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In object-oriented programming, a constructor in a class is a special method (function) that can be used to create objects of the class and never has a return type. Constructors are special instance methods that are called automatically upon the creation of an object (instance of a class). They are distinguished by having the same name as the class of the object they're associated with. Its main purpose is to pre-define the object's data members and to establish the invariant of the class, failing if the invariant isn't valid. A properly written constructor will leave the object in a 'valid' state.

Java

Example

public class Example 
{ 
  //declaration of instance variable(s).
  protected int data;
  //definition of the constructor. 
  public Example()
  {
     data = 1;
  }
}

Constructors Simplified

Constructors exists within classes. Classes in programming language refer to a generic specfication which are not real, but just a prototype. A simple analogy to understanding constructors would be to to imagine the following scenerios: Compare class in this case to a class of students. Thus we have

Pseudocode

class Students{
	// refers to the a class of students
}

However, the class Students is just a generic prototype of what a student should be. Let's analyse this from the position of the IS manager should the school wants to create a database of every student in a computerised database. Let's assume in this case that they want to create each student as an object. Thus they apply the code below to create a prototype or "mould" to create an instance of the class Students (ie to create a real student under the class Students). These moulds are often used as constructors.

Pseudocode

class Students{
	Students (String studentName, char sex, String Address, int ID) {
}
} 

Once done, these specific students that we create using the above are also known as instances of the class Students. To create these instances, we use constructors within a class. A constructor is the same as a mould defining the specifications of the student mould we describe above. It defines the type of student, with variables that distinguishes it from other instances. Constructors are normally named the same as their class name. Thus, to create a constructor of a student in a class with some predefined variables, we do the following:

Every student will have characteristics that distinguishes them. For example, students have their individual Name, Sex, Address, Unique ID etc. We want to create a prototype, or "mould" for these students such that we can construct each student's profile using simple code like Students("John","M","Dover Road", 12345). If the analyst wants to print out the information for its students, it can use the following code;

Pseudocode

	print(Students.studentName) // output "John"

See also

• Destructor
• Object lifetime
• Initializer

References

• Bjarne Stroustrup: The C++ Programming Language, Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-70073-5

• Object-oriented programming