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Kurban Said (pronounced kur-BAHN sa-EED), is the pseudonym for the author of Ali and Nino, a novel originally published in 1937 in the German language by the Austrian publisher, E.P. Tal. The novel currently has been published in more than 30 languages.

Meaning of the pseudonym "Kurban Said"

In Azerbaijan where the novel "Ali and Nino" has its setting, “Kurban” is pronounced “Gurban.” The root of the word originates in Semitic languages—Arabic and Hebrew. The term connotes “sacrifice” —a traditional religious concept common to Middle Eastern cultures. “Said” means “joyful” or “fortunate.”

However, in Turkic languages such as Azerbaijani, adjectives precede the nouns they modify, so the names would need to be reversed as “Said Kurban” to accurately convey the meaning “joyful sacrifice,” or “fortunate sacrifice.” This idea contradicts the storyline in the novel, which is anything but happy. A sad underlying melancholic theme pervades the novel from beginning to end.

Some people including Orkhan Vazirov (1928–2010), the son of Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli (core author of "Ali and Nino"), are convinced that the original pseudonym is more likely to have been “Kurban Seyid” or possibly "Seyid Kurban." “Seyid” refers to someone who is recognized as a descendent from the Prophet Mohammed—in other words, a person of sacred lineage. Thus, "Seyid Kurban" would more accurately convey the meaning of someone of sacred descent who had been sacrificed, which is exactly the theme of the novel "Ali and Nino." Ali Khan, the protagonist, sacrifices himself for the dream for himself and his country to be free. He dies while resisting the Bolshevik takeover of his country (1920). Note that in the Azerbaijani language, both "Gurban" and "Seyid" can be used as either first or last names.

Chamanzaminli's links to the pseudonym "Kurban Said"

Interestingly, Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli was a "seyid" himself, allegedly having been descended from Mohammed on both sides of his family. As for the name "Gurban," Chamanzaminli had written a short story entitled "Gurban." In addition, he had referred to himself as "gurban" in correspondence to Azerbaijan Soviet authorities in 1925 when he was seeking permission to return home from Europe as he had been on a diplomatic assignment abroad representing the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) government which was in opposition to the Bolsheviks. Chamanzaminli realized that historical circumstances made him a likely victim of politics, as most of ADR government officials had been killed when the Bolsheviks came to power. Chamanzaminli would have had to have left the manuscript Ali and Nino in Europe at this time 1925-1926 as it was critical of the Bolshevik regime. Had he returned to Baku with the manuscript in hand, it would have been sheer suicide as the Bolsheviks had executed most of the government officials of the former regime and any opposition.

During his literary career, Yusif Vazirov used at least 15 different pseudonyms beginning in 1904 when he was still a high school student. His choice of pseudonyms included names such as "Badbakht" (Unlucky One), "Hagg Tarafdari" (Protector of Justice), "Musavi" (Equality), "Sarsam" (Crazy One), "Stradayushiy" (One who suffers), and "Zritel" (Observer).

Lev Nussimbaum and the pseudonym “Kurban Said”

Lev Nussimbaum, who wrote in German under the penname of Essad Bey, is also linked to the pseudonym “Kurban Said.” When Lev Nussimbaum, still in his early 30s at the time, began confronting the possibility of his own death from Buerger’s Disease, he set out to write his own autobiography, entitling it, “The Man who Knew Nothing about Love” (Der Mann der von der Liebe nichts verstand). He signed it, “Kurban Said.” Though never published, "Der Mann" was advertised in 1937 as though it actually had been published and was available for purchase. This was the same year that "Ali and Nino" appeared.

But a closer examination reveals that one should be cautious about equating Lev Nussimbaum with other works published under the pseudonym "Kurban Said." Research shows that Essad Bey did have his fingers in the "Ali and Nino" narrative, particularly in descriptive folkloric and legendary passages which often contained erroneous material but that the original manuscript of "Ali and Nino" did not originate with him but with the Azerbaijani writer Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli (1887–1942). At issue is whether Lev Nussimbaum was within his rights to use the pseudonym, and whether the name actually originated with him.

Tom Reiss, author of "The Orientalist" claims that since a novel "The Man Who Knew Nothing about Love" was clearly was linked with Lev Nussimbaum, that this made him the author of Ali and Nino. However, even Reiss warns his readers that Nussimbaum’s own statements about his own identity were the least credible. “Years of collecting every shred of evidence I could of his existence revealed that…Lev’s simplest statements about himself—name, race, nationality—are the ones that can least be trusted.”

The problem with the “Der Mann” narrative is that though it started out as a semi-autobiographical account, it quickly lapsed into a tale of vengeance within a fictional framework about a “Dr. X.” Even Reiss admits that “Der Mann” is a “sprawling, improbable tale.” This, in turn, casts doubt on Lev Nussimbaum's claims to the rightful use of the pseudonym, "Kurban Said."

Dr. Wilfried Fuhrmann in Germany has transcribed and published all six of the hand-written German “Der Mann” Notebooks. He concludes that Notebooks 3 and 6 are the most damaging to Essad Bey’s reputation. “To varying degrees, they are a mixture of malice and slander, as well as pathological hubris and arrogance.”

For example, Essad Bey suggests that any woman who commits adultery should be tied up in a sack with a wild cat and thrown into the Bosphorus, or buried up to her head in the desert sands to be devoured at night by wild dogs. At the time, Nussimbaum was going through a scandalous divorce with his own wife Erika Loewendahl. However, the content and spirit of “Ali and Nino” which was published at the same time as Der Mann was advertised as being published (1937) is entirely the opposite, and Ali Khan truly was in love with Nino and did everything within his capability to foster her development and well-being. In truth, the two narratives are so unlike each other that it is impossible to imagine them being written by the same person.

Essad Bey signed his Final Will as "Essad Bey also known as Leo Nussimbaum and Lev Nussenbaum." No mention whatsoever is made of "Kurban Said." Essad Bey signed this Will (July 27, 1941) about a year before he died (August 27, 1942) and four years after Ali and Nino (1937) had been published.

Vacca's claims to the pseudonym "Kurban Said"

Bello Vacca, an Italian born in Tripoli, who often went by the alias Ahmed Giamil Vacca-Mazzara also laid claim to the pseudonym Kurban Said. During the early 1970s, he appeared on the doorstep of Baron Omar Rolf Ehrenfels, husband of Elfriede Ehrenfels, who had registered "Ali and Nino" with German authorities. Vacca introduced himself: “Kurban Said, C’est moi!” (“Kurban Said, It’s me!”). The Ehrenfels were astonished.

Vacca also wrote British publisher Hutchinson in 1975 claiming that he, as Kurban Said, had collaborated on several books with Essad Bey and they had had plans to publish them together - "Kurban Said" and "Essad Bey". Vacca named two titles: “Jihad” (Sacred Way) and “Kaloglan: From Samarkand to Tangiers.”

Vacca was a friend of Essad Bey as well as his drug dealer and he was expelled from Egypt in 1938 on charges of drug dealing and arms smuggling. Vacca also is the person who arranged and financed the Muslim-style gravestone capped with a stone-carved turban for Essad Bey, who is buried in the sea coast town of Positano, Italy.

In 1944 - two years after Essad Bey's death, it was Vacca who arranged for the translation of "Ali and Nino" into Italian for the first time. However, although he had already identified the title as "Ali and Nino" in the obituary tribute that he had written for Essad Bey in 1942; in the 1944 edition of the novel, Vacca changed the title to "Ali Khan" and identified the author as "M. Essad Bey," instead of "Kurban Said." After all, he himself claimed to be Kurban Said. Vacca introduced further changes in the Ali Khan novel, most prominently, the name of Ali's true love "Nino Kipiani" and whose name had been part of the original title of the novel ("Ali and Nino") became "Erica Kipiani", based upon the name of Lev Nussimbaum's estranged wife, Erika Loewendahl, who had left him in 1937 to marry Rene Fulop-Miller.

Vacca tried to make the case that he himself was related to Essad Bey, four generations back - the implication being that Vacca himself was "sole survivor" and, thus, in line to inherit Essad Bey's wealth.

The motivation became evident in correspondence from Vacca to Omar Rolf Ehrenfels asking his advice in regard to approaching Hutchinson Publishers (London) who he said had not paid Essad Bey for the biography of Reza Shah. Vacca sought to claim the money and told Ehrenfels that he had his papers all in order as proof of the kinship relationship.

Vacca’s explanation of the meaning of name "Kurban Said"

Vacca claimed that the creation of the name “Kurban Said” was totally accidental—the result of a misunderstanding—which later became a private joke between him and Essad Bey. According to Vacca, the incident took place in Turkey during the festival of Gurban Bayrami, the religious Muslim Festival of Sacrifice (Eid), which is commemorated annually to acknowledge God’s mercy in providing Abraham with a ram as a substitute sacrifice for his son Ismayil.

Vacca described the scenario as follows: 1936. A lecture hall in the National Library of Istanbul (Old City). He and Essad Bey had set aside four days to work together on "Ali and Nino." Essad Bey was conversing with someone when Vacca arrived. “I addressed them both with the greeting, “Kurban Said,” which Vacca explained, means “Happy Kurban Holiday.”

Vacca continued: It turned out that it was a foreigner—a tourist—who had been talking with Essad Bey. He misunderstood the custom and thought I was introducing myself as “Kurban Said.” And so the foreigner had smiled and replied: “Nice to meet you, Mr. Kurban Said.” “Ever since then, Essad Bey jokingly called me ‘Kurban Said,’ and when he was looking for a pseudonym for the novel, he asked me if he could use it and I agreed.”

Vacca's concocted tale about the name "Kurban Said"

But Vacca’s tale obviously was contrived:

(1) There is no such greeting as “Kurban Said” or "Gurban Said" – in any of the countries which celebrate this holiday - not in Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkey or other Turkic-speaking countries in Central Asia, or Arabic-speaking countries.

(2) Both Vacca and Essad Bey claimed they had converted to Islam but it is obvious that their knowledge of Islam was extremely superficial, which calls into question the motivation for their "conversions" which many opponents judged to be merely opportunistic.

(3) Bayram is the biggest holiday of the year in Turkey, and all libraries would have been closed. These days, for example, the Bayram holiday is celebrated for more than a week.

(4) The pseudonym – Kurban Said – carries with it too much subtlety and sensitivity in relationship to the novel “Ali and Nino” to have originated from a casual mistake or joke, especially if understood in the context of Ali Khan’s personal quest for greater individual freedom in the pursuit of Azerbaijan’s independence.

(5) Other than Vacca’s account, there is no proof that Essad Bey had even gone to Istanbul to work on the novel. Nor is there any other witness claiming that Vacca had been involved at all with editing “Ali and Nino.” However, it may very well be that the original manuscript was kept in the National Library in Istanbul. Vacca wrote: "The original plan of the novel was in the State Library of Turkey in 1936 and I can say that the same plan is still in Turkey."

Furthermore, Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli wrote that he had left written materials related to Azerbaijan there in the Qatanov Library of Suleymaniye in Istanbul.

References

  1. Frequently Asked Questions about the Authorship of Ali and Nino, FAQ 84, in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4, p. 76.
  2. Reason 50: "Sadness" in "101 Reasons: Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli as Core Writer of Ali and Nino," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), p. 290.
  3. Frequently Asked Questions about the Authorship of Ali and Nino, FAQ 88, in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), p. 77.
  4. Reason 73: "Gurban," "101 Reasons, Chamanzaminli as Core Author of Ali and Nino," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4, p. 302.
  5. Yusif Vazirov's letter "Reply to a Musavat Supporter" in Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli Works, Vol. 3 (Baku: Elm, 1977), referenced in "Frequently Asked Questions about the Authorship of Ali and Nino," Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4, Endnote 251, p. 121.
  6. Frequently Asked Questions about the Authorship of Ali and Nino, FAQ 88, in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4, p. 77
  7. Betty Blair, "The Lives of Two Writers: Chamanzaminli and Essad Bey," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), p. 38.
  8. Essad Bey cannot be defined as a pseudonym in the strictest sense of the term. In legal documents, Lev often combined both of his names Lev Nussimbaum and Essad Bey. His wife’s legal name was “Erika Nussimbaum Essad-Bey.” “Essad” is Arabic for “lion,” in other words, a variation of his own name—Lev or Leo. “Bey” is a term of address denoting landowner or man of nobility. “The Lives of Two Writers: Chamanzaminli and Nussimbaum,” in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), p. 38.
  9. Buerger’s Disease is a rare blood condition that leads to gangrene of extremities, especially fingers or toes. It particularly afflicts young Ashkenazi Jewish males. In Italy, physicians allegedly diagnosed Essad Bey’s condition as Raynaud’s disease though according to Essad Bey's governess, doctors in Austria dismissed the possibility that it was Raynaud's. The two conditions - Buerger’s and Raynaud’s - share similar symptoms, but Raynaud’s afflicts mostly women.
  10. The Der Mann Notebooks consist of six Notebooks. Notebooks 1-3 are posted at Tomreiss.info. Reiss deliberately has not posted Der Mann Notebooks 4-6. But Dr. Wilifried Fuhrmann has found a copy of them and published them in their complete entirety. Wilfried Fuhramnn, “Wirre Phantasien eines Orientalisten, Essad-Bey / Kurban Said” (Confused Fantasies of an Orientalist), ISBN 978-3-00-0029690-1. Visit: www.essadbey.de.
  11. Der Mann was advertised in the back pages of Annemarie Selenko's "I Was an Ugly Girl" (Ich war ein häßliches Mädchen) published by Kirschner in Vienna in 1937.
  12. Kurban Said's "Ali and Nino" first appeared in 1937 in German, published by the Austrian publisher E.P. Tal Verlag.
  13. "Cut and Paste Author: Essad Bey's Fingerpints in Ali and Nino," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), pp. 230-251.
  14. 101 Reasons Why Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli is the Core Author of "Ali and Nino," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), pp. 262-333.
  15. Tom Reiss, "The Orientalist" (New York: Random House, 2005), p. 47.
  16. Tom Reiss, "The Orientalist" (New York: Random House, 2005), xxvii.
  17. "Kurban Said," in "Selected Bibliography of Books," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), p. 345.
  18. Frequently Asked Questions about the Authorship of "Ali and Nino," FAQ 145, in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), p. 91.
  19. Photo of Will in article: "Essad Bey as Core Author of 'Ali and Nino': Seven Reasons Why It Just Ain't So," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), p. 207. The original copy of the Will in which Essad Bey bequeathed all his belongings to Alice Schulte, his governess, is kept in the Rascher Collection of the Central Library of the University of Zurich, Switzerland.
  20. Frequently Asked Questions about the Authorship of Ali and Nino, FAQ 8, in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4, p. 52-53.
  21. Frequently Asked Questions about the Authorship of Ali and Nino, FAQ 83, Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), p. 76, and Note 118, quoting Leela Ehrenfels, daughter of Omar Rolf, who currently holds the copyright of “Ali and Nino.”
  22. "Frequently Asked Questions about the Authorship of Ali and Nino," FAQ 83 in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), p. 76 quoting letter from Ahmed Giamil to Hutchinson Publishers from Algeria on June 30, 1975 as published in Nurida Atashi, "Secrets of the Century: Essad Bey, Sacrifice of Time and Evil" (Baku: 2007), pp. 350-361.
  23. Tom Reiss, The Orientalist (New York: Random House, 2005), pp. 334-335, quoting from Lev Nussimbaum's unpublished manuscript "The Man Who Knew Nothing about Love" (Der Mann, der Nichts von der Liebe Verstand), Vol. V, pages 12B-13A.
  24. Tom Reiss, The Orientalist (New York: Random House, 2005), p. 334, quoting Nota Codesto R. Ministero No. 100285, March 8, 1938, R. Ministero dell'Africa Italiana.
  25. Frequently Asked Questions about the Authorship of Ali and Nino: FAQ 116: "What role did Vacca play in Essad Bey's burial?" in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), p. 82.
  26. Tom Reiss, The Orientalist, p. 331, quoting Romolo Ercolino, a native of Positano, Italy.
  27. "Mohammed Es'ad-Bey: Scrittore Musulmano Dell'Azerbaijgian Caucasico (1905-1942), in "Oriente Moderno" 22:10 (Instituto per l'Oriente, 1942, pp. 434-443.
  28. Frequently Asked Questions No. 86, in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), p. 76.
  29. Frequently Asked Questions, No. 87, in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), pp. 76-77.
  30. Letter from Vacca to Anthony Wittman and Jenia Graman at Hutchinson Publishers (London), dated June 20, 1975, as referenced in "Frequently Asked Questions about the Authorship of 'Ali and Nino,'" FAQ 158, Endnotes 536 and 538, p. 137, in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), p. 137.
  31. "Frequently Asked Questions about the Authorship of 'Ali and Nino,'" FAQ 158, in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), p. 95 and Endnote 540, quoting Yusif Vazirov, "History, Geography and Economics of Azerbaijan," (1922), reprinted in Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli Works, Vol. 3, edited by Dr. Tofig Huseinoghlu (Baku: Avrasiya, 2005), pp. 154-192.

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