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37th Training Wing
Active	1 February 1940–present
Country	United States
Branch	Air Force
Type	Training
Part of	Air Education and Training Command
Garrison/HQ	Lackland Air Force Base
Decorations	PUC AFOUA RVGC w/ Palm
Commanders
Current commander	Colonel Eric Axelbank
Notable commanders	Joseph Ashy Gabriel P. Disosway

The 37th Training Wing (37 TRW) is a wing of the United States Air Force stationed at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas.

The 37th TRW provides basic military, professional and technical skills, and English language training for the Air Force, other military services, government agencies, and allies.

Its four primary training functions graduate more than 86,000 students annually.

As of 6 June 2011, the commander of the 37th Training Wing is Colonel Eric Axelbank.

Units

The 37th Training Group is made up of 1,600 personnel from all four military services. The group conducts professional and technical training to more than 36,000,000 military and civilians in the armed forces, international community, and other federal agencies. The 937th Training Group is the Air Force component of the Medical Education and Training Campus at Fort Sam Houston, Texas.

In addition, the 37th Training Wing staff agencies provide a variety of support services for wing and tenant units at Lackland AFB.

History

World War II

The 37th Pursuit Group was originally activated at Albrook Army Airfield, Panama Canal Zone on 1 February 1940. During the early years of World War II, the unit was part of the Panama Canal defense force. It was inactivated on 1 November 1943.

Cold War

The 37th Fighter-Bomber Wing was established on 3 March 1953 and activated on 8 April 1953 at Clovis AFB, New Mexico. It was neither manned or equipped and was inactivated on 25 June 1953.

Vietnam War

On 1 March 1967, the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing was activated in place at Phu Cat Air Base, South Vietnam to become the host unit. The 37th TFW received its manpower and equipment from various units transferred from the United States and elsewhere, and tactical operations did not commence until mid-April. The newly-formed wing was assigned to Seventh Air Force.

Its attached squadrons were:

• 416th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 15 April 1967 – 27 May 1969 (F-100D/F Tail Code: HE)
• Det 1, 612th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 8 June 1967 – 13 April 1969 (F-100D/F Tail Code: HS)

The 416th TFS was deployed from the 3d TFW at Bien Hoa AB, Det 1, 612th TFS from the 35th TFW at Phan Rang AB. On 15 April, the 37TFW began combat operations with strikes by 416TFS (F-100D aircraft) en route from Bien Hoa Air Base to their new home. On 8 June, Det 1., 612th TFS began operations, also after flying a mission en route from their former home at Phan Rang Air Base. By 28 February 1968, the 37th TFW squadrons completed 18,000 combat hours and 13,000 combat sorties without a major aircraft accident.

In the spring of 1968, the two squadrons of the 37th TFW were augmented by two additional squadrons deployed from the United States:

• 174th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 14 May 1968 – 11 May 1969 (Iowa ANG) (F-100C/F Tail Code: HA)
• 355th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 3 February 1968 – 15 May 1969 (F-100D/F Tail Code: HP)

The 174th TFS was federalized Air National Guard personnel and aircraft from the 185th Tactical Fighter Group of the Iowa ANG at Sioux City MAP; the 355th TFS was deployed from the 354th TFW at Myrtle Beach AFB South Carolina. The wing was then composed of four F-100 combat squadrons with approximately 90 aircraft being assigned.

As 355th TFS personnel completed their TDY that same month the personnel and aircraft returned to Myrtle Beach AFB. They were replaced by Air National Guardsmen from New Jersey and Washington DC, who were manning Myrtle Beach at the time. These newly deployed personnel were sent to Tuy Hoa Air Base along with their F-100 D/F aircraft.

In the spring of 1969, the 416th TFS and its F-100s were transferred to Tuy Hoa Air Base, while Det 1., 612th TFS was returned to the 35th TFW, now at Phan Rang Air Base. Two F-4D squadrons were transferred from Da Nang Air Base replaced them:

• 480th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 15 April 1969 – 31 March 1970 (F-4D Tail Code: HK)
• 389th Tactical Fighter Squadron: 15 June 1969 – 31 March 1970 (F-4D Tail Code: HB)

The US withdrawals from Vietnam continued during 1970, resulting in the inactivation of 37th TFW at Phu Cat AB on 31 March.

George AFB

When reactivated in 1981 the 37th gained assets of 35th Tactical Fighter Wing at George Air Force Base, California.

The wing's mission was pilot transition training to the F-4G Phantom II "Wild Weasel" radar suppression aircraft. As the only "Wild Weasel" training wing in the world, it provided instructor pilots and qualified aircrews for the other two "Wild Weasel" wings in the Philippines and West Germany. As part of the training mission, the wing participated in numerous tactical, maritime, and electronic warfare exercises locally and worldwide in hunter/killer tactics, suppression of enemy air defenses, force escort operations and dissimilar air combat training with US Armed Forces Air National Guard and Reserves, and various allies. Wing aircrews and ground personnel won the United States Air Force Worldwide Fighter gunnery meet in 1985 and 1987.

In 1988, George AFB was scheduled in the first round of base closures passed by Congress under the Base Realignment and Closure program. On 5 Oct 1989, the 37th TFW turned over F-4G aircraft to the host 35th TFW at George AFB.

Tonopah Test Range Airport

On 5 October 1989 the 4450th Tactical Group at Tonopah Test Range Airport, Nevada was re-designated the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing in a name-only transfer. The 37th TFW absorbed the manpower, equipment, and the world's first Stealth fighter, the F-117 Nighthawk.

The 4450th's subordinate F-117 squadrons were re-designated as follows:

• 4450th Tactical Squadron (Nightstalkers-Atlantic) ---> 415th Tactical Fighter Squadron (Nightstalkers)
• 4451st Tactical Squadron (Grim Reapers-Pacific) ---> 416th Tactical Fighter Squadron (Ghostriders)
• 4453d Tactical Evaluation Squadron (Bandits) ---> 417th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron ("Bandits").

These had been the designations of the first Army Air Force night-fighter squadron designations during World War II. The wing trained to integrate stealth technology with more conventional methods of combat operations.

Operation Just Cause

The 37th dropped the first bombs in invasion of Panama on 20 December 1989.

In early 1988, Panama's military dictator, Gen. Manuel Noriega, had been indicted by two Florida grand juries on charges of laundering drug money. He laughed off the charges and dismissed Panama's president in February. During the May 1989 presidential election campaign, Noriega's "Dignity Battalion" goon squad beat up opposition candidate Guillermo Endara. Endara won the election, but on October 1, Noriega prevented him fromtaking office. Two days later, a coup attempt was made but collapsed when loyalist Panamanian Defense Forces (PDF) rescued Noriega. The coup leaders were executed the following day. On December 15, Noriega declared a state of war between the United States and Panama. The following evening, PDF soldiers killed a marine lieutenant and arrested a navy lieutenant and his wife who had witnessed the shooting. The officer was beaten and his wife was threatened with sexual abuse.

In response to these events, President George H. W. Bush issued orders to invade Panama. One of the targets was the Battalian 2000 barracks at Rio Hato Airfield. United States Army Rangers were to be dropped at the adjoining airfield. The PDF troops would have to be neutralized before the[airdrop. Army Lt. Gen. Carl W. Stiner, the XVIII Airborne Corps com-mander, requested F-117As be used. The F-117s would not bomb the two barracks, but rather the 2,000-pound LBGs with time-delay fuzes would be directed to aim points near the buildings. They would act as "a giant stungrenade," to confuse the PDF troops without killing them. The use of F-117As was based on their night-bombing accuracy, rather than stealth, as the PDF lacked heavy air defenses.

On the night of December 19, 1989, six F-117As from the 415th TFS took off from TTR Airport. The flight would require five in-flight refuelings. Two of the planes were targeted on Rio Hato Airfield, two more were to provide support for an attempt to capture Noriega, and the final pair were in-flight spares should any of the others suffer malfunctions. As the two F-117As approached the release point, a moment of confusion occurred that would mar their debut. The original plan was for the lead plane to drop its bomb in a field near the barracks on the left, while his wingman would drop his bomb in a field near a barracks on the right. Just before the drop, the wind direction changed. One bomb, intended to land about 100 yards from the 7th Company barracks, actually landed 260 yards away. This was only 18 yards from the 6th Company barracks, which was too close. The other bomb impacted near a basketball court, about 40 yards farther from the barracks than intended.

Despite these problems, the explosions caused the desired confusion. Initial reports spoke of PDF soldiers running around in their underwear,while others threw down their weapons. Several Rangers were killed in thesubsequent firefight, but the airfield was taken and U.S. aircraft were landing within two hours.

1991 Gulf War

On 1 August 1990, was the 35th anniversary of the first test flight of the Lockheed U-2 at Groom Lake, Nevada. At Tonopah TR Airport, the Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk, also tested at Groom Lake sat on the parking ramp. As the afternoon passed, the shadows from the mountains lengthened toward darkness. In the Mideast, it was now 2:00 A.M., August 2, 1990. Suddenly, three Iraqi armored divisions, backed up with MiGs and heli-copters, attacked Kuwait. Within hours, resistance had collapsed and Kuwait became Iraq's "19th province." It seemed that Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's ambition would not end there. Soon after the invasion, seven more Iraqi divisions took uppositions along the Saudi Arabian border. This was followed by a series of border incursions.

On 6 August, Saudi King Fahdibn Abd al-Aziz Al Saud invited U.S. troops into the country. Within two days, F-15s and the first Army elements had arrived to draw "a line in the sand." The third great conflict of the 20th century had begun.

On 17 August, Colonel Alton Whitley, was named commander of the 37th Fighter Wing. Four hours later, he was ordered to deploy the 415th TFS to Saudi Arabia. On August 20, eighteen F-117As were on their way. They landed at King Khalid Air Base at noon the next day. The brand-new base was located at the southern tip of Saudi Arabia, outside the range of Iraqi Scud missiles. It had state-of-the-art hardened aircraft shelters and even hardened crew quarters. The base was soon dubbed "Tonopah East"

To keep up morale, a longtime tradition was revived: nose art. To remain stealthy, it was applied to the bomb bay doors. There were names such as "Unexpected Guest," "Dark Angel," "The Toxic Avenger," "Habu II," "The Overachiever," "Once Bitten," and "Christine." The Saudis nicknamed the F-117 Shaba, Arabic for "ghost" On 8 November 1990, President Bush ordered a major increase in U.S.forces in the Gulf. As part of this, another twenty F-117As from the 416th TFS flew to Tonopah East, arriving on December 4. The forward-deployed unit was re-designated the 37th Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional). 36 aircraft, both squadrons of combat F-117As had now been deployed.

On January 12, 1991, the United States Congress approved the use of force to back up a United Nations (UN) resolution calling on the Iraqi Army to withdraw from Kuwait. It was, in every sense of the term, a declaration of war. The UN deadline expired on January 15, and President Bush ordered combat operations to begin. The pilots reported for duty at 3:00 P.M. and were told they would attack Iraq that night. Each pilot was then given his target data. This war would begin over Baghdad and would strike at the heart of Iraqi air defenses and communications facilities. The F-117As would strike the National Air Defense Operations Center in Baghdad, the regional Sector Operation Centers (SOCs), and the local Intercept Operation Centers (lOCs). This air-defens network controlled some five hundred radars, the SA-2, SA-3, SA-6, SA-8,and Roland SAMs, and some eight thousand anti-aircraft guns. Baghdad alone was protected by about four thousand anti-aircraft guns and SAM launchers. The complete system provided a thicker air defense than any in Vietnam or Eastern Europe, while the defenses of Baghdad rivaled that of Moscow or Vladivostok. And the F-117 pilots would have to face it all alone.

On January 16, 1991, the F-117 pilots were told to get a good meal. They began to suspect something was afoot. The maintenance and weapons personnel were ordered to make one simple change in the bomb loading procedures the arming lanyards were attached to the bombs. The first wave was made up of 415th TFS pilots; they had been at Tonopah East since August, so Colonel Whitley felt they should have the honor of being first. Just after midnight, the first F-117A took off; by 12:22A.M., January 17, the last was gone.

At 6:35 P.M. EST (2:35 A.M. in Baghdad), CNN's David French was interviewing former defense secretary Casper Weinberger. He stopped and said, "We're going to Bernard Shaw in Baghdad." Shaw began his report: "This is something is happening outside. . . . The skies over Baghdad have been illuminated. We're seeing bright flashes going off all over the sky." The sky above Baghdad had erupted with anti-aircraft fire, but, as yet, there were no U.S. aircraft over Baghdad. At 2:39 A.M., only minutes after CNN began broadcasting from Baghdad, United States Army Apache helicopters blasted two Iraqi Army early warning radar sites. This opened a gap in the air defense radar coverage,and USAF F-15Es flew through it to strike Scud missile sites in western Iraq. Two F-117As had already crossed into Iraq. They were followed by six more. Unlike the F-15Es, they did not have support from EF-111A jamming aircraft. It was one of these follow-on F-117As that opened the Black Jet's war.

The target was the Nukhayb IOC in the Al Anbar Governorate of western Iraq. Located in a hardened bunker, it could coordinate attacks on the incoming F-15Es and the follow-on strikes. The pilot located the target and released the bomb at 2:51 A.M. He saw the bomb penetrate the bunker's roof and blow off its doors. He turned toward hissecond target, an SOC at the H-2 Air Base. When he looked back, he pilot saw the night sky was filled with antiaircraft fire, triggered by the bomb's explosion. When he looked toward the second target, he saw the whole sky wasalive with ground fire.

As the other F-117As closed on Baghdad, anti-aircraft fire seemed suspended above the city. The firing at the empty sky had been going on for a full twenty minutes, but at 2:56 A.M., a cease-fire order was issued. A stillness fell over the city. From their cockpits, the pilots could see the eerie glow suddenly disappear. Through the Infrared (IR) displays, individual buildings took shape. Baghdad was still brightly lit, and car headlights could be seen streaming out of the city. As the F-117s moved unseen and unheard above, CNN reporters Bernard Shaw and Peter Arnett were discussing what had happened. As they spoke the pilot of an F-117 placed the cross hairs of the targeting system on the fourteen-story Al-Karak telephone and telegraph center. The plane's bomb door opened and a GBU-27 Paveway III Laser-guided bomb (LGB) fell free. At that instant, the GBU-27 punched through the Al-Karak's roof and destroyed the communications equipment, cutting off CNN. Within five minutes of the 3:00 A.M. H-hour, Another F-117 had destroyed the Al-Kark communications tower, another F-117 LGB dropped through a roof vent on the new Iraqi Air Force headquarters, while another F-117 struck the National Air Defense Operations Center, and another F-117 bombed Saddam Hussein's lakeside palace-command center. As the first bombs exploded, the F-117 pilots saw anti-aircraft fire rise above the city.

Another F-117, following one minute behind, dropped two GBU-10 Paveway II LGBs through the hole blasted by the first bomb on the fourteen-story Al-Karak telephone and telegraph center. Unlike the GBU-27, which was designed for attacking hard targets, the GBU-10 had a thin casing and a greater blast effect. The two bombs gutted the building. As his plane cleared the area, the pilot looked back and beheld the wall of fire he and the other pilots had flown through. The F-117As sped away from Baghdad. Some, with both bombs expended, headed home. Others headed for their second target; one bombed the deep National Command alternate bunker at the North Taji military complex. Its thirty-feet-thick roof proved too much even for a GBU-27, and it remained intact. More successful were attacks on a communications facility at Ar-Ramadi, the SOCs at Taji and Ali Air Base, and an IOC at Salman Pak.

At 4:00 A.M., a second F-117A wave restruck the air force headquarters and the National Air Defense Operations Center. Other targets hit were the lOCs at Al-Taqaddum Air Base and Ar Rutba as well as leadership andcommunications facilities from the Jordan border to Kuwait. In all, the two waves had dropped thirty-three bombs and scored twenty-three hits. The third wave followed shortly before dawn. Their targets were chemical and biological weapons storage bunkers. The late hour was selected because sunlight would reduce the danger from Anthrax spores. As they approached their targets, a weather front moved into central Iraq, with thin clouds at 5,000 feet. The F-117A's bombing system required a clear view of the target or the LGB would lose its lock. Of the sixteen bombs dropped, only five were hits. As the F-117 pilots turned for home, their mood was somber. They knew they had won a great victory, but they were sure the cost had been high. At Tonopah East, the ground crews awaited the planes' return. The first wave landed at night, while the second and third came back after sunrise. One by one, the returning planes were counted. Everyone returned.

As the tapes of the strikes were reviewed, it became clear that something remarkable had occurred. A handful of planes had faced an air-defense network that was one of the most capable in the world, struck at the heart of the enemy capital, and emerged without a scratch. The Iraqi air-defense system died that night; with the headquarters hit and the lOCs and SOCs damaged and out of action, the individual anti-aircraft guns and SAM sites were isolated. The operators were unable to operate their tracking and fire control radar, for fear a HARM missile would destroy them. Iraqui Army units in the field had limited communications with each otherand with higher command. Electrical power was out in Baghdad. The three F-117A waves, a wave of Tomahawk cruise missiles, and a decoy raid, tightly interrelated in time and space, had left the Iraqis unable to inflict significant losses on Coalition air operations.

The wing continued interdiction missions throughout the war. The Nighthawk conducted more than 1,250 sorties, dropped more than 2,000 tons of bombs and flew more than 6,900 hours. It Served as a member of Central Air Forces' post-Desert Storm task force in Southwest Asia.

Just as the Gulf War had begun on live television, so too, did it end. One image was that of Iraqi prisoners. In small groups or huge columns, they willingly surrendered. They had expected the air war to last several days, ora week at most. Instead, it had continued for six weeks. They were helpless before it, without the means to survive or fight back. Another image was General Schwarzkopf's press conference, describing how the 100-hour ground war had been fought. Yet another was the crowds of Kuwaitis welcoming victorious U.S. and Coalition troops.

And there was that final image, which put to rest a ghost from the past. It was a photo of a UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter, hovering on the roof of the U.S. embassy in Kuwait City. Special Forces troops were climbing from the Blackhawk onto the roof. Sixteen years before, it had been another roof-top, another helicopter, the last helicopter out of Saigon.

In a very real sense, two wars ended that day

Holloman Air Force Base

In April 1990, the F-117 was placed on public display for the first time at Nellis Air Force Base, Nev. Some 150,000 people saw the aircraft that day, including families who hadn’t been allowed to know what their parents and spouses were doing between the time they flew away Monday morning and returned home Friday afternoon. To Col. Al Whitley, it was quite a contrast to his returns from two tours in South Vietnam. In May, the town of Tonopah held a parade for the F-117 pilots and ground crews. A crowd of some three thousand turned out. A six-foot stone statue commemorating the plane and its crews was unveiled.

Even before the Gulf War, in January 1990, Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney proposed that the stealth fighters be relocated from Tonopah, to Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico's Tularosa Basin. This would allow the pilots' families to join them

After years of operations at Tonopah, the F-117s were redeployed to Holloman AFB, New Mexico in May/June 1992, where they became part of the 49th Fighter Wing. With the transfer of all its assets to the 49th FW, the 37th Fighter Wing was inactivated on 8 July 1992.

Lackland Training Center

A year later, the 37th Training Wing was activated at Lackland Training Center, Texas, on 1 July 1993 as a non-flying organization to conduct all Air Force basic military training.

Lineage

• Constituted as 37th Pursuit Group (Interceptor) on 22 December 1939.
  • Inactivated 1 February 1940.
• Redesignated 37th Fighter Group in May 1942.
  • Disbanded 1 November 1943.
• Established as 37th Fighter-Bomber Wing on 3 March 1953.
  • Activated on 8 April 1953.
  • Inactivated on 25 June 1953.
• Redesignated 37th Tactical Fighter Wing, and activated, on 26 October 1966.
  • Organized on 1 March 1967
  • Inactivated on 31 March 1970
  • Activated on 30 March 1981
  • Redesignated 37th Fighter Wing on 1 October 1991
  • Inactivated on 8 July 1992.
• Redesignated 37th Training Wing, and activated, on 1 July 1993.

Assignments

• 19th Wing, 1 February 1940
• Panama Canal Air Force, 19 November 1940

Redesignated: Caribbean Air Force. 5 August 1941

• XXVI Fighter Command, 18 September 1942 – 1 November 1943
• Ninth Air Force, 8 April – 25 June 1953
• Pacific Air Forces, 26 October 1966
• Seventh Air Force, 1 March 1967 – 31 March 1970
• 831st Air Division, 30 March 1981
• Twelfth Air Force, 5 October 1989 – 8 July 1992
• Second Air Force, 1 July 1993–present

Components

Group

• 37th Fighter-Bomber (later, 37th Operations): 8 April – 25 June 1953; 1 November 1991 – 8 July 1992

Squadron

• 28th Fighter Squadron: 1 February 1940 – 1 November 1943
• 30th Fighter Squadron: 1 February 1940 – 1 November 1943; 28 April – 25 June 1953
• 31st Fighter Squadron: 1 February 1940 – 1 November 1943
• 174th Fighter Squadron: 14 May 1968 – 11 May 1969
• 355th Fighter Squadron: attached 3 February – 4 July 1968, assigned 5 July 1968 – 15 May 1969
• 389th Fighter Squadron: 15 June 1969 – 31 March 1970
• 415th Fighter Squadron: 5 October 1989 – 1 November 1991
• 416th Fighter Squadron: 15 April 1967 – 27 May 1969; 5 October 1989-1 November 1991
• 417th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron (later, 417th Fighter): 5 October 1989 – 1 November 1991
• 480th Fighter Squadron: 15 April 1969 – 31 March 1970
• 561st Fighter Squadron: 30 March 1981 – 5 October 1989
• 562d Tactical Fighter Training Squadron: 30 March 1981 – 5 October 1989
• 563d Fighter Squadron 30 March 1981 – 5 October 1989.

Detachment

• Det 1., 612th Tactical Fighter Squadron: attached 8 June 1967 – 13 April 1969.

Bases Assigned

• Albrook AAfld., Panama Canal Zone (1940–1943)
• Howard AAfld, Panama Canal Zone (1943)
• Clovis Air Force Base, New Mexico (1953) (Inactive)
• Phu Cat Air Base, South Vietnam (1967–1970)
• George Air Force Base, California (1981–1989)
• Tonopah Test Range Airport, Nevada (1989–1992)
• Lackland Air Force Base, Texas (1993–present)

Aircraft Operated

• Curtiss P-40 Warhawk (1940–1943)
• F-100 Super Sabre (1967–1969)
• F-4 Phantom II (1969–1970, 1981–1989)
• F-117 Nighthawk (1989–1992)
• T-38 Talon (1989–1992)

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

• Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-89201-092-4.
• Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.
• Rogers, Brian (2005). United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978. Hinkley, England: Midland Publications. ISBN 1-85780-197-0.

External links

• Lackland AFB Home Page

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