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Sir Georg Solti, KBE, /ˈdʒɔːrdʒ ˈʃɒlti/ (21 October 1912–5 September 1997) was an orchestral and operatic conductor. Born in Hungary, he studied in Budapest with Béla Bartók, Leo Weiner and Ernő Dohnányi. In the 1930s, he was a répétiteur at the Hungarian State Opera and worked at the Salzburg Festival for Arturo Toscanini. His career was interrupted by the rise of the Nazis, and as a Jew he fled the increasingly restrictive anti-semitic laws in 1938, and conducted a season of Russian ballet in London at the Royal Opera House. He then took refuge in Switzerland, where he remained during the Second World War. He was not permitted to conduct there, but earned a living as a pianist.

After the war Solti was appointed musical director of the Bavarian State Opera in Munich from 1946. In 1952 he moved to the Frankfurt Opera, where he remained in charge for nine years. He took German citizenship in 1953. In 1961 he became musical director of the Covent Garden Opera Company in London, where in his ten-year term he raised standards to the highest international levels. Under his musical directorship the status of the company was recognised with the grant of the title "the Royal Opera". He became a British subject in 1972.

In 1969 Solti took up his longest-lasting appointment, as music director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, a post he held for 22 years, becoming the orchestra's music director laureate on his retirement in 1991. He restored the orchestra's reputation after it had been in decline for some years. During his time with the Chicago orchestra, he also had shorter spells in charge of the Orchestre de Paris and the London Philharmonic Orchestra.

Known in his early years for the intensity of his music making, Solti was widely considered to have mellowed in later years. He recorded many works two or three times at various stages of his career, and was a prolific recording artist, making more than 250 recordings, including 45 complete opera sets. The most famous of his recordings is probably Decca's complete set of Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen, made between 1958 and 1965.

Life and career

Early years

Solti was born György Stern (Template:Lang-hu) in Vérmező utca, Budapest, the younger of the two children of Móricz ("Mor") Stern and his wife Teréz, née Rosenbaum. In the aftermath of the First World War it became the accepted practice in Hungary for citizens with Germanic surnames to adopt Hungarian ones. A series of "Hungarianisation" laws were passed by the right-wing regime of Admiral Horthy, including a requirement that state employees with foreign-sounding names must change them. Mor Stern, a self-employed merchant, felt no need to change his surname, but thought it prudent to change that of his children. He renamed them after Solt, a small town in central Hungary. His son's given name, György, was acceptably Hungarian and was not changed.

Solti described his father as "a kind, sweet man who trusted everyone. He shouldn't have, but he did. Jews in Hungary were tremendously patriotic. In 1914, when war broke out, my father invested most of his money in a war loan to help the country. By the time the bonds matured, they were worthless." Mor Stern was a religious man, but his son was less so. Late in life Solti recalled, "I often upset him because I never stayed in the synagogue for longer than ten minutes." Teréz Stern was from a musical family, and encouraged her daughter Lilly, eight years the elder of the children, to sing, and György to accompany her at the piano. Solti remembered, "I made so many mistakes, but it was invaluable experience for an opera conductor. I learnt to swim with her." He was not a diligent student of the piano: "My mother kept telling me to practise, but what ten-year-old wants to play the piano when he could be out playing football?"

Solti enrolled at the Ernö Fodor School of Music in Budapest at the age of ten, transferring to the more prestigious Franz Liszt Academy two years later. When he was 12 he heard a performance of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony conducted by Erich Kleiber, which gave him the ambition to become a conductor. His parents could not afford to pay for years of musical education, and his rich uncles did not consider music a suitable profession; from the age of 13 Solti supported himself by giving piano lessons.

The faculty of the Franz Liszt Academy included some of the most eminent Hungarian musicians, including Béla Bartók, Leo Weiner, Ernő Dohnányi and Zoltán Kodály. Solti studied under the first three, for piano, chamber music and composition respectively. Some sources state that he also studied with Kodály, but in his memoirs Solti recalled that Kodály, whom he would have preferred, turned him down, leaving him to study composition first with Albert Siklós and then with Dohnányi. Not all the Academy's tutors were equally distinguished: Solti remembered with little pleasure the conducting classes run by Ernö Unger, "who instructed his pupils to use rigid little wrist motions. I attended the class for only two years, but I needed five years of practical conducting experience before I managed to unlearn what he had taught me".

Pianist and conductor

After graduating from the Academy in 1930 Solti was appointed to the staff of the Hungarian State Opera. He found that working as a répétiteur, coaching singers in their roles and playing at rehearsals, was a more fruitful preparation than Unger's classes for his intended career as a conductor. In 1932 he went to Karlsruhe in Germany as assistant to Josef Krips, but within a year, Krips, anticipating the imminent rise to power of Hitler and the Nazis, insisted that Solti should go home to Budapest, where at that time Jews were not in danger. Other Jewish and anti-Nazi musicians also left Germany for Budapest. Among other musical exiles with whom Solti worked there were Otto Klemperer, Fritz Busch, and Kleiber. Before Austria fell under Nazi control, Solti was assistant to Arturo Toscanini at the 1937 Salzburg Festival:

Toscanini was the first great musical impression in my life. Before I heard him live in 1936, I had never heard a great opera conductor, not in Budapest, and it was like a lightning flash. I heard his Falstaff in 1936 and the impact was unbelievable. It was the first time I heard an ensemble singing absolutely precisely. It was fantastic. Then I never expected to meet Toscanini. It was a chance in a million. I had a letter of recommendation from the director of the Budapest Opera to the president of the Salzburg Festival. He received me and said: "Do you know Magic Flute, because we have an influenza epidemic and two of our repetiteurs are ill? Could you play this afternoon for the stage rehearsals?"

After further work as a répétiteur at the opera in Budapest, and with his standing enhanced by his association with Toscanini, Solti was given his first chance to conduct, on 11 March 1938. The opera was The Marriage of Figaro. During that evening, news came of the German invasion of Austria. Many Hungarians feared that Hitler would next invade Hungary; he did not do so, but Horthy, to strengthen his partnership with the Nazis, instituted anti-semitic laws, mirroring the Nuremberg Laws, restricting Hungary's Jews from engaging in professions. Solti's family urged him to move away. He went first to London, where he made his Covent Garden debut, conducting the London Philharmonic for a Russian ballet season. The reviewer in The Times was not impressed with Solti's efforts, finding them "too violent, for he lashed at the orchestra and flogged the music so that he endangered the delicate, evocative atmosphere." At about this time Solti dropped the name "György" in favour of "Georg".

After his appearances in London Solti went to Switzerland to seek out Toscanini, who was conducting in Lucerne. Solti hoped that Toscanini would help find him a post in the US. He was unable to do so, but Solti found work and security in Switzerland as vocal coach to the tenor Max Hirzel, who was learning the role of Tristan in Wagner's opera. Throughout the Second World War, Solti remained in Switzerland. He did not see his father again: Mor Stern died of diabetes in a Budapest hospital in 1943. Solti was reunited with his mother and sister after the war. In Switzerland he was not permitted to work as a conductor, but earned his living as a pianist, winning the 1942 Geneva International Piano Competition. During his exile, he met Hedwig (Hedi) Oeschli, daughter of a lecturer at Zürich University. They married in 1946. He wrote of her, "She was very elegant and sophisticated. … Hedi gave me a little grace and taught me good manners – although she never completely succeeded in this. She also helped me enormously in my career".

Munich and Frankfurt

With the end of the war Solti's luck changed dramatically. He was appointed musical director of the Bavarian State Opera in Munich in 1946. In normal circumstances this prestigious post would have been an unthinkable appointment for a young and inexperienced conductor, but the leading German conductors such as Wilhelm Furtwängler, Clemens Krauss and Herbert von Karajan were prohibited from conducting pending the conclusion of denazification. Under Solti's direction, the company rebuilt its repertoire and began to recover its pre-war eminence. He benefited from the encouragement of the elderly Richard Strauss, in whose presence he conducted Der Rosenkavalier. Strauss was reluctant to discuss his own music with Solti, but gave him advice about conducting.

In addition to the Munich appointment Solti gained a recording contract in 1946. He signed for Decca Records, not as a conductor but as a piano accompanist. He made his first recording in 1947, playing Brahms's First Violin Sonata with the violinist Georg Kulenkampff. He was insistent that he wanted to conduct, and Decca gave him his first recording sessions as a conductor later in the same year, with the Zurich Tonhalle Orchestra in Beethoven's Egmont overture. Twenty years later Solti said, "I'm sure it's a terrible record, because the orchestra was not very good at that time and I was so excited. It is horrible, surely horrible – but by now it has vanished." He had to wait two years for his next recording as a conductor. It was in London, Haydn's Drum Roll symphony, in sessions produced by John Culshaw, with whose career Solti's became closely linked over the next two decades. Reviewing the record, The Gramophone said, "The performance of the London Philharmonic Orchestra under Georg Solti (a fine conductor who is new to me) is remarkable for rhythmic playing, richness of tone, and clarity of execution." The Record Guide compared it favourably with EMI's rival recording by Sir Thomas Beecham and the Royal Philharmonic.

In 1951 Solti conducted at the Salzburg Festival for the first time, partly through the influence of Furtwängler, who was impressed by him. The work was Idomeneo, which had not been given there before. In Munich Solti achieved critical and popular success, but for political reasons his position at the State Opera was never secure. The view persisted that a German conductor should be in charge; pressure mounted, and after five years Solti accepted an offer to move to Frankfurt in 1952 as musical director of the Frankfurt Opera. The city's opera house had been destroyed in the war, and Solti undertook to build a new company and repertoire for its recently-completed replacement. He also conducted the symphony concerts given by the opera orchestra. Frankfurt was a less prestigious house than Munich and at first he regarded the move as a demotion. However, he found the post fulfilling and remained at Frankfurt from 1952 to 1961, presenting 33 operas, 19 of which he had not conducted before. Frankfurt, unlike Munich, could not attract many of the leading German singers. Solti recruited many rising young American singers such as Claire Watson and Sylvia Stahlman, to the extent that the house acquired the nickname "Amerikanische Oper am Main". In 1953 the West German government offered Solti German citizenship, which, being effectively stateless as a Hungarian exile, he gratefully accepted. He believed he could never return to Hungary, by then under communist rule. He remained a German citizen for two decades.

During his Frankfurt years Solti made appearances with other opera companies and orchestras. He conducted in the Americas for the first time in 1952, giving concerts in Buenos Aires. In the same year he made his debut at the Edinburgh Festival as a guest conductor with the visiting Hamburg State Opera. The following year he was a guest at the San Francisco Opera with Elektra, Die Walküre and Tristan und Isolde. In 1954 he conducted Don Giovanni at the Glyndebourne Festival. The reviewer in The Times said that no fault could be found in Solti's "vivacious and sensitive" conducting. In the same year Solti made his first appearance with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, at the Ravinia Festival.

In the recording studios Solti's career took off after 1956, when John Culshaw was put in charge of Decca's classical recording programme. Culshaw believed Solti to be "the great Wagner conductor of our time", and was determined to record the four operas of Der Ring des Nibelungen with Solti and the finest Wagner singers available. Apart from Arabella in 1957, in which he substituted when Karl Böhm withdrew, Solti had made no complete recording of an opera until the sessions for Das Rheingold, the first of the Ring tetralogy, in September and October 1958. In their memoirs both Culshaw and Solti told how Walter Legge of Decca's rival EMI predicted that Das Rheingold would be a commercial disaster ("'Very nice,' he said, 'Very interesting. But of course you won't sell any.'") The success of the recording took the record industry by surprise. It featured for weeks in the Billboard charts, the sole classical album alongside best sellers by Elvis Presley and Pat Boone, and brought Solti's name to international prominence. He appeared with leading orchestras in New York, Vienna and Los Angeles, and at Covent Garden he conducted Der Rosenkavalier and Britten's A Midsummer Night's Dream.

Covent Garden

At the end of the 1950s the board of Covent Garden wished to secure Solti as musical director of its opera company. After 14 years of experience at Munich and Frankfurt he was uncertain that he wanted a third successive operatic post. Moreover, the Covent Garden Opera Company, founded only 15 years earlier was not yet the equal of the best opera houses in Europe. Solti felt that a purely orchestral post was what he needed. In 1960 he signed a three-year contract to be music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic from 1962. Bruno Walter convinced him that it was his duty to take Covent Garden on, and Solti withdrew from the Los Angeles post before taking it up. The Los Angeles board had breached their contract with him by appointing a deputy music director without Solti's approval. The biographer Montague Haltrecht suggests that this was a convenient pretext for Solti to abandon the Philharmonic in favour of Covent Garden. In his memoirs Solti wrote that he wanted the Los Angeles position very much indeed. He originally intended to hold both posts in tandem and he admired the appointed deputy, Zubin Mehta, but was unwilling to have his authority undermined from the outset by the Philharmonic's autocratic president Dorothy Chandler. He later acknowledged that he had had a lucky escape, as he could have done justice to neither post had he attempted to hold both simultaneously.

Solti took up the musical directorship of Covent Garden in August 1961. The press gave him a cautious welcome, but there was some concern that under him there might be a drift away from the company's original policy of opera in English. Solti, however, was an advocate of opera in the vernacular, and he promoted the development of British and Commonwealth singers in the company, frequently casting them in his recordings and important productions in preference to overseas artists. He demonstrated his belief in vernacular opera with a triple bill in English of L'heure espagnole, Erwartung and Gianni Schicchi. As the decade went on, however, more and more productions had to be sung in the original language to accommodate international stars.

announced his intention of making Covent Garden "quite simply, the best opera house in the world", and in the opinion of many he succeeded.

Like his predecessor, Rafael Kubelik, and his successor, Colin Davis, Solti found his early days as musical director marred by vituperative hostility from a small clique in the Covent Garden audience. Rotten vegetables were thrown at him, and his car was vandalised outside the theatre, with the words "Solti must go!" scratched on its paintwork. Some press reviews were strongly critical; Solti was so wounded by a review in The Times of his conducting of The Marriage of Figaro that he almost left Covent Garden in despair. The chief executive of the Opera House, Sir David Webster, persuaded him to stay with the company, and matters improved, helped by changes on which Solti insisted. The chorus and orchestra were strengthened, and in the interests of musical and dramatic excellence, Solti secured the introduction of the stagione system of scheduling performances, rather than the traditional repertory system. By 1967 The Times considered that "Patrons of Covent Garden today automatically expect any new production, and indeed any revival, to be as strongly cast as anything at the Met in New York, and as carefully presented as anything in Milan or Vienna".

The company's repertory in the 1960s combined the standard operatic works with less familiar pieces. Among the most celebrated productions during Solti's time in charge was Schoenberg's Moses and Aaron in the 1965–66 and 1966–67 seasons. In 1970, Solti led the company to Germany, where they gave Don Carlos, Falstaff and Victory, a new work by Richard Rodney Bennett. The public in Munich and Berlin were, according to the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, "beside themselves with enthusiasm".

Solti's bald head and demanding rehearsal style earned him the nickname "The Screaming Skull". A music historian called him "the bustling, bruising Georg Solti – a man whose entire physical and mental attitude embodied the words 'I'm in charge'." Singers such as Peter Glossop described him as a bully, and after working with Solti, Jon Vickers refused to do so again. Nevertheless, under Solti, the company was recognised as having achieved parity with the greatest opera houses in the world. Queen Elizabeth II conferred the title "the Royal Opera" on the company in 1968. By this point Solti was, in the words of his biographer Paul Robinson, "after Karajan, the most celebrated conductor at work". By the end of his decade as music director at Covent Garden Solti had conducted the company in 33 operas by 13 composers. In 1964 Solti separated from his wife. He moved into the Savoy Hotel, where not long afterwards he met Valerie Pitts, a British television presenter, sent to interview him. She too was married, but after pursuing her for three years, Solti persuaded her to divorce her husband. Solti and Valerie Pitts married on 11 November 1967. They had two daughters.

Chicago Symphony

In 1967 Solti was invited to become music director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. It was the second time he had been offered the post. The first had been in 1963 after the death of the orchestra's conductor, Fritz Reiner, who made its reputation in the previous decade. Solti told the representatives of the orchestra that his commitments at Covent Garden made it impossible to give Chicago the eight months a year they sought. He suggested giving them three and a half months a year and inviting Carlo Maria Giulini to take charge for a similar length of time. The orchestra declined to proceed on these lines. When Solti accepted the orchestra's second invitation it was agreed that Giulini should be appointed to share the conducting. Both conductors signed three-year contracts with the orchestra, effective from 1969.

One of the members of the Chicago Symphony described it to Solti as "the best provincial orchestra in the world." Many players remained from its celebrated decade under Reiner, but morale was low, and the orchestra was $5m in debt. Solti concluded that it was essential to raise the orchestra's international profile. He ensured that it was engaged for many of his Decca sessions, and he and Giulini led it in a European tour in 1971, playing in ten countries. It was the first time in its 80-year history that the orchestra had played outside the US. The orchestra received plaudits from European critics, and was welcomed home at the end of the tour with a ticker-tape parade.

The orchestra's principal flute player, Donald Peck, commented that the relationship between a conductor and an orchestra is difficult to explain: "some conductors get along with some orchestras and not others. We had a good match with Solti and he with us." Peck's colleague, the violinist Victor Aitay said, "Usually conductors are relaxed at rehearsals and tense at the concerts. Solti is the reverse. He is very tense at rehearsals, which makes us concentrate, but relaxed during the performance, which is a great asset to the orchestra. Peck recalled Solti's constant efforts to improve his own technique and interpretations, at one point experimentally dispensing with a baton, drawing a "darker and deeper, much more relaxed" tone from the players.

As well as raising the orchestra's profile and helping it return to prosperity Solti considerably expanded its repertoire. Under him the Chicago Symphony gave its first cycles of the symphonies of Bruckner and Mahler. He introduced new works commissioned for the orchestra, such as Lutosławski's Third Symphony, and Tippett's Fourth Symphony, dedicated to Solti, and Byzantium, an orchestral song-cycle, premiered by Solti and the orchestra with Jessye Norman. Solti frequently programmed works by American composers, including Charles Ives and Elliott Carter.

Solti's recordings with the Chicago Symphony included the complete symphonies of Beethoven, Brahms, Bruckner and Mahler. Most of his operatic recordings were with other orchestras, but his recordings of The Flying Dutchman (1976), Fidelio (1979), Moses und Aron (1984) and his second recordings of Die Meistersinger (1995) and Verdi's Otello (1991) were made with the Chicago players.

After retiring as music director in 1991 Solti continued to conduct the orchestra, and was given the title of music director laureate. He conducted 999 concerts with the orchestra. His 1,000th concert was scheduled to be in October 1997, around the time of his 85th birthday.

Later years

In addition to his tenure in Chicago Solti was music director of the Orchestre de Paris from 1972 until 1975. From 1979 until 1983 he was also principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra. He continued to expand his repertoire. With the London Philharmonic he performed many of Elgar's major works in concert and on record. Before performing Elgar's two symphonies, Solti studied the composer's own recordings made more than 40 years earlier, and was influenced by their brisk tempi and impetuous manner. A critic in The Guardian wrote that Solti "conveys the authentic frisson of the great Elgarian moment more vividly than ever before on record." Late in his career he became enthusiastic about the music of Shostakovich, whom he admitted he failed to appreciate fully during the composer's lifetime. He made commercial recordings of seven of Shostakovich's 15 symphonies.

His podium personality, exuberant and forceful, was clearly imprinted upon his music-making as he snarled and ferociously stabbed his baton. ... It became a cliché to say he mellowed as he got older, but his performances remained thrilling right to the end.

In 1983 Solti conducted for the only time at the Bayreuth Festival. By this stage in his career he no longer liked abstract productions of Wagner, and found that modernistic reinterpretations like that of Patrice Chéreau (Bayreuth 1976) grew boring on repetition. Together with the director Sir Peter Hall and the designer William Dudley, he presented a Ring cycle that aimed to represent Wagner's intentions. The production was not well received by German critics, who expected radical reinterpretation of the operas. Solti's conducting was praised, but illnesses and last-minute replacements of leading performers affected the standard of singing. He was invited to return to Bayreuth for the following season, but was unwell and withdrew on medical advice before the 1984 festival began.

In 1991 Solti collaborated with Dudley Moore to create an eight-part television series, Orchestra!, which was designed to introduce audiences to the symphony orchestra. In 1994, he directed the "Solti Orchestral Project" at Carnegie Hall, a training workshop for young American musicians. The following year, to mark the 50th anniversary of the United Nations, he formed the World Orchestra for Peace, which consisted of 81 musicians from 40 nations.

Solti regularly returned to Covent Garden as a guest conductor in the years after he relinquished the musical directorship, greeted with "an increasingly boisterous hero's welcome" (Grove). From 1972 to 1997 he conducted ten operas, some of them in several seasons. Five were operas he had not conducted at the Royal Opera House before: Carmen, Parsifal, Die Entführung aus dem Serail, Simon Boccanegra, and a celebrated production of La traviata (1994) which propelled Angela Gheorghiu to stardom. On 14 July 1997 he conducted the last operatic music to be heard in the old house before it closed for more than two years for rebuilding. The previous day he had conducted his last symphony concert. The work was Mahler's Fifth Symphony; the orchestra was the Zurich Tonhalle, with whom he had made his first orchestral recording 50 years earlier. In September 2007, as a tribute on the 10th anniversary of his death, Decca published a recording of the concert.

Solti died suddenly, in his sleep, on 5 September 1997 while on holiday in Antibes in the south of France. He was 84. After a state ceremony in Budapest, his ashes were interred beside the remains of Bartók in Farkasréti Cemetery.

Recordings

Solti recorded throughout his career for the Decca Record Company. During the 1950s and 1960s Decca had an alliance with RCA Records, and some of his recordings were first issued on the RCA label. He was one of the first conductors who came to international fame as a recording artist before being widely known in the concert hall or opera house. Gordon Parry, the Decca engineer who worked with Solti and Culshaw on the Ring recordings, observed, "Many people have said 'Oh well, of course John Culshaw made Solti.' This is not true. He gave him the opportunity to show what he could do."

Solti's first recordings were as a piano accompanist, playing at sessions in Zurich for the violinist Georg Kulenkampff in 1947. Decca's senior producer, Victor Olof did not much admire Solti as a conductor (nor did Walter Legge, Olof's opposite number at EMI's Columbia Records), but Olof's younger colleague and successor, Culshaw, held Solti in high regard. With Culshaw, and later James Walker, producing his recordings, Solti's career as a recording artist flourished from the mid-1950s.

Solti's most celebrated recording was Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen made in Vienna, with Culshaw producing, between 1958 and 1965. It has twice been voted the greatest recording ever made, the first poll being among readers of Gramophone magazine in 1999, and the second of professional music critics in 2011. For Decca, Solti made more than 250 recordings, including 45 complete opera sets.

Honours and memorials

Honours awarded to Solti included the British CBE (honorary), 1968, and an honorary knighthood (KBE), 1971, which became a substantive knighthood when he took British citizenship in 1972. He received honours from other countries, including Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Portugal and the US.

Solti received honorary fellowships or degrees from the Royal College of Music and the universities of Oxford, Leeds, Baden-Württemberg, Surrey and London, and Yale, Harvard, Furman and DePaul universities. In 1987 a bronze bust of Solti by Elisabeth Frink was dedicated in Lincoln Park, Chicago outside the Lincoln Park Conservatory. It was moved to the Solti Garden in Grant Park in 2006, near Orchestra Hall. The City of Chicago renamed the block of East Adams Street adjacent to Symphony Center as "Sir Georg Solti Place" in his memory.

Record industry awards to Solti included the Grand Prix Mondiale du Disque (14 times) and 32 Grammy Awards (including a special Trustees' Grammy Award for his recording of the Ring and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award). He won more Grammys than any other recording artist, whether classical or popular.

After Solti's death his widow and daughters set up the Solti Foundation to assist young musicians. Solti's memoirs written with the assistance of Harvey Sachs, were published the month after his death. They appeared in the UK under the title Solti on Solti, and in the US as Memoirs. Solti's life was also documented in a 1997 film by Peter Maniura, Sir Georg Solti: The Making of a Maestro.

In 2007 Valerie Solti was appointed a Cultural Ambassador of Hungary, an honorary title granted by the Hungarian state.

Notes and references

Notes

1. The family had no connection with Solt, and Stern appears to have selected it at random.
2. This appointment came under the scope of another of Horthy's laws, requiring that state employees must be able to prove that their families had lived in Hungary for at least 50 years. Mor Stern went to the records office in his native village of Balatonfőkajár and found documents showing that his family had lived there for more than 250 years.
3. Solti wrote that, as far as he knew, he was the first unconverted Jew to conduct at the State Opera.
4. Solti's predecessors included prominent conductors such as Hans von Bülow, Hermann Levi, Richard Strauss, Bruno Walter, Hans Knappertsbusch and Clemens Krauss
5. Solti's successor at Munich was the German Rudolf Kempe.
6. "The American Opera on the Main", a play on the title of the Deutsche Oper am Rhein – the German Opera on the Rhine – at Düsseldorf.
7. Solti and Culshaw recalled Legge's word's slightly differently, though the import was the same; Solti remembered Legge's words as, "A beautiful work, but you won't sell fifty copies."
8. Both at Munich and Frankfurt it had been the usual practice to give non-German operas in German translation.
9. The anonymous Times reviewer had complained of Solti's "supercharged, chromium-plated account of the score … many details were simply glossed over … heartless and featureless." The Observer, however, had praised the conductor's "intelligence and sensitivity". and The Guardian spoke of "tremendous verve plus real security in the ensemble on stage".
10. Under the old repertory system, a company would have a certain number of operas in its repertoire, and they would be played throughout the season in a succession of one- or two-night performances, with little or no rehearsal each time. Under the stagione system, works would be revived in blocks of perhaps ten or more performances, fully rehearsed for each revival.
11. Solti later expressed doubt about this view of his tenure at Covent Garden. He maintained that if he had been an autocrat he was a benign one, and stories that he terrified singers were exaggerated: "There were not many scandals in my Covent Garden career; a few, but not serious – not à la Toscanini or à la Karajan. I didn't have those, not really."
12. The operas new to the company's repertoire were: La Damnation de Faust, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Iphigénie en Tauride, Orfeo ed Euridice, Gianni Schicchi, l'Heure espagnole, Erwartung, Moses and Aaron, Arabella, Die Frau ohne Schatten, Eugene Onegin, Falstaff and La forza del destino. The other operas Solti conducted before stepping down in 1972 were: Fidelio, Billy Budd, Così fan tutte, Don Giovanni, Le nozze di Figaro, The Magic Flute, The Tales of Hoffmann, Der Rosenkavalier, Elektra, Salome, Don Carlos, Otello, Rigoletto, Der fliegende Holländer, Das Rheingold, Die Walküre, Siegfried, Götterdämmerung, Tristan und Isolde and Die Meistersinger.
13. The management of the orchestra had privately hoped for a triumvirate of famous conductors, with Karajan as chief and Solti and Giulini as guests, but Karajan declined. Karajan's biographer Richard Osborne comments that the outcome was probably fortunate for the Chicago Symphony as it gained "a music director who in the fullness of time would devote a large part of his life to the orchestra."
14. After the orchestra played at the Edinburgh Festival the critic William Mann wrote, "I am tempted to describe it as the United States' most completely accomplished orchestra. It has the fine attack of the New York Phil under Bernstein, the radiance of the Boston under Leinsdorf, the classic elegance of the Cleveland under Szell, and to these qualities it adds, under Solti, a warm, human musical expressiveness that one associates with European rather than modern American orchestras." After one of the London concerts, Alan Blyth wrote, "nobody could doubt that this is about the most formidably-equipped orchestra in the world at present".
15. His commercial recordings of Shostakovich symphonies were Nos. 1, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13 and 15.
16. Solti conducted the finale of Falstaff, with the singers led by Bryn Terfel, in a joint opera and ballet farewell. His successors, Sir Colin Davis and Bernard Haitink also conducted at this gala.
17. The international honours included the Médaille de Vermeil de la Ville de Paris, 1985; Loyola-Mellon Humanities Award, 1987; Medal of Merit, City of Chicago, 1987; Order of the Flag (Hungary), 1987; Gold Medal of the Royal Philharmonic Society, 1989; Frankfurt Music Prize, 1992; Léonie Sonning Music Prize, 1992; Kennedy Center Award, 1993; Hans Richter Medal, Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, 1993; Von Bülow Medal, Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, 1993; Commander, Order of Leopold (Belgium), 1993; Middle Cross, Order of Merit with Star (Hungary), 1993; Grosses Verdienstkreuz mit Stern und Schulterband (Germany), 1993; Ordem Militar de Sant'Iago da Espada (Portugal), 1994; Commandeur, Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (France), 1995; and Knight Grand Cross, Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, 1996.

References

1. ^ Follows, Stephen. "Solti, Sir Georg (1912–1997)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition, January 2011, accessed 22 February 2012 (subscription required)
2. ^ Fox, Sue. "Georg Solti – A Childhood", The Times, 1 July 1995
3. Greenfield, Edward, "Sir Georg Solti", Gramophone, October 1982, p. 22
4. ^ Jacobs, Arthur and José A. Bowen. "Solti, Sir Georg", Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online, accessed 22 February 2012 (subscription required)
5. ^ "Solti, Sir Georg", Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2008; online edition, Oxford University Press, December 2007, accessed 22 February 2012 (subscription required)
6. Solti, pp. 17 and 22
7. Solti. p. 20
8. Solti, p. 3
9. Solti, p. 31
10. ^ Canning, Hugh. "The electric conductor – Sir Georg Solti", The Sunday Times, 9 December 1990
11. Solti, p. 35
12. "Sir Georg Solti – Obituary", The Times, 8 September 1997
13. Levy, p. 323
14. "Opera and Ballet", The Times, 2 July 1938, p. 10
15. "Covent Garden Ballet – Carnaval", The Times, 15 July 1938, p. 14
16. Solti, p. 5
17. Solti, p. 54
18. Solti, p. 55
19. "Salzburg & Swiss exile", Georg Solti, accessed 23 February 2012
20. Robinson, p. 13
21. Solti, pp. 78–79
22. Culshaw (1967), p 30
23. ^ Stuart, Philip. Decca Classical, 1929–2009, accessed 22 February 2012
24. Culshaw (1967), p. 31
25. Culshaw (1967), p. 32
26. "Haydn Symphony No. 103 in E flat", The Gramophone, July 1950, p. 16
27. Sackville-West, p. 355
28. ^ Solti, pp. 85–86
29. ^ Solti, p. 94
30. Solti, p. 127
31. Solti, pp. 100 (Watson) and 101 (Stahlman)
32. Solti, p. 100
33. Solti, p. 96
34. Solti, p. 105
35. Solti, p. 92–93
36. Robinson, p. 16
37. Solti, p. 102
38. "Glyndebourne Opera – 'Don Giovanni'", The Times, 8 July 1954, p. 5
39. "Career highlights", Georg Solti, accessed 23 February 2012
40. Culshaw (1967), p. 52
41. Culshaw (1967), pp. 52–53
42. Culshaw (1967), p. 91
43. Solti, p. 113
44. Culshaw (1967), p. 124
45. ^ Haltrecht, p. 257
46. Haltrecht, p. 237
47. ^ Solti, pp. 124–125
48. Haltrecht, p. 259
49. Haltrecht, p. 258
50. Haltrecht, p. 264
51. "What Sort of Opera for Covent Garden?", The Times, 9 December 1960, p. 18
52. Solti, p. 76
53. Haltrecht, p. 295
54. "Solti's Success with Opera in English", The Times, 18 June 1962, p. 5
55. "Sir David Webster's 21 Years at Covent Garden", The Times, 12 April 1965, p.14
56. Haltrecht, pp. 207 (Kubelik) and 271 (Solti); and Canning, Hugh. "Forget the booing, remember the triumph", The Guardian, 19 July 1986, p. 11 (Davis)
57. Haltrecht, p. 271
58. Mr. Solti Skates over the Score", The Times, 31 May 1963, p. 15
59. Tracey, Edmund. "Masterstrokes in a masterpiece", The Observer, 2 June 1963, p. 23
60. Hope-Wallace, Philip. "Le Nozze di Figaro", The Guardian, 31 May 1963, p. 9
61. Haltrecht, p. 279
62. "Stagione", The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie, Grove Music Online Oxford Music Online, accessed 2 March 2012 (subscription required)
63. ^ "Twenty marvellous years at Covent Garden", The Times, 13 January 1967, p. 14
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65. Quoted in Lebrecht, p. 281
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70. "The Royal Opera", The Times, 24 October 1968, p. 3
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84. Peck, p. 8
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110. Solti, Georg (1997). Memoirs. New York: Alfred Knopf. ISBN 067944596X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
111. Maniura, Peter (1997). Sir Georg Solti: The Making of a Maestro. Chatsworth, CA: R M Associates. OCLC 48093380.
112. "First Culture Ambassador Titles Awarded ", Balassi Insitute, accessed 28 February 2012

Sources

• Culshaw, John (1968). Ring Resounding. London: Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0436118009.
• Culshaw, John (1982). Putting the Record Straight. London: Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0436118025.
• Glossop, Peter (2004). Yorkshire Baritone. Oxford: Guidon. ISBN 0954361733.
• Goodman, Lord (1969). A Report on Opera and Ballet in the United Kingdom, 1966–69. London: Arts Council of Great Britain. OCLC 81272. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Haltrecht, Montague (1975). The Quiet Showman – Sir David Webster and the Royal Opera House. London: Collins. ISBN 0002111632.
• Lebrecht, Norman (2000). Covent Garden: The Untold Story: Dispatches from the English Culture War, 1945–2000. London: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0684851431.
• Levy, Richard S. (ed) (2005). Antisemitism: a historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution, Volume 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1851094393. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
• Morrison, Richard (2004). Orchestra – The LSO. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 057121584X.
• Osborne, Richard (1998). Herbert von Karajan. London: Chatto and Windus. ISBN 1856197638.
• Peck, Donald (2007). The Right Place, the Right Time: Tales of Chicago Symphony Days. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253116880.
• Robinson, Paul (1979). Solti. London: Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN 0354042882.
• Sackville-West, Edward (1955). The Record Guide. London: Collins. OCLC 474839729. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Schwarzkopf, Elisabeth (1982). On and Off the Record: A Memoir of Walter Legge. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 057111928X.
• Solti, Georg (1997). Solti on Solti. London: Chatto and Windus. ISBN 0701166304. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

External links

• Georg Solti official website
• The Solti Foundation official website
• Georg Solti at AllMusic
• Two Interviews with Sir Georg Solti by Bruce Duffie, The Instrumentalist magazine, October 1995
• the National Portrait Gallery has six photographic portraits of Solti, including those by Anne-Katrin Purkiss and Patrick Lichfield.

v t e Bayerisches Staatsorchester General Music Directors
Franz Lachner (1836) Hans von Bülow (1867) Franz Wüllner (1870) Hermann Levi (1872) Richard Strauss (1894) Hermann Zumpe (1901) Felix Mottl (1904) Bruno Walter (1913) Hans Knappertsbusch (1922) Clemens Krauss (1937) Hans Knappertsbusch (1945) Georg Solti (1946) Rudolf Kempe (1952) Ferenc Fricsay (1956) Joseph Keilberth (1959) Wolfgang Sawallisch (1971) Peter Schneider (1992) Zubin Mehta (1998) Kent Nagano (2006) Kirill Petrenko (2013) Vladimir Jurowski (2021)

v t e Orchestre de Paris Music Directors
Charles Munch (1967) Herbert von Karajan (1969) Georg Solti (1972) Daniel Barenboim (1975) Semyon Bychkov (1989) Christoph von Dohnányi (1998) Christoph Eschenbach (2000) Paavo Järvi (2010) Daniel Harding (2016) Klaus Mäkelä (2021)

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