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Bashar al-Assad بشار الأسد
President of Syria
Incumbent
Assumed office 17 July 2000
Prime Minister	Muhammad Mustafa Mero Muhammad Naji al-Otari Adel Safar
Vice President	Farouk al-Sharaa Najah al-Attar
Preceded by	Abdul Halim Khaddam (Acting)
Leader of the Ba'ath Party
Incumbent
Assumed office 10 June 2000
Preceded by	Hafez al-kerr
Personal details
Born	(1965-09-11) 11 September 1965 (age 59) Damascus, Syria
Political party	Ba'ath Party
Spouse	Asma al-Akhras
Alma mater	Damascus University
Profession	Ophthalmologist
Website	The President

Bashar al-Assad (Template:Lang-ar, Baššār al-ʾAsad; born 11 September 1965) is the President of the Syrian Arab Republic, Regional Secretary of the Ba'ath Party. He became president in 2000 after the death of his father Hafez al-Assad, who had ruled Syria for 29 years.

الحرية للشعب السوري

Presidency

بدأت ثورتنا السورية و لن تنتهي إلا بالنصر بإذن الله فمن عاش في قلب المظاهرات يعرف تماماً أن البركان قد ثار و لا يمكن أن يخمد قبل أن يتحقق مراده. لفد خرج مئات الألاف و الملايين في الشارع رغم كل الأساليب الإجرامية المسلطة عليهم و لكنهم حملوا ارواحهم على أكفهم ليصنعوا مستقبلاً مشرقاً لأبنائهم

2011 uprising

Protests in Syria started on 26 January and were influenced by other protests in the region. Protesters have been calling for political reforms and the reinstatement of civil rights, as well as an end to the state of emergency which has been in place since 1963. One attempt at a "day of rage" was set for 4-5 February, though it ended up uneventful. Protests on 18-19 March were the largest to take place in Syria for decades and Syrian authorities have responded with violence against its protesting citizens.

On 18 May 2011, U.S. President Barack Obama signed an Executive order putting into effect sanctions against Bashar Assad in an effort to pressure his regime "to end its use of violence against its people and begin transitioning to a democratic system that protects the rights of the Syrian people." The sanctions effectively freeze any of the Syrian President's assets either in the United States proper or within U.S. jurisdiction. On May 23, 2011 EU Foreign ministers agreed at a meeting in Brussels to add Mr Assad and nine other officials to a list affected by travel bans and asset freezes. On May 24, 2011 Canada imposed sanctions on Syrian leaders, one of which is Assad.

On 20 June 2011, in a speech lasting nearly an hour, in response to the demands of protesters and foreign pressure, al-Assad promised a "national dialogue" involving movement toward reform, new pariliamentary elections, and greater freedoms. He also urged refugees to return home from Turkey, while assuring them amnesty and blaming all unrest on a small number of "saboteurs".

See also

• List of state leaders
• Cabinet of Syria
• Assad family

References

1. Syria's president, Bashar al-Assad, belongs to the minority Alawite group. About three-quarters of the population are Sunni. The Guardian, retrieved 8 August 2011
2. Modern Syria:From Ottoman rule to pivotal role in the middle east: By Moshe Ma'oz page 43
3. "Q&A: Syrian activist Suhair Atassi". Al Jazeera English. 2011-02-09. Retrieved 2011-02-13. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
4. "'Day of rage' protest urged in Syria - World news - Mideast/N. Africa - msnbc.com". MSNBC. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
5. ""Day of Rage" planned for Syria; protests scheduled for Feb 4-5 - aysor.am - Hot news from Armenia". aysor.am. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
6. 18 May 2011. "Administration Takes Additional Steps to Hold the Government of Syria Accountable for Violent Repression Against the Syrian People". United States Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 18 May 2011. Today, President Obama signed an Executive Order (E.O.) imposing sanctions against Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and six other senior officials of the Government of Syria in an effort to increase pressure on the Government of Syria to end its use of violence against its people and begin transitioning to a democratic system that protects the rights of the Syrian people.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
7. Oweis, Khaled Yacoub (18 May 2011). "U.S. imposes sanctions on Syria's Assad". Reuters. Retrieved 18 May 2011. The U.S. move, announced by the Treasury Department, freezes any of the Syrian officials' assets that are in the United States or otherwise fall within U.S. jurisdiction and generally bars U.S. individuals and companies from dealing with them.
8. "Syria: EU imposes sanctions on President Assad". BBC News. 23 May 2011.
9. "Canada imposes sanctions on Syrian leaders". BBC News. 24 May 2011.
10. Speech of H.E. President Bashar al-Assad at DAMASCUS University on the sitaution in Syria, translated transcript, Sana, 20 June 2011

Further reading

• Bashar Al-Assad (Major World Leaders) by Susan Muaddi Darraj, (June 2005, Chelsea House Publications) ISBN 0-7910-8262-8 for young adults
• Syria Under Bashar Al-Asad: Modernisation and the Limits of Change by Volker Perthes, (2004, Oxford University Press) ISBN 0-19-856750-2 (Adelphi Papers #366)
• Bashar's First Year: From Ophthalmology to a National Vision (Research Memorandum) by Yossi Baidatz, (2001, Washington Institute for Near East Policy) ISBN B0006RVLNM
• Syria: Revolution From Above by Raymond Hinnebusch (Routledge; 1st edition, August 2002) ISBN 0-415-28568-2
• Bashar al-Assad and John F. Kennedy, Forward Magazine (Syria) Article Author :Scott C. Davis (2008-05-18). "Bashar al-Assad and John F. Kennedy | Forward Magazine". Fw-magazine.com. Retrieved 2010-08-03. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
• Assad: We too were not very happy with Annapolis, Forward Magazine (Syria) "Assad: We too were not very happy with Annapolis | Forward Magazine". Fw-magazine.com. 1967-06-04. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
• Seven years of Bashar al-Assad’s rule 2000-2007, Forward Magazine (Syria)

External links

• Official website
  • Biography, decrees, speeches, interviews, press releases
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Bashar al-Assad on Charlie Rose
  • Transcript of 2010 conversation
• Bashar al-Assad at IMDb
• Template:Worldcat id
• Bashar al-Assad collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
• Template:Economisttopic
• Bashar al-Assad collected news and commentary at The Guardian
• Bashar al-Assad collected news and commentary at Ha'aretz
• Bashar al-Assad collected news and commentary at The Jerusalem Post
• Bashar al-Assad collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• Template:Nndb
• Profile at the LookLex Encyclopedia
• Unofficial website
• Unofficial website with CV, Speeches, Pictures and Mideast Just Peace

Articles

• Syria’s Proxy Forces in Iraq, Al-Hayat (London), 12 April 2003 at Middle East Intelligence Bulletin
• Profile: Syria's Bashar al-Assad BBC News, 10 March 2005
• Bashar al-Assad's Lebanon Gamble, William Harris, Middle East Quarterly, Summer 2005
• Assad on the Brink, David Hirst, The Nation, 21 November 2005
• Syria's Leaders, Esther Pan, Council on Foreign Relations, 10 March 2006
• Connecting the dots in Lebanon, Omar Raad, Ya Libnan Volunteer, 2 December 2006
• The Assad Dynasty in Syria: From Father to Son, Kristin Helberg, Deutsche Welle, 2009 at qantara.de
• Interview With Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, The Wall Street Journal, 31 January 2011
• Profile: Bashar al-Assad, Al Jazeera English, 25 March 2011

v t e Presidents of Syria (list)
Syrian Federation (1922–1924)	Barakat
State of Syria (1925–1930)	Barakat Pierre-Alype* Nami al-Hasani*
First Syrian Republic (1930–1950)	al-Hasani* Solomiac* al-Abid H. al-Atassi al-Khatib al-Azm* al-Hasani al-Ulshi* al-Ayyubi al-Quwatli al-Za'im al-Hinnawi* H. al-Atassi
Second Syrian Republic (1950–1958)	H. al-Atassi Shishakli* Selu Shishakli al-Kuzbari* H. al-Atassi al-Quwatli
United Arab Republic (1958–1961)	Nasser
Second Syrian Republic (1961–1963)	al-Kuzbari* al-Nuss* al-Qudsi
Ba'athist Syria (1963–2024)	L. al-Atassi al-Hafiz N. al-Atassi al-Khatib* H. al-Assad Khaddam* B. al-Assad
* acting

Template:Persondata

• 1965 births
• Arab nationalist heads of state
• Arab politicians
• Assad family
• Ba'ath Party (Syria) politicians
• Current national leaders
• Living people
• Ophthalmologists
• People from Damascus
• People of the 2011 Syrian protests
• Presidents of Syria
• Syrian Alawites
• Damascus University alumni