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Croatian
Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
Pronunciation	[xř̩ʋaːtskiː]
Native to	Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia (Vojvodina), Montenegro, Romania (Caraş-Severin County), Slovenia, and diaspora
Region	Central Europe, Southern Europe
Native speakers	5.55 million (2001)
Language family	Indo-European Balto-Slavic Slavic South Slavic Western Serbo-Croatian Croatian
Standard forms	Standard Croatian Burgenland Croatian
Writing system	Latin
Official status
Official language in	Croatia  Bosnia and Herzegovina
Recognised minority language in	Montenegro  Austria (in Burgenland)  Italy (in Molise)  Romania (in Caraşova, Lupac)  Serbia (Vojvodina)
Regulated by	Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics (Council for Standard Croatian Language Norm)
Language codes
ISO 639-1	hr
ISO 639-2	hrv
ISO 639-3	hrv
Linguasphere	part of 53-AAA-g
Dialectal map of Croatian language in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Croatian ( Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) is a form of the Serbo-Croatian language spoken by Croats, principally in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbian province of Vojvodina and other neighbouring countries.

Standard and literary Croatian is based on the central dialect, Shtokavian (Štokavian), more specifically on Eastern Herzegovinian, which is also the basis of standard Serbian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin. The other dialects spoken by Croats are Chakavian (Čakavian), Kajkavian, and Torlakian (by the Krashovani). These four dialects, and the four national standards, are commonly subsumed under the term "Serbo-Croatian" in English, though this term is controversial for native speakers and paraphrases such as "Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian" are therefore sometimes used instead, especially in diplomatic circles.

Vernacular texts in the Chakavian dialect first appeared in the 13th century, and Shtokavian texts appeared a century later. Standardization began in the period sometimes called "Baroque Slavism" in the first half of the 17th century, while some authors date it back to the end of 15th century. The modern Neo-Shtokavian standard that appeared in the mid 18th century was the first unified Croatian literary language.

Croatian is written in Gaj's Latin alphabet.

History

Early development

The beginning of the Croatian written language can be traced to the 9th century, when Old Church Slavonic was adopted as the language of the liturgy. This language was gradually adapted to non-liturgical purposes and became known as the Croatian version of Old Slavonic. The two variants of the language, liturgical and non-liturgical, continued to be a part of the Glagolitic service as late as the middle of the 9th century. The earliest known Croatian Church Slavonic Glagolitic manuscripts are the Glagolita Clozianus and the Vienna Folia from the 11th century.

Until the end of the 11th century Croatian medieval texts were written in three scripts: Latin, Glagolitic, and Croatian Cyrillic (arvatica, poljičica, bosančica/bosanica), and also in three languages: Croatian, Latin and Old Slavonic. The latter developed into what is referred to as the Croatian variant of Church Slavonic between the 12th and 16th centuries.

The most important early monument of Croatian literacy is the Baška tablet from the late 11th century. It is a large stone tablet found in the small church of St. Lucy on the Croatian island of Krk which contains text written mostly in Chakavian, today a dialect of Croatian, and in Croatian angular Glagolitic script. It is also important in the history of the nation as it mentions Zvonimir, the king of Croatia at the time. However, the luxurious and ornate representative texts of Croatian Church Slavonic belong to the later era, when they coexisted with the Croatian vernacular literature. The most notable are the "Missal of Duke Novak" from the Lika region in northwestern Croatia (1368), "Evangel from Reims" (1395, named after the town of its final destination), Hrvoje's Missal from Bosnia and Split in Dalmatia (1404), and the first printed book in Croatian language, the Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483).

During the 13th century Croatian vernacular texts began to appear, the most important among them being the "Istrian land survey" of 1275 and the "Vinodol Codex" of 1288, both written in the Chakavian dialect.

The Shtokavian dialect literature, based almost exclusively on Chakavian original texts of religious provenance (missals, breviaries, prayer books) appeared almost a century later. The most important purely Shtokavian vernacular text is the Vatican Croatian Prayer Book (ca. 1400).

Both the language used in legal texts and that used in Glagolitic literature gradually came under the influence of the vernacular, which considerably affected its phonological, morphological and lexical systems. From the 14th and the 15th centuries, both secular and religious songs at church festivals were composed in the vernacular.

Writers of early Croatian religious poetry (začinjavci) gradually introduced the vernacular into their works. These začinjavci were the forerunners of the rich literary production of the 16th century literature, which, depending on the area, was Chakavian, Kajkavian or Shtokavian-based. The language of religious poems, translations, miracle and morality plays contributed to the popular character of medieval Croatian literature.

• Baška tablet, Island Krk ca. 1100
• The Vinodol Codex, 1288
• Glagolitic Missal of Duke Novak, 1368
• Vatican Croatian Prayer Book ca. 1400
• Hrvoje's Missal, 1404
• A page from the "Istrian land survey" of 1526

Modern language and standardisation

The first purely vernacular texts in Croatian date back to the 14th century (e.g. the Vatican Croatian Prayer Book from ca. 1400) and are distinctly different from Church Slavonic. In the 14th and 15th centuries the modern Croatian language emerged, with morphology, phonology and syntax only slightly differ from the contemporary Croatian standard language.

The standardization of the Croatian language can be traced back to the first Croatian dictionary written by Faust Vrančić (Dictionarium quinque nobilissimarum Europae linguarum—Latinae, Italicae, Germanicae, Dalmatiae et Ungaricae, Venice 1595), and to the first Croatian grammar written by Bartul Kašić (Institutionum linguae illyricae libri duo, Rome 1604).

Jesuit Kašić's translation of the Bible (Old and New Testament, 1622–1636; unpublished until 2000), written in the ornate Shtokavian-Ijekavian dialect of the Dubrovnik Renaissance literature is, despite orthographical differences, as close to the contemporary standard Croatian language as are the French of Montaigne's "Essays" or the English of the King James Bible to their respective successors—the modern standard languages.

This period, sometimes called "Baroque Slavism", was crucial in the formation of the literary idiom that was to become the Croatian standard language. The 17th century witnessed three developments that shaped modern Croatian:

• The linguistic works of Jesuit philologists Kašić and Mikalja;
• The literary activity of Bosnian Franciscan Matija Divković, whose Counter-Reformation writings, comprising popular tales from the Bible, sermons and polemics, were widespread among Croats both in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia;
• The poetry of Ivan Gundulić from Dubrovnik.

This "triple achievement" of Baroque Slavism in the first half of the 17th century laid the firm foundation upon which the later Illyrian movement completed the work of language standardisation.

First attempts at standardisation

In the late medieval period up to the 17th century, the majority of semi-autonomous Croatia was ruled by two domestic dynasties of princes (banovi), the Zrinski and the Frankopan, which were linked by inter-marriage. Toward the 17th century, both of them attempted to unify Croatia both culturally and linguistically, writing in a mixture of all three principal dialects (Chakavian, Kajkavian and Shtokavian), and calling it "Croatian" (sometimes using regional names such as "Dalmatian" or "Slavonian"). It is still used now in parts of Istria, which became a crossroads of various mixtures of Chakavian with ekavian/ijekavian/ikavian dialects.

The most standardised form (Kajkavian-Ikavian) became the cultivated elite language of administration and intellectuals from the Istrian peninsula along the Croatian coast, across central Croatia up into the northern valleys of the Drava and the Mura. The cultural apogee of this unified standard in the 17th century is represented by the editions of "Adrianskoga mora sirena" ("Siren of Adriatic Sea") by Petar Zrinski and "Putni tovaruš" ("Traveling escort") by Katarina Zrinska.

However, this first linguistic renaissance in Croatia was halted by the political execution of Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan by the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I in Vienna in 1671. Subsequently the Croatian elite in the 18th century gradually abandoned this combined Croatian standard, and after an Austrian initiative of 1850, it was replaced by the uniform Neo-Shtokavian.

Illyrian period

The Illyrian movement was a 19th-century movement in Croatia to standardise the Croatian language in order to merge it into a common South Slavic language. Specifically, Croatian had three major dialects, and there had been several literary languages over four centuries. The leader of the Illyrian movement Ljudevit Gaj standardized the Latin alphabet in 1830–1850 and worked to bring about a standardised Croatian literary script. Although based in Kajkavian-speaking Zagreb, Gaj supported using the more populous neo-Shtokavian–—a version of Shtokavian that became the main Croatian and Serbian literary language from the 18th century on——as the common literary standard for Croatian and Serbian. Supported by various South Slavic proponents, neo-Shtokavian was adopted at the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850, uniting the Croat and Serb languages. The 19th century linguists' and lexicographers' main concern was to achieve a more consistent and unified written norm and orthography, which led to a "passion for neologisms" or vigorous word coinage, originating from the purist nature of Croatian literary language, which was not shared by Serbian.

Phonology and alphabet

Croatian has 30 phonemes—5 vowels and 25 consonants—corresponding to 30 letters of Croatian alphabet, 3 of which are digraphs. Thus, the orthography is largely phonemic:

Latin alphabet IPA	A a [a]	B b [b]	C c [ts]	Č č [tʃ]	Ć ć [tɕ]	D d [d]	Dž dž [dʒ]	Đ đ [dʑ]	E e [e]	F f [f]
Latin alphabet IPA	G g [ɡ]	H h [x]	I i [i]	J j [j]	K k [k]	L l [l]	Lj lj [ʎ]	M m [m]	N n [n]	Nj nj [ɲ]
Latin alphabet IPA	O o [o]	P p [p]	R r [r]	S s [s]	Š š [ʃ]	T t [t]	U u [u]	V v [ʋ]	Z z [z]	Ž ž [ʒ]

Croatian has pitch accent: a vowel can be pronounced short or long, and when stressed (otherwise it is non-tonic) it carries either falling or rising tone. The following diacritical marks are used when vowels are stressed: short falling ⟨◌̏⟩ (double grave accent), short rising ⟨◌̀⟩ (grave accent), long falling ⟨◌̑⟩ (inverted breve), long rising ⟨◌́⟩ (acute accent). Unstressed long syllables are marked with a macron ⟨◌̄⟩ on vowels, and unstressed short vowels are not marked. This notation is used in linguistic literature, or when precision is necessary, such as to disambiguate between homographs. Apart from these signs, in general-purpose texts, the circumflex (denoting a long vowel) can also be used to disambiguate homographs.

Grammar

Croatian, like most other Slavic languages, has a rich system of inflection. Pronouns, nouns, adjectives and some numerals decline (change the word ending to reflect case, i.e. grammatical category and function), while verbs conjugate for person and tense. As in all other Slavic languages, the basic word order is SVO; however, due to the use of declension to show sentence structure, word order is not as important as in languages that tend toward analyticity such as English or Chinese. Deviations from the standard SVO order are stylistically marked and may be employed to convey a particular emphasis, mood or overall tone, according to the intentions of the speaker or writer. Often, such deviations will sound literary, poetical or archaic.

Nouns have three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine and neuter) that correspond to a certain extent with the word ending, so that most nouns ending in -a are feminine, -o and -e neutral and the rest mostly masculine with a small but important class of feminines. Grammatical gender of a noun affects the morphology of other parts of speech (adjectives, pronouns and verbs) attached to it. Nouns are declined into 7 cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Vocative, Locative and Instrumental.

Verbs are divided into two broad classes according to their aspect, which can be either perfective (signifying a completed action) or imperfective (action is incomplete or repetitive). There are seven tenses, four of which (present, perfect, future I and II) are used in contemporary standard Croatian, with the other three (aorist, imperfect and plusquamperfect) used much less frequently – the plusquamperfect is generally limited to written language and some more educated speakers, while aorist and imperfect are considered stylistically marked and rather archaic. Note, however, that some non-standard dialects make considerable (and thus unmarked) use of those tenses.

Sociopolitical standpoints

Croatian, although technically a form of Serbo-Croatian, is sometimes considered a distinct language by itself. Purely linguistic considerations of languages based on mutual intelligibility (abstand languages) frequently clash with sociopolitical conceptions of language, so that varieties which are mutually intelligible may be designated separate languages. Along these lines, the various varieties of Serbo-Croatian have distinct standard forms, the differences are often exaggerated for political reasons, and many Croats and even Croatian linguists regard Croatian as a separate language, and language is considered key to national identity. Croatian is unique in being written exclusively in the Latin script rather than in Cyrillic. The rejection of the term "Serbo-Croatian" as a cover term for all these forms is often based upon the argument that the official language in Yugoslavia, a standardized form of Serbo-Croatian, was "artificial" or a political tool used to combine two distinct people. Within the ex-Yugoslavia, the term has largely been replaced by the ethnic terms Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian, which have developed largely independently since the dissolution of Yugoslavia. These have been used as language names historically as well, though not always distinctively; the Croatian–Hungarian Agreement for example designated "Croatian" as one of its official languages, and Croatian will become an official EU language with the accession of Croatia, though when the other states accede, translation might not normally be provided between the various Serbo-Croat standards, and documents in other EU languages might not necessarily be translated into all of them.

Current events

Croatian language is today the official language of the Republic of Croatia and, along with Bosnian and Serbian, one of three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is also official in the regions of Burgenland (Austria), Molise (Italy) and Vojvodina (Serbia). Additionally, it has co-official status alongside Romanian in the communes of Caraşova and Lupac, Romania. In these localities, Croats or Krashovani make up the majority of the population, and education, signage and access to public administration and the justice system are provided in Croatian, alongside Romanian. There are eight Croatian language universities in the world: the universities of Zagreb, Split, Rijeka, Osijek, Zadar, Dubrovnik, Pula, and Mostar.

There is at present no sole regulatory body which determines correct usage of the Croatian language. There is however an Institute for the Croatian language and linguistics with a prescription department. The current language standard is generally laid out in the grammar books and dictionaries used in education facilities, such as the school curriculum prescribed by the Ministry of Education and the university programmes of the Faculty of Philosophy at the four main universities. Attempts are being made to revive Croatian literature in Italy. The most prominent recent editions describing the Croatian standard language are:

• Hrvatski pravopis by Babić, Finka, Moguš,
• Rječnik hrvatskoga jezika by Anić,
• Rječnik hrvatskoga jezika by Šonje et al.
• Hrvatski enciklopedijski rječnik, by a group of authors,
• Hrvatska gramatika by Barić et al.,

Also notable are the recommendations of Matica hrvatska, the national publisher and promoter of Croatian heritage, the Lexicographical institute "Miroslav Krleža", as well as the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

Differences between Croatian and Serbian and Bosnian

See also

• Baška tablet
• Days of the Croatian Language
• Differences in official languages in Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia
• Swadesh list of Slavic languages
• Croatian Language Corpus
• Croatian National Corpus
• Serbo-Croatian
• Serbo-Croatian phonology
• Serbo-Croatian grammar
• Bible translations into Croatian

Notes

1. "Linguistic Lineage for Croatian". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
2. "Serbo-Croatian". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
   The official language of Croatia is Croatian (Serbo-Croatian). The same language is referred to by different names, Serbian (srpski), Serbo-Croat (in Croatia: hrvatsko-srpski), Bosnian (bosanski), based on political and ethnical grounds. the language that used to be officially called Serbo-Croat has gotten several new ethnically and politically based names. Thus, the names Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are politically determined and refer to the same language with possible slight variations. ("Croatia: Language Situation", in Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2 ed., 2006.)
3. David Dalby, Linguasphere (1999/2000, Linguasphere Observatory), pg. 445, 53-AAA-g, "Srpski+Hrvatski, Serbo-Croatian".
4. Benjamin W. Fortson IV, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd ed. (2010, Blackwell), pg. 431, "Because of their mutual intelligibility, Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are usually thought of as constituting one language called Serbo-Croatian."
5. Václav Blažek, "On the Internal Classification of Indo-European Languages: Survey" retrieved 20 Oct 2010, pp. 15–16.
6. E.C. Hawkesworth, "Serbian-Croatian-Bosnian Linguistic Complex", in the Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edition, 2006.
7. Radio Free Europe – Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Or Montenegrin? Or Just 'Our Language'? Živko Bjelanović: Similar, But Different, Feb 21, 2009, accessed Oct 8, 2010
8. Stjepan Krasić: Počelo je u Rimu – Katolička obnova i normiranje hrvatskoga jezika u XVII stoljeću, Matica hrvatska, Dubrovnik, 2009, ISBN 978-953-6316-76-2
9. Stjepan Babić: Hrvatski jučer i danas, Školske novine, Zagreb, 1995, ISBN 953-160-052-X, p. 250
10. Journal of Croatian studies (1986) 27-30:45
11. "Croatia: Themes, Authors, Books | Yale University Library Slavic and East European Collection". Library.yale.edu. 2009-11-16. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
12. ^ Price, Glanville (1998). Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. p. 425. ISBN 0-631-19286-7. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
13. Kapetanovic, Amir (2005). "HRVATSKA SREDNJOVJEKOVNA LATINICA". HRVATSKA SREDNJOVJEKOVNA LATINICA.
14. Branko Fučić (September 1971). "Najstariji hrvatski glagoljski natpisi". Slovo (in Croatian). 21. Old Church Slavonic Institute.
15. "Hrvoje's Missal ~ 1403-1404". Retrieved 9 March 2012.
16. "VINODOLSKI ZAKON (1288)". Retrieved 9 March 2012.
17. "Istarski Razvod". Retrieved 9 March 2012.
18. "Vatikanski hrvatski molitvenik". Retrieved 9 March 2012.
19. Fausto Veranzio, Dictionarium quinque nobilissimarum Europæ linguarum, Latinæ, Italicæ, Germanicæ Dalmatiæ et Ungaricæ. Apud Nicolaum Morettum, Venice, 1590
20. Cassio, Bartholomaeo (1604). Institutionum linguae illyricae libri duo.
21. Gazi, Stephen (1973). A History of Croatia. New York: Philosophical library. ISBN 978-0802221087. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
22. Van Antwerp Fine, John (2006). When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans. Michigan, USA: University of Michigan Press. pp. 377–379. ISBN 978-0-472-11414-6. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
23. Kalsbeek, Janneke (1998). "The Čakavian dialect of Orbanići near Žminj in Istria". Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics. 25. Rodopi. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
24. "Matica Hrvatska - Dva brata i jedna Sirena". Retrieved 9 March 2012.
25. "Matica Hrvatska - Putni tovaruš - izvornik (I.)". Retrieved 9 March 2012.
26. Tanner, Marcus (1997). Croatia: a Nation Forged in War. New Haven, USA: Yale University Press. p. 50. ISBN 0-300-06933-2. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
27. ^ Malić, Dragica (1997). Razvoj hrvatskog književnog jezika. ISBN 953-0-40010-1.
28. Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskoga pravopisaňa
29. Uzelac, Gordana (2006). The development of the Croatian nation: an historical and sociological analysis. New York: Edwin Mellen Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0773457911. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
30. Hrvatski pravopis: usklađen sa zaključcima Vijeća za normu hrvatskoga standardnog jezika (in Croatian). Školska knjiga: Zagreb, Croatia. 2010. ISBN 978-953-0-40034-4. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
31. Cvetkovic, Ljudmila. "Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Or Montenegrin? Or Just 'Our Language'? – Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2010". Rferl.org. Retrieved 2010-11-01.
32. Benjamin W. Fortson IV, Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2nd ed. (2010, Blackwell), pg. 431.
33. Snježana Ramljak; Library of the Croatian Parliament, Zagreb, Croatia (2008). ""Jezično" pristupanje Hrvatske Europskoj Uniji: prevođenje pravne stečevine i europsko nazivlje". Croatian Political Science Review (in Croatian). 45 (1). Faculty of Political Science, University of Zagreb. ISSN 0032-3241. Retrieved 2012-02-27. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
34. David Crystal "Language Death", Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 11, 12
35. http://www.crohis.com/izvori/nagodba2.pdf
36. "Vandoren: EU membership – challenge and chance for Croatia – Daily – tportal.hr". Daily.tportal.hr. 2010-09-30. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
37. "Croatia". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
38. "Ethnologue report for Bosnia and Herzegovina". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
39. Kinda-Berlakovich, Andrea Zorka (2006). "Hrvatski nastavni jezik u Gradišću u školsko-političkome kontekstu". LAHOR. 1 (1). Crotian Philological Society: 27–35. ISSN 1846-2197. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
40. "Endangered languages in Europe: report". Helsinki.fi. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
41. "www.puma.vojvodina.gov.rs". Puma.vojvodina.gov.rs. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
42. "Structura Etno-demografică a României". Edrc.ro. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
43. "Structura Etno-demografică a României". Edrc.ro. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
44. "Structura Etno-demografică a României". Edrc.ro. Retrieved 2010-12-21.
45. "From Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
46. "Babić – Finka – Moguš : Hrvatski Pravopis". Sveznadar.com. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
47. "Vladimir Anić : Veliki Rječnik Hrvatskoga Jezika". Sveznadar.com. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
48. "Jure Šonje Gl.Ured. : Rječnik Hrvatskoga Jezika". Sveznadar.com. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
49. "Skupina Autora : Hrvatski Enciklopedijski Rječnik". Sveznadar.com. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
50. "Barić – Lončarić – Malić I Dr. : Hrvatska Gramatika". Sveznadar.com. Retrieved 2010-01-26.

References

• Branko Franolić, Mateo Zagar: A Historical Outline of Literary Croatian & The Glagolitic Heritage of Croatian Culture, Erasmus & CSYPN, London & Zagreb 2008 ISBN 978-953-6132-80-5
• Ivo Banac: Main Trends in the Croatian Language Question, YUP 1984
• Branko Franolić: A Historical Survey of Literary Croatian, Nouvelles Editions Latines, 1984
• Branko Franolić: A Bibliography of Croatian Dictionaries, Paris, Nouvelles Editions Latines, 1985 139p
• Branko Franolić: Language Policy in Yugoslavia with special reference to Croatian, Paris, Nouvelles Editions Latines 1988
• Milan Moguš: A History of the Croatian Language, NZ Globus, 1995
• Miro Kačić: Croatian and Serbian: Delusions and Distortions, Novi Most, Zagreb 1997
• "Hrvatski naš (ne)zaboravljeni" (Croatian, our (un)forgotten language), Stjepko Težak, 301 p., knjižnica Hrvatski naš svagdašnji (knj. 1), Tipex, Zagreb, 1999, ISBN 953-6022-35-4 (Croatian)

Further reading

• Robert David Greenberg (2004). Language and identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its disintegration. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199258154. (reprinted in 2008 as ISBN 9780199208753)

External links

This article's use of external links may not follow Misplaced Pages's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

• Ethnologue: Languages of the World (unknown ed.). SIL International.
• Croatian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
• EUdict – online dictionary – translation from Croatian into many languages and vice versa
• Croatian Language Corpus
• Croatian Language Portal Template:Hr icon
• Croatian Language E-Learning Center
• Croatian Old Dictionary Portal

Language history

• Croatian Glagolitic Script
• Croatian Cyrillic Script
• Croatian Glagolitic Manuscripts held outside of Croatia
• The Croatian Language Today, a lecture given by dr. Branko Franolić
• History of Croatian Dictionaries and Grammar books at Yale University Library – Slavic and East European Collection

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• Misplaced Pages external links cleanup from April 2010
• Croatian language
• Languages of Croatia
• Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Languages of Serbia
• Languages of Vojvodina
• Languages of Austria
• Languages of Hungary
• Languages of Molise
• Languages of Slovenia
• South Slavic languages