughout his life, he excelled as an athlete. He was an avid rugby player despite his handicap and earned the nickname "Fuser"—a contraction of "El Furibundo" (English: raging) and his mother's surname, "Serna"—for his aggressive style of play.

Guevara learned chess from his father and began participating in local tournaments by the age of 12. During his adolescence he became passionate about poetry, especially that of Pablo Neruda, and wrote poems throughout his life. He was an enthusiastic and eclectic reader, with interests ranging from adventure classics by Jack London and Jules Verne to essays on sexuality by Sigmund Freud and treatises on social philosophy by Bertrand Russell. He also developed a keen interest in photography and spent many hours photographing people and places, and in later travels, archaeological sites.

In 1948 Guevara entered the University of Buenos Aires to study medicine. There, after some interruptions, he completed his medical studies in March 1953.

While a student, Guevara spent long periods traveling around Latin America. In 1951 his older friend, Alberto Granado, a biochemist, suggested that Guevara take a year off from his medical studies to embark on a trip they had talked of making for years, traversing South America. Guevara and the 29-year-old Alberto soon set off from their hometown of Alta Gracia astride a 1939 Norton 500 cc motorcycle named La Poderosa II (English: "Mighty One the Second") with the idea of spending a few weeks volunteering at the San Pablo Leper colony in Peru on the banks of the Amazon River. Guevara narrated this journey in The Motorcycle Diaries, which was translated into English in 1996 and used in 2004 as the basis for a motion picture of the same name.

Through his first-hand observations of the poverty, oppression and powerlessness of the masses, Guevara concluded that the only solution for Latin America's economic and social inequities lay in revolution. His travels also inspired him to look upon Latin America not as a collection of separate nations but as a single entity, the liberation of which would require a continent-wide strategy; he began to imagine the possibility of a united Ibero-America without borders, bound together by a common 'mestizo' culture, an idea that would figure prominently in his later revolutionary activities. Upon his return to Argentina, he completed his medical studies as quickly as he could in order to continue his travels around South and Central America.

Guatemala

Following his graduation from the University of Buenos Aires medical school in 1953, Guevara travelled through Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, and El Salvador, finally ending up in Guatemala where President Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán headed a populist government that, through various reforms, particularly land reform, was attempting to bring about a social revolution. Around this time Guevara acquired his famous nickname, "Che", due to his frequent use of the Argentine word Che (pronounced /tʃe/), used in a similar way to "pal" or "mate" or "dude" as used colloquially in various English-speaking countries. Uruguay and Argentina are the only two countries to use this word, therefore making this a trademark of the region.

According to Jon Anderson, Guevara's main political contact in Guatemala was the Peruvian socialist Hilda Gadea, who introduced him to high-level politicians in the Arbenz government. Hilda was a member of the APRA political movement led by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre. He also made contact with Cuban exiles linked to Fidel Castro including Antonio "Ñico" López, associated with the attack on the "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes" barracks in Bayamo in the Cuban province of Oriente, and who would die at Ojo del Toro bridge soon after the Granma landed in Cuba. Guevara joined these "moncadistas" in the sale of religious objects related to the Black Christ, and he also helped out with Dr. Vega and Dr. Peñalver (Venezuelan Malaria specialists). His economic situation was precarious, and he pawned some of Hilda's jewelry. Then, on May 15, 1954, a shipment of 2000 tons of high-quality Skoda infantry and light artillery weapons sent from Communist Czechoslovakia for the Arbenz Government arrived aboard the Swedish ship Alfhem. (Anderson's figures for tonnage are less in what seems to be a typo.) Guevara briefly left Guatemala for El Salvador to pick up a new visa, then returned to Guatemala. Meanwhile, the CIA-sponsored coup attempt led by Carlos Castillo Armas had begun. The anti-Arbenz forces were unable to stop the transshipment of the Czech weapons by train; however, after recovering energy, and apparently with the help of air support, they started to gain ground (Holland, 2005). Guevara joined an armed militia organized by the Communist Youth for several days, but soon returned to medical duties. Following the coup Guevara volunteered to fight, but Arbenz told his foreign supporters to leave the country, and after Hilda was arrested, he briefly took refuge in the Argentine consulate and then moved on to Mexico.

The overthrow of the Arbenz government by a coup d'état backed by the Central Intelligence Agency cemented Guevara's view of the United States as an imperialist power that would consistently oppose governments attempting to address the socioeconomic inequality endemic to Latin America and other developing countries. This helped strengthen his conviction that socialism was the only true way to rectify such problems.

Cuba

Guevara met Fidel Castro in Mexico City and joined the "26th of July Movement" that intended to overthrow Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. When the cabin cruiser Granma set out from Tuxpan, Veracruz, for Cuba in November 1956, Guevara was the only non-Cuban aboard. Attacked upon landing by Batista's forces, only about 15–20 rebels survived as a battered fighting force; they fled into the mountains of the Sierra Maestra.

Guevara became a leader among the rebels, a Comandante (English translation: Major), respected, by some but not all rebels, for his courage, and feared by most for his ruthlessness: he was responsible for the execution of many men he accused of being informers, deserters or spies. In the final days of December 1958, he led the attack on Santa Clara which was one of the decisive events of the revolution, although the bloody series of ambushes first during la ofensiva in the heights of the Sierra Maestra, and then at Guisa, and the whole Cauto Plains campaign that followed probably had more military significance. After finding his generals, especially General Cantillo who visited Castro at the inactive sugar mill "Central America", were making a separate peace with Castro, Batista fled to the Dominican Republic on 1 January 1959.

On 7 February 1959, the victorious government proclaimed Guevara "a Cuban citizen by birth". Shortly thereafter, he initiated divorce proceedings to put a formal end to his marriage with Hilda Gadea, from whom he had been separated since before leaving Mexico on the Granma, and on 2 June 1959, he married Aleida March, a Cuban-born member of the 26th of July movement with whom he had been living since late 1958.

He was appointed commander of the La Cabaña Fortress prison, and during his six months' tenure in this post (January 2 through June 12, 1959), he oversaw the trial and execution of many people including former Batista regime officials, members of the BRAC (Buró de Represión de Actividades Comunistas, "Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities") secret police, alleged war criminals, and political dissidents. Later, Guevara became an official at the National Institute of Agrarian Reform, and President of the National Bank of Cuba (somewhat ironically, as he often condemned money, and showed his disdain by signing Cuban banknotes with his nickname, "Che").

During this time his fondness for chess was rekindled, and he attended and participated in most national and international tournaments held in Cuba. He was particularly eager to encourage young Cubans to take up the game, and organized various activities designed to stimulate their interest in it.

Even as early as 1959, Guevara helped organize disastrously failed revolutionary attempts overseas, first in Panama and then in the Dominican Republic (led by Henry Fuerte, a.k.a. "El Argelino", and Enrique Jiménez Moya). In these attempts Ramón López (Nené), aide to Comandante Camilo Cienfuegos, died; thus these landings are said by some to have been a purge of "Camilo" loyalists.

In 1960 Guevara was involved in the La Coubre arms shipment cleanup that went further awry when a second explosion occurred, resulting in well over a hundred dead. This is the time when Alberto Korda took the most famous photograph of him. Whether this ship was sabotaged or merely exploded by accident is not clear. Those who favour the sabotage theory sometimes attribute this to the Central Intelligence Agency and sometimes name William Alexander Morgan, a former rival of Guevara's in the anti-Batista forces of the central provinces and later a putative CIA agent. Cuban exiles have put forth the theory that it was done by Guevara's USSR-loyalist rivals. Whatever the cause, it was against regulations to unload military supplies directly at the dock.

Guevara later served as Minister of Industries, in which post he helped formulate Cuban socialism, and became one of the country's most prominent figures. In his book Guerrilla Warfare, he advocated replicating the Cuban model of revolution initiated by a small group (foco) of guerrillas without the need for broad organizations to precede armed insurrection. This strategy would later fail fatally in Bolivia. His essay El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba (1965) (Man and Socialism in Cuba) advocates the need to shape a "new man" (hombre nuevo) in conjunction with a socialist state. Some saw Guevara as the simultaneously glamorous and austere model of that "new man." Others grew to view him as a dangerous incompetent.

During the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion, Guevara did not participate in the fighting, having been ordered by Castro to a command post in Cuba's westernmost Pinar del Rio province where he was involved in fending off a decoy force. He did, however, suffer a bullet wound to the face during this deployment, which he said had been caused by the accidental firing of his own gun.

Guevara played a key role in bringing to Cuba the Soviet nuclear-armed ballistic missiles that precipitated the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. During an interview with the British newspaper Daily Worker some months later, he stated that, if the missiles had been under Cuban control, they would have fired them against major U.S. cities.

Disappearance from Cuba

In December 1964 Che Guevara traveled to New York City as the head of the Cuban delegation to speak at the UN (listen, requires RealPlayer). He also appeared on the CBS Sunday news program Face the Nation and met with a wide gamut of people and groups including U.S. Senator Eugene McCarthy, several associates of Malcolm X, and Canadian radical Michelle Duclos. On 17 December, he flew to Paris and embarked on a three-month international tour during which he visited the People's Republic of China, the United Arab Republic (Egypt), Algeria, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Dahomey, Congo-Brazzaville and Tanzania, with stops in Ireland, Paris and Prague. In Algiers on February 24, 1965, he made what turned out to be his last public appearance on the international stage when he delivered a speech to the "Second Economic Seminar on Afro-Asian Solidarity" in which he declared, "There are no frontiers in this struggle to the death. We cannot remain indifferent in the face of what occurs in any part of the world. A victory for any country against imperialism is our victory, just as any country's defeat is our defeat." He then astonished his audience by proclaiming, "The socialist countries have the moral duty of liquidating their tacit complicity with the exploiting countries of the West." He proceeded to outline a number of measures which he said the communist-bloc countries should implement in order to accomplish this objective. He returned to Cuba on 14 March to a solemn reception by Fidel and Raul Castro, Osvaldo Dorticós and Carlos Rafael Rodríguez at the Havana airport. Two weeks later, Guevara dropped out of public life and then vanished altogether. His whereabouts were the great mystery of 1965 in Cuba, as he was generally regarded as second in power to Castro himself. His disappearance was variously attributed to the relative failure of the industrialization scheme he had advocated while minister of industry, to pressure exerted on Castro by Soviet officials disapproving of Guevara's pro-Chinese Communist tendencies as the Sino-Soviet split grew more pronounced, and to serious differences between Guevara and the Cuban leadership regarding Cuba's economic development and ideological line. It may also be that Fidel had grown increasingly wary of Che Guevara's popularity and considered him a potential threat. Critics of Fidel sometimes claim Castro's explanations for Guevara's disappearance have always been suspect (see below), and many found it surprising that Guevara never announced his intentions publicly, but only through an undated letter to Castro.

Guevara's pro-Chinese orientation was increasingly problematic for Cuba as the nation's economy became more and more dependent on the Soviet Union. Since the early days of the Cuban revolution, Guevara had been considered an advocate of Maoist strategy in Latin America and the originator of a plan for the rapid industrialization of Cuba, which some compared to China's "Great Leap Forward". According to Western "observers" of the Cuban situation, the fact that Guevara was opposed to Soviet conditions and recommendations that Castro seemed obliged to accept might have been the reason for his disappearance. However, both Guevara and Castro were supportive of the idea of a united front, including the Soviet Union and China, and had made several unsuccessful attempts to reconcile the feuding parties.

Following the Cuban Missile Crisis and what he perceived as a Soviet betrayal of Cuba when Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles from Cuban territory without consulting Fidel Castro, Guevara had grown more skeptical of the Soviet Union. As revealed in his last speech in Algiers, he had come to view the Northern Hemisphere, led by the U.S. in the West and the Soviet Union in the East, as the exploiter of the Southern Hemisphere. He strongly supported Communist North Vietnam in the Vietnam War, and urged the peoples of other developing countries to take up arms and create "many Vietnams".

Pressed by international speculation regarding Guevara's fate, Castro stated on June 16, 1965, that the people would be informed about Guevara when Guevara himself wished to let them know. Numerous rumors about his disappearance spread both inside and outside Cuba. On October 3 of that year, Castro revealed an undated letter purportedly written to him by Guevara some months earlier in which Guevara reaffirmed his enduring solidarity with the Cuban Revolution but stated his intention to leave Cuba to fight abroad for the cause of the revolution. He explained that "Other nations of the world summon my modest efforts," and that he had therefore decided to go and fight as a guerrilla "on new battlefields". In the letter Guevara announced his resignation from all his positions in the government, in the party, and in the Army, and renounced his Cuban citizenship, which had been granted to him in 1959 in recognition of his efforts on behalf of the revolution.

During an interview with four foreign correspondents on November 1, Castro remarked that he knew where Guevara was but would not disclose his location, and added, denying reports that his former comrade-in-arms was dead, that "he is in the best of health." Despite Castro's assurances the fate of Guevara remained a mystery at the end of 1965. Guevara's movements and whereabouts continued to be a closely held secret for the next two years.

Congo

During their all-night meeting on March 14–March 15 1965, Guevara and Castro had agreed that he would personally lead Cuba's first military action in Africa. Some usually reliable sources state that Guevara persuaded Castro to back him in this effort, while other sources of equal reliability maintain that Castro convinced Guevara to undertake the mission, arguing that conditions in the various Latin American countries that had been under consideration for the possible establishment of guerrilla foci were not yet optimal. Fidel himself has said the latter is true. The Cuban operation was to be carried out in support of the pro-Lumumba Marxist Simba movement in the Congo-Kinshasa (formerly Belgian Congo, later Zaire and currently the Democratic Republic of the Congo).

In 1965 Guevara was assisted for a time in the Congo-Kinshasa by guerrilla leader Laurent-Désiré Kabila, who helped Lumumba supporters lead a revolt that was suppressed in November of that same year by the Congolese army. Guevara dismissed Kabila as insignificant. "Nothing leads me to believe he is the man of the hour," Guevara wrote.

Although Guevara was 37 at the time and had no formal military training, he had the experiences of the Cuban revolution, including his successful march on Santa Clara, which was central to Batista finally being overthrown by Castro's forces. His asthma prevented him from entering military service in Argentina, a fact of which he was proud, given his opposition to the government.

South African mercenaries including Mike Hoare and Cuban exiles worked with the Congolese army to thwart Guevara. They were able to monitor Guevara's communications, arrange to ambush the rebels and the Cubans whenever they attempted to attack, and interdict Guevara's supply lines. Guevara's aim was to export the Cuban Revolution by instructing local Simba fighters in communist ideology and strategies of guerrilla warfare. The incompetence, intransigence, and infighting of the local Congolese forces are cited by Guevara in his Congo Diaries as the key reasons for the revolt's failure. Later that same year, ill, suffering from his asthma and frustrated after seven months of hardship, Guevara left the Congo with the Cuban survivors (six of Guevara's column had died). At one point Guevara considered sending the wounded back to Cuba, then standing alone and fighting until the end in Congo as a revolutionary example; but after being persuaded by his comrades in arms and two emissaries sent by Fidel Castro, he left the Congo.

Because Fidel Castro had made public Guevara's letter to him in which he wrote that he was severing all ties with Cuba in order to devote himself to revolutionary activities in other parts of the world, Guevara felt that he could not return to Cuba for moral reasons, and he spent the next six months living clandestinely in Dar-es-Salaam, Prague and the GDR. During this time he compiled his memoirs of the Congo experience, and also wrote drafts of two more books, one on philosophy and the other on economics. Throughout this period Castro said he continued to importune him to return to Cuba, but Guevara only agreed to do so when it was understood that he would be there on a strictly temporary basis for the few months needed to prepare a new revolutionary effort somewhere in Latin America, and that his presence on the island would be cloaked in the tightest secrecy.

Bolivia

Insurgent

Speculation on Guevara's whereabouts continued throughout 1966 and into 1967. Representatives of the Mozambican independence movement FRELIMO reported meeting with Guevara in late 1966 or early 1967 in Dar es Salaam, at which point they rejected his offer of aid in their revolutionary project. In a speech at the 1967 May Day rally in Havana, the Acting Minister of the armed forces, Maj. Juan Almeida, announced that Guevara was "serving the revolution somewhere in Latin America". The persistent reports that he was leading the guerrillas in Bolivia were eventually shown to be true.

At Fidel Castro's request, a parcel of land in a remote area had been purchased by native Bolivian Communists for Guevara to use as a training area and base camp. The evidence suggests that the training at this camp in the Ñancahuazú region was more hazardous than combat to Guevara and the Cubans accompanying him. Little was accomplished in the way of building a guerrilla army. Former Stasi operative Haydée Tamara Bunke Bider, better known by her nom de guerre "Tania", who had been installed as his primary agent in La Paz, was reportedly also working for the KGB and is widely inferred to have unwittingly served Soviet interests by leading Bolivian authorities to Guevara's trail. The numerous photographs taken by and of Guevara and other members of his guerrilla group that they left behind at their base camp after the initial clash with the Bolivian army in March 1967 provided President René Barrientos with the first proof of his presence in Bolivia; after viewing them, he allegedly expressed the desire to see Guevara's head displayed on a pike in downtown La Paz. He ordered the Bolivian Army to hunt Guevara and his followers down.

Guevara's guerrilla force, numbering about 50 and operating as the ELN (Ejército de Liberación Nacional de Bolivia; English: "National Liberation Army of Bolivia"), was well equipped and scored a number of early successes in difficult terrain in the mountainous Camiri region of the country against Bolivian regulars. In September, however, the Army managed to eliminate two guerrilla groups, reportedly killing one of the leaders.

Despite the violent nature of the conflict, it might also be appropriate to mention that Guevara gave medical attention to all of the wounded Bolivian soldiers whom the guerrillas took prisoner, and then released them. Even after his last battle at the Quebrada del Yuro, in which he had been wounded, when he was taken to a temporary holding location and saw there a number of Bolivian soldiers who had also been wounded in the fighting, he offered to give them medical care. (His offer was turned down by the Bolivian officer in charge.)

Guevara's plan for fomenting revolution in Bolivia appears to have been based upon a number of misconceptions:

• He had expected to deal only with the country's military government and its poorly trained and equipped army. However, after the U.S. government learned of his location, CIA and other operatives were sent into Bolivia to aid the anti-insurrection effort. The Bolivian Army was being trained, and probably directly assisted, by U.S. Army Special Forces advisors, including a recently organized elite battalion of Rangers trained in jungle warfare.
• Guevara had expected assistance and cooperation from the local dissidents. He did not receive it; and Bolivia's Communist Party, oriented towards Moscow rather than Havana, did not aid him, although some members of the Bolivian Communist Party did join/support him, such as Rodolfo Saldana, Serapio Aquino Tudela, and Antonio Jimenez Tardio, against the party leadership's wishes.
• He had expected to remain in radio contact with Havana. However, the two shortwave transmitters provided to him by Cuba were faulty, so that the guerillas were unable to communicate with Havana. Some months into the campaign, the tape recorder that the guerrillas used to record and decode radio messages sent to them from Havana was lost while crossing a river.

Capture and execution

The Bolivian Special Forces were notified of the location of Guevara's guerrilla encampment by a deserter. On October 8 the encampment was encircled, and Guevara was captured while leading a patrol in the vicinity of La Higuera. His surrender was offered after being wounded in the legs and having his rifle destroyed by a bullet. According to soldiers present at the capture, during the skirmish as soldiers approached Guevara, he allegedly shouted, "Do not shoot! I am Che Guevara and worth more to you alive than dead." This claim is disputed, as some soldiers say this story was set loose to show Guevara in a more humiliating light.

Barrientos promptly ordered his execution upon being informed of his capture. Guevara was taken to a dilapidated schoolhouse where he was held overnight. Early the next afternoon he was executed, bound by his hands to a board. The executioner was a sergeant in the Bolivian army who had drawn a short straw and got to shoot Guevara. Several versions exist about what happened next. Some say the executioner was too nervous, left, and was forced back inside. Others say he was so nervous he refused to look Guevara in the face and shot him in the side of the throat, which was the fatal wound. The most widely agreed upon account is that Guevara received multiple shots to the legs, so as to avoid maiming his face for identification purposes and simulate combat wounds in an attempt to conceal his execution. Biting his arm to avoid crying out, he was eventually spared his pain and shot in the chest, filling his lungs with blood. Che Guevara did have some last words before his death; he allegedly said to his executioner, "I know you are here to kill me. Shoot, coward, you are only going to kill a man". His body was lashed to the landing skids of a helicopter and flown to neighboring Vallegrande where it was laid out on a laundry tub in the local hospital and displayed to the press. Photographs taken at that time gave rise to legends such as those of San Ernesto de La Higuera and El Cristo de Vallegrande. After a military doctor surgically amputated his hands, Bolivian army officers transferred Guevara's cadaver to an undisclosed location and refused to reveal whether his remains had been buried or cremated.

The hunt for Guevara in Bolivia was headed by Félix Rodríguez, a CIA agent, who previously had been infiltrated into Cuba to prepare contacts with the rebels in the Escambray Mountains and the anti-Castro underground in Havana prior to the Bay of Pigs invasion, and had been successfully extracted from Cuba after it. Upon hearing of Guevara's capture, Rodríguez relayed the information to CIA headquarters at Langley, Virginia, via CIA stations in various South American nations. After the execution Rodríguez took Guevara's Rolex watch and several other personal items, often proudly showing them to reporters during the ensuing years.

A side issue connected with the guerrillas was the arrest and trial of Régis Debray. In April 1967 government forces captured Debray, a young French professor of philosophy at the University of Havana who studied in the Ecole Normale Supérieure with Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, and accused him of collaborating with the guerrillas. Debray claimed that he had merely been acting as a reporter, and revealed that Guevara, who had mysteriously disappeared several years earlier, was leading the guerrillas. As Debray's trial—which had become an international cause célèbre—was beginning in early October, Bolivian authorities on October 11 reported (falsely) that Guevara had been shot and killed in an engagement with government forces on October 9.

On October 15 Castro acknowledged that the death had occurred and proclaimed three days of public mourning throughout Cuba. The death of Guevara was regarded as a severe blow to the socialist revolutionary movements throughout Latin America and the rest of the third world countries.

In 1997 the skeletal remains of Guevara's handless body were exhumed from beneath an air strip near Vallegrande, positively identified by DNA matching, and returned to Cuba. On October 17, 1997, his remains, along with those of six of his fellow combatants killed during the guerrilla campaign in Bolivia, were laid to rest with full military honors in a specially built mausoleum in the city of Santa Clara, where he had won the said decisive battle of the Cuban Revolution thirty-nine years before.

The Bolivian Diary

Also removed when Guevara was captured was his diary, which documented events of the guerrilla campaign in Bolivia. The first entry is on 7 November 1966 shortly after his arrival at the farm in Ñancahuazú, and the last entry is on 7 October 1967, the day before his capture. The diary tells how the guerrillas were forced to begin operations prematurely due to discovery by the Bolivian Army, explains Guevara's decision to divide the column into two units that were subsequently unable to reestablish contact, and describes their overall failure. It records the rift between Guevara and the Bolivian Communist Party that resulted in Guevara having significantly fewer soldiers than originally anticipated. It shows that Guevara had a great deal of difficulty recruiting from the local populace, due in part to the fact that the guerrilla group had learned Quechua rather than the local language which was Tupí-Guaraní. As the campaign drew to an unexpected close, Guevara became increasingly ill. He suffered from ever-worsening bouts of asthma, and most of his last offensives were carried out in an attempt to obtain medicine.

The Bolivian Diary was quickly and crudely translated by Ramparts magazine and circulated around the world. Fidel Castro has denied involvement in this translation. There are at least four additional diaries, those of Israel Reyes Zayas (Alias "Braulio"), Harry Villegas Tamayo ("Pombo"), Eliseo Reyes Rodriguez ("Rolando") and Dariel Alarcón Ramírez ("Benigno"). These additional documents reveal additional aspects of these events.

Legacy

While pictures of Guevara's dead body were being circulated and the circumstances of his death debated, his legend began to spread. Demonstrations in protest against his execution occurred throughout the world, and articles, tributes, songs and poems were written about his life and death. Even liberal elements that had felt little sympathy with Guevara's communist ideals during his lifetime expressed admiration for his spirit of self-sacrifice. He is singled out from other revolutionaries by many young people in the West because he rejected a comfortable bourgeois background to fight for those who were deprived of political power and economic stability. And when he gained power in Cuba, he gave up all the trappings of high government office in order to return to the revolutionary battlefield and, ultimately, to die.

Especially in the late 1960s, he became a popular icon symbolizing revolution and left-wing political ideals among youngsters in Western and Middle Eastern cultures. A dramatic photograph of Guevara taken by photographer Alberto Korda soon became one of the century's most recognizable images, and the portrait was simplified and reproduced on a vast array of merchandise, such as T-shirts, posters, coffee mugs, and baseball caps. Perhaps to widen their appeal, the Neo-Nazi movement in Germany has started wearing shirts bearing Che's portrait. This is somewhat ironical, as Guevara was opposed to all forms of fascism.

Guevara's reputation even extended into theater, where he is depicted as the narrator in Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Evita. This portrays Guevara as becoming disillusioned with Eva Perón and her husband, President Juan Domingo Perón, because of Perón's increasing corruption and tyranny. The narrator role involves creative license, because Guevara's only interaction with Eva Perón was to write her a letter in his youth asking for a Jeep.

Some 205,832 persons visited Guevara's mausoleum in 2004, of whom 127,597 were foreigners. Among the tourists visiting the site were people from Argentina, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Africa, the United States, and Venezuela.

Called "the most complete human being of our age" by the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, Guevara's supporters believe he may yet prove to be the most important thinker and activist in Latin America since Simón Bolívar, leader of the South American independence movement and hero to subsequent generations of nationalists throughout Latin America.

Popular culture

Criticism

Though he is seen by many as a hero, opponents of Guevara, including Cuban exiles, think of him as a killer and terrorist. They point to what they see as the less savory aspects of Guevara's life, taking the viewpoint that he was enthusiastic about executing opponents of the Cuban Revolution. Some of Guevara's writing is cited as evidence of this tendency, as quoted in an article by Álvaro Vargas Llosa. For example, in his "Message to the Tricontinental", he writes of "hatred as an element of struggle; unbending hatred for the enemy, which pushes a human being beyond his natural limitations, making him into an effective, violent, selective, and cold-blooded killing machine."

New York Sun writer Williams Myers labels Guevara a "sociopathic thug". Other critics writing in the U.S. press have made similar remarks. They assert that Che Guevara was responsible for the torture and execution of hundreds of people in Cuban prisons, and the murder of many more peasants in the regions controlled or visited by his guerrilla forces.

Contrary to Guevara supporters, these critics also argue that Guevara was a blundering tactician with no recorded combat victories. While supporters of Guevara point to the Battle of Santa Clara as a major victory for Guevera, critic Álvaro Vargas Llosa writes, "His greatest military achievement in the fight against Batista—taking the city of Santa Clara after ambushing a train with heavy reinforcements—is seriously disputed. Numerous testimonies indicate that the commander of the train surrendered in advance, perhaps after taking bribes."

Critics maintain that Guevara murdered individuals and took their property, seized private manors for himself, and distributed property among communist bureaucrats rather than the peasants. They also state that he commanded the La Cabaña prison, where he oversaw the execution of many people and helped institute forced labor camps when communist volunteerism failed. Finally, these critics believe that Guevara was a major failure at managing the Cuban economy, as he "oversaw the near-collapse of sugar production, the failure of industrialization, and the introduction of rationing—all this in what had been one of Latin America’s four most economically successful countries since before the Batista dictatorship." In addition, some critics believe that, because there is no documentary evidence of Guevara having earned a medical degree, he was not actually a doctor. Shops, such as Che-Mart, have merchandised their dislike of Guevara by marketing T-shirts poking fun at both Guevara and his supporters, casting aspersions, for example, on what they perceive as an irony: Che Guevara as one of capitalism's hottest-selling images.

Although much criticism of Guevara and his legacy emanates from the political center and right, there has also been criticism from other political groups such as anarchists and civil libertarians, some of whom considered Guevara an authoritarian, anti-working-class Stalinist, whose goal was the creation of a more bureaucratic state-Stalinist regime.

Timeline

Template:Cgtimeline

Guevara's published works

In English (translations)

• Back on the Road: A Journey to Central America (Harvill Panther S.), The Harvill Press, paperback, ISBN 0802139426.
• Bolivian Diary, Pimlico, paperback, ISBN 0712664572
• Che Guevara Reader: Writings on Guerrilla Warfare, Politics and History, Ocean Press, paperback
• Che Guevara Speaks, Pathfinder, paperback
• Che Guevara Talks to Young People, Pathfinder, paperback
• Critical Notes on Political Economy, Ocean Press, paperback
• Guerrilla Warfare, Souvenir Press Ltd, paperback, ISBN 0285636804.
• Manifesto: Three Classic Essays on How to Change the World, Consortium, paperback
• Our America and Theirs, Ocean Press (AU), paperback, ISBN 1876175818.
• Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War, Monthly Review Press, paperback, 1998
• Self-Portrait: Che Guevara, Ocean Press, 320pp, paperback, 2005
• Socialism and Man in Cuba: Also Fidel Castro on the Twentieth Anniversary of Guevara's Death, Monad, paperback
• The African Dream: The Diaries of the Revolutionary War in the Congo, Grove Press, paperback.
• The Diary of Che Guevara, Amereon Ltd,
• The Motorcycle Diaries: Notes on a Latin American Journey, Perennial Press, ISBN 0007182228.

In Spanish

• Pasajes de la Guerra Revolucionaria: Congo – Guevara's complete Congo Diary in Spanish, (PDF)
• Pensamiento y acción – A selection of Guevara's writings in Spanish, including El socialismo y el hombre nuevo (PDF)
• Obras Escogidas – Guevara's selected works in Spanish, including his most important speeches (PDF)

See also

v t e Che Guevara
Events	Guatemalan Coup Cuban Revolution Landing of the Granma Battle of Alegría de Pío Battle of La Plata (1957) Battle of Santa Clara Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution La Coubre explosion Guanahacabibes camp Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Great Debate (Cuba) Congo Crisis Bolivian Campaign
People	Alberto Granado Hilda Gadea Aleida March Aleida Guevara Raúl Castro Fidel Castro Camilo Cienfuegos Tamara Bunke Simeon Cuba Sarabia Harry "Pombo" Villegas Régis Debray Félix Rodríguez Orlando Borrego Canek Sánchez Guevara Mario Terán
Books	The Motorcycle Diaries Guerrilla Warfare Episodes of the Cuban Revolutionary War
Films	The Motorcycle Diaries Che (Part 1 & Part 2) Che! The Hands of Che Guevara Che: Rise and Fall Chevolution
Theatre	Che'r Cycle
Iconography	Guerrillero Heroico photo Legacy In popular culture In fashion Guevarism Foco Mausoleum Alberto Korda Jim Fitzpatrick
Comics	Vida del Che
Category

Source notes

1. Maryland Institute of Art, referenced at BBC News,"Che Guevara photographer dies", 26 May 2001.Online at BBC News, accessed 4 January2006.
2. Rosario de Santa Fe website,"Rosario de Santa Fe Argentina". Online, accessed 4 January2006.
3. Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 3
4. Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 28
5. Digital Granma Internacional,"Simultaneous chess game on 37th anniversary of Che’s death", 13 October 2004. Online at Granma International English Edition, accessed 5 January2006.
6. Radio Cadena Agramonte, "Ataque al cuartel del Bayamo" Online, accessed 25 February 2006
7. Granma.cu, "Walking towards sunrise" Online, accessed 25 February2006
8. THE CATEGORIES OF JUSTICE IN THE STRUCTURES OF DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL ARGUMENTATION OF THE COLD WAR SUPERPOWERS: FROM GUATEMALA TO CUBA". Online, accessed 26 February 2006
9. U.S. Department of State, "Foreign Relations, Guatemala, 1952-1954". Online, accessed 04 March 2006
10. Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 372 and p. 425
11. chessgames.com, "Miguel Najdorf vs Ernesto Che Guevara". Online at chessgames.com, accessed 5 January2006.
12. Puerto Padre website, "Cronologia" ( List of anniversaries ) Online at Puerto Padre website, accessed 4 January2006.
13. Peña, Emilio Herasme," La Expedición Armada de junio de 1959", 14 June 2004.Online at 'Listín Diario (Dominican Republic), accessed 4 January2006.
14. FotosPL images of La Coubre, accessed 26 February 2005
15. Cuban Information Archives, "La Coubre explodes in Havana 1960". Online, accessed 26 February 2006
16. Defensa Nacional, "SABOTAJE AL BUQUE LA COUBRE" Online, accessed 26 February 2006
17. The Miami Herald, "Dockworker set ship blast in Havana, American claims". Online, accessed 26 February 2006
18. Guaracabuya.org, "Recuento Histórico:El porque el PCC ordenó volar el barco "La Coubre".Online, accessed 26 February 2006
19. Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, p. 545.
20. Montreal Gazette, "Liberals picked the wrong issue". Online, accessed 26 February 2006
21. Guaracabuya.org, "TERRORISTS CONNECTED TO CUBAN COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT". Online, accessed 26 February 2006
22. Ernesto Che Guevara, (editors Rolando E. Bonachea and Nelson P. Valdés), Che: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara, Cambridge, MA: 1969, p. 350.
23. Ernesto Che Guevara, "English Translation of Complete Text of Algiers Speech", Online at Sozialistische Klassiker, accessed 4 January2006.
24. Ernesto Che Guevara, (editors Rolando E. Bonachea and Nelson P. Valdés), Che: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara, Cambridge, MA: 1969, pp. 352-59.
25. Ernesto Che Guevara, "English Translation of Complete Text of Algiers Speech", Online at Sozialistische Klassiker, accessed 4 January2006.
26. Ernesto Che Guevara, "English Translation of Complete Text of his Message to the Tricontinental", or see Original Spanish text at Wikisource .
27. Ernesto Che Guevara, "Che Guevara's Farewell Letter", 1965. English translation of complete text: Che Guevara's Farewell Letter at Wikisource.
28. BBC News,"Profile: Laurent Kabila", 26 May 2001. Online at BBC News, accessed 5 January 2006.
29. African History Blog, "Che Guevara's Exploits in the Congo", Che Guevara's Exploits in the Congo Online at African History, accessed 5 January2006.
30. Mad Mike Hoare Site, "Mad Mike". Online at Geocities.com, accessed 5 January2006.
31. Ireland's Own, "From Cuba to Congo, Dream to Disaster for Che Guevara". Onine at irelandsown.net, accessed 11 January2006.
32. Ernesto Che Guevara, "Che Guevara's Farewell Letter", 1965. English translation of complete text: Che Guevara's Farewell Letter at Wikisource.
33. Ernesto Che Guevara, Apuntes Filosóficos, draft.
34. Ernesto Che Guevara, Notas Económicas, draft.
35. Mittleman, James H. Underdevelopment and the Transition to Socialism - Mozambique and Tanzania, New York: 1981, Academic Press, p. 38
36. Major Donald R. Selvage - USMC, "Che Guevara in Bolivia", 1 April 1985. Online at GlobalSecurity.org, accessed 5 January2006.
37. Taibo, Paco Ignacio II. Ernesto Guevara, también conocido como el Che, Barcelona, 1999: Editorial Planeta, p 726.
38. Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life. New York: Grove Press, 1997. ISBN 0802116000.
39. Richard Gott, "Bolivia on the Day of the Death of Che Guevara". Online at Mindfully.org, accessed February 26 2006
40. Rodriguez, Felix I. and John Weisman. Shadow Warrior/the CIA Hero of a Hundred Unknown Battles (Hardcover), New York: 1989, Publisher: Simon & Schuster
41. MaxNews, "Félix Rodríguez:Kerry No Foe of Castro". Online, accessed 27 February 2006
42. marxists.org website, "Louis Althusser" Online, accessed 11 March2006.
43. Ernesto Che Guevara,"Diario (Bolivia)". Online, accessed 26 February2006.
44. Major Donald R. Selvage - USMC, "Che Guevara in Bolivia", 1 April 1985. Online at GlobalSecurity.org, accessed 5 January2006.
45. Alarcón Ramírez, Dariel dit "Benigno". Le Che en Bolivie, Paris: 1997, Éditions du Rocher
46. File:Tinyspkricon.jpgCarlos Puebla,"Carta al Che". Online, accessed 26 February2006.
47. File:Tinyspkricon.jpgCarlos Puebla,"Hasta Siempre, Comandante". Online at BBC News, accessed 26 February2006.
48. BBC News,"Che Guevara photographer dies", 26 May 2001.Online at BBC News, accessed 4 January2006.
49. File:Tinyspkricon.jpgCBC Radio One,"Discussion about Che Guevara". Online, accessed 26 February2006.
50. Abc.es, "El Che suplanta a Rudolf Hess" Online, accessed 12 March 2006
51. Che-Lives, "Third Positionism - fascism in disguise". Online, accessed 12 March 2006
52. File:Tinyspkricon.jpgChe Guevara, "Speech in Santiago de Cuba" (fragment), 29 November 1964. Online, accessed 15 March 2006.
53. Michael Moynihan, "Neutering Sartre at Dagens Nyheter". Online at Stockholm Spectator, accessed 26 February 2006
54. Álvaro Vargas Llosa, "The Killing Machine: Che Guevara, from Communist Firebrand to Capitalist Brand", 11 July 2005. Online at the New Republic, accessed 5 January2006.
55. New York Sun website, "An Icon of Evil". Online, accessed 25 February 2006
56. Álvaro Vargas Llosa, "The Killing Machine: Che Guevara, from Communist Firebrand to Capitalist Brand", 11 July 2005. Online at the New Republic, accessed 5 January2006.
57. Álvaro Vargas Llosa, "The Killing Machine: Che Guevara, from Communist Firebrand to Capitalist Brand", 11 July 2005. Online at the New Republic, accessed 5 January2006.
58. Humberto Fontova, "Fidel's executioner". FrontPage magazine Online, accessed 26 February 2006
59. History News Network, "Che Guevara... The Dark Underside of the Romantic Hero". Online, accessed 26 February 2006
60. Free Cuba Foundation, "Che Guevara's Dubious Legacy". Online, accessed 26 February 2006
61. Humberto Fontova, "Fidel's Executioner".FrontPage magazine Online, accessed 25 February 2006
62. USA Today, "Che Guevara should be scorned — not worn" Online, accessed 26 February 2006
63. Libertarian Community, "Ernesto "Che" Guevara, 1928-1967". Online, accessed 26 February 2006

Content notes

Birthdate: While June 14, 1928 is Guevara's official date of birth, it may not be the actual date of birth. The official story is that he was born eight months after his parents married; several sources suggest that he was born earlier (the date May 14 is the most prevalent), and that his mother was already pregnant at the time of her marriage.

Surname: Re origin of the surname Guevara -- "Basque: Castilianized form of Basque Gebara, a habitational name from a place in the Basque province of Araba. The origin and meaning of the place name are uncertain; it is recorded in the form Gebala by the geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd century ad. This is a rare name in Spain." Dictionary of American Family Names, Patrick Hanks, ed., London: 2003, Oxford University Press

Galway: The Lynch family was one of the famous 14 Tribes of Galway. The misconception exists that Ana María Isabel Lynch was born in Ireland, whereas she was actually born (1868) in San Francisco, California, USA where her father, Francisco Lynch, had travelled from Argentina during the Gold Rush years. Francisco had married a young Californian widow, Eloísa Ortiz, ca. 1860 and they had several other American-born children in addition to Ana Isabel. The man Ana Isabel would eventually marry, Roberto Guevara Castro, had also been born in California, USA of an Argentine father and a Californian mother who was the grand-daughter of the Spanish aristocrat Don Luís Peralta who had been given large land grants by the King of Spain; however, Ana Isabel and Roberto did not meet until both of their families had returned to Argentina. During Che's childhood, listening to his Grandmother Ana Isabel's tales of frontier life in California was one of his greatest delights.

Neruda: A book of Neruda's poetry was found in Guevara's knapsack when he was captured in Bolivia.

Ibero-America: In a brief speech at the San Pablo leprosarium in Peru on the occasion of his 24th birthday, Guevara said: "Although we're too insignificant to be spokesmen for such a noble cause, we believe, and this journey has only served to confirm this belief, that the division of America into unstable and illusory nations is a complete fiction. We are one single mestizo race with remarkable ethnographical similarities, from Mexico down to the Magellan Straits. And so, in an attempt to break free from all narrow-minded provincialism, I propose a toast to Peru and to a United America." Source: Ernesto Che Guevara, Motorcycle Diaries, London: Verso Books, 1995, p.135.

Knapsack: "Quizás esa fue la primera vez que tuve planteado prácticamente ante mí el dilema de mi dedicación a la medicina o a mi deber de soldado revolucionario. Tenía delante de mí una mochila llena de medicamentos y una caja de balas, las dos eran mucho peso para transportarlas juntas; tomé la caja de balas, dejando la mochila ..." (English: "Perhaps this was the first time I was confronted with the real-life dilemma of having to choose between my devotion to medicine and my duty as a revolutionary soldier. Lying at my feet were a knapsack full of medicine and a box of ammunition. They were too heavy for me to carry both of them. I grabbed the box of ammunition, leaving the medicine behind ...".) First published in an article in Verde Olivo, La Habana, Cuba, February 26 1961. Subsequently published in the book, Guevara, Ernesto Che. Pasajes de la Guerra Revolucionaria, La Habana, Cuba: 1963, Ediciones Unión.

Children:

With Hilda Gadea (married 8 August 1955; divorced 22 May 1959) : one daughter, Hilda Beatriz Guevara Gadea, born 15 February 1956 in Mexico City; died 21 Aug 1995 in Havana, Cuba

With Aleida March (married 2 June 1959):

• Aleida Guevara March, born 17 November 1960 in Havana, Cuba
• Camilo Guevara March, born 20 May 1962 in Havana, Cuba
• Celia Guevara March, born 14 June 1963 in Havana, Cuba
• Ernesto Guevara March, born 24 February 1965 in Havana, Cuba

With Lidia Rosa López (extramarital): one son, Omar Pérez, born 19 March 1964 in Havana, Cuba

INRA: appointed Director of the Industrialization Department of the National Institute for Agrarian Reform on October 7 1959

BNC: appointed President of the National Bank of Cuba on November 26 1959

MININD: appointed Minister of Industries on February 23 1961

Camp: The purchase of the acreage in the Ñancahuazú region was in direct contravention of Guevara's directive that the land for the camp should be purchased in the Alto Beni region. When presented with the fait accompli that the Bolivian Communists had acquired land in the Ñancahuazú region instead, he at first complained but eventually decided to utilize it in order not to lose time while waiting for them to purchase a parcel in the Alto Beni.

Message: For example, on August 31 1967 Che wrote in his diary "Hay mensaje de Manila pero no se pudo copiar.", i.e. "There is a (coded radio) message from Manila ('Manila' being the code name for Havana) but we couldn't copy it." The content of this message has not been revealed, but it may have been of critical importance since by then Castro and the other Cubans who were directing the guerrillas' support network from Havana had to be aware of their dire straits.

Barrientos: Although Barrientos never revealed his motives for ordering the summary execution of Guevara, some of his associates have suggested that he took this decision primarily in order to avoid the spectacle of a "show trial" that would have brought unwelcome international attention to Bolivia, and that he was also concerned that, had Guevara been sentenced to a lengthy term in a Bolivian prison, he might have escaped or eventually been released (as in Fidel Castro's case), and subsequently resumed his guerrilla activities.

Amputation: Castañeda, Jorge G., Che Guevara: Compañero, New York: 1998, Random House, pp. xiii - xiv; pp. 401-402. Guevara's amputated hands, preserved in formaldehyde, turned up in the possession of Fidel Castro a few months later. Castro reportedly wanted to put them on public display but was dissuaded from doing so by the vehement protests of members of Guevara's family.

Mausoleum: On December 30 1998 the remains of ten more of the guerrillas who had fought alongside Guevara in Bolivia and whose secret burial sites there had been recently discovered by Cuban forensic investigators were placed inside the "Che Guevara Mausoleum" in Santa Clara. Also inside the mausoleum is the original letter Guevara wrote to Castro in which he stated that he was leaving Cuba to fight abroad for the cause of the revolution and renounced all his posts and Cuban citizenship.

References

Printed matter

• Alarcón Ramírez, Dariel ("Benigno"). Memorias de un Soldado Cubano: Vida y Muerte de la Revolución. Tusquets Editores S.A. Barcelona, 1997 ISBN 848319942

• Alarcón Ramírez, Dariel dit "Benigno". Le Che en Bolivie. Éditions du Rocher, 1997. ISBN 2 268 02437 7

• Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life. New York: Grove Press, 1997. ISBN 0802116000.

• Bravo, Marcos 2005 La Otra Cara Del Che, Editorial Solar. Bogota, Colombia . “I’d like to confess, papá, at that moment I discovered that I really like killing.” Guevara writing to his father

• Castañeda, Jorge G. Che Guevara: Compañero. New York: Random House, 1998. ISBN 0679759409

• Castro, Fidel (editors Bonachea, Rolando E. and Nelson P. Valdés) Revolutionary Struggle. 1947-1958. MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, 1972. ISBN 0262020653

• Feldman, Allen 2003 Political Terror and the Technologies of Memory: Excuse, Sacrifice, Commodification, and Actuarial Moralities. Radical History Review 85, 58-73

• Fuentes, Norberto. La Autobiografía De Fidel Castro ("The Autobiography of Fidel Castro"). Mexico D.F: Editorial Planeta, 2004. ISBN 8423336042, ISBN 9707490012

• George, Edward. The Cuban Intervention In Angola, 1965-1991: From Che Guevara To Cuito Cuanavale. London & Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass Publishers, 2005. ISBN 0415350158

• Guevara, Ernesto "Che". Pasajes de la guerra revolucionaria

• Guevara, Ernesto "Che" (editors Bonachea, Rolando E. and Nelson P. Valdés), Che: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1969. ISBN 0262520168

• Guevara, Ernesto "Che" (editor Waters, Mary Alice), Episodes of the Cuban Revolutionary War 1956-1958. New York: Pathfinder, 1996. ISBN 0873488245. (See reference to "El Viscaíno" on page 186).

• Holland, Max. Private Sources of U.S. Foreign Policy Wlliam Pawley and the 1954 Coup d'État in Guatemala in Journal of Cold War Studies 7.4 (2005) 36-73

• James, Daniel 2001 Che Guevara. Cooper Square Press. New York ISBN 0815411448

• Matos, Huber. Como llegó la Noche ("As night arrived"). Barcelona: Tusquet Editores, SA, 2002. ISBN 8483109441.

• Morán Arce, Lucas. La revolución cubana, 1953-1959: Una versión rebelde ("The Cuban Revolution, 1953-1959: a rebel version"). Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta Universitaria, Universidad Católica, 1980. ISBN B0000EDAW9.

• Peña, Emilio Herasme. La Expedición Armada de junio de 1959, Listín Diario (Dominican Republic), 14 June 2004.

• Rodriguez, Felix I. and John Weisman. Shadow Warrior/the CIA Hero of a Hundred Unknown Battles. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989. ISBN 0671667211.

• Rojo del Río, Manuel. La Historia Cambió En La Sierra ("History changed in the Sierra"). 2a Ed. Aumentada (Augmented second edition). San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Texto, 1981.

• Ros, Enrique 2003. Fidel Castro y El Gatillo Alegre: Sus Años Universitarios (Colección Cuba y Sus Jueces). Miami: Ediciones Universal. ISBN 1593880065

• Taibo, Paco Ignacio II. Ernesto Guevara, también conocido como el Che. Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 1999. ISBN 8408022806.

Websites

• "Che's Birthplace: Rosario de Santa Fe Argentina". Retrieved February 26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
• "CNC TV". Retrieved February 26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
• "Cuban Aviation". Retrieved February 26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
• "Radio Bayamo". Retrieved February 26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
• "The New Humanist". Retrieved February 26. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)

Further reading

• Guerrilla Warfare, Ernesto Guevara and Thomas M. Davis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Public Relations. June 1985.
• The Che Guevara Reader, Collection of Guevara works edited by David Deutschmann, Ocean Press, ISBN 1876175699.
• Travelling with Che Guevara - The Making of a Revolutionary, Alberto Granado, Pimlico, ISBN 1-8441-3426-1.

External links

Template:Cgsister

• The Che Guevara internet archive – written works, pictures, and speeches
• El-Comandante.com – biography, photographs, and texts of Che Guevara
• Guerrillero heroico – information, articles, pictures, and ebooks
• Che Guevara Information Archive - information and articles
• Exposition of photos by Guevara
• Wikitree entry - genealogical information about Guevara
• Che-Lives, a site dedicated to Che Guevara, including a revolutionary leftist discussion area.
• Che Guevara Discussion Area is a very active forum.
• "Who was Che Guevara?" A brief biographical article by the Revolutionary Youth.

1. Ernesto Che Guevara, "Che Guevara's Farewell Letter", 1965. English translation of complete text: Che Guevara's Farewell Letter at Wikisource.

• 1928 births
• 1967 deaths
• Argentine communists
• Argentine physicians
• Basque Argentines
• Cuban communists
• Cuban politicians
• Cuban physicians
• Executed revolutionaries
• Firearm deaths
• Marxist theorists
• Military writers
• People from Rosario
• Revolutionaries
• Humanitarians