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How long would an article on DOS memory be?
Memory on the IBM PC compatibles:
8088 processors (PC, XT): (only 20 address lines) - conventional memory - ROM BIOS - adapters - 640 K line - Expanded memory
80286 (AT): (24 address lines) - High memory area - A20 handlers - Extended memory
80386 and later: - Virtual 8088 modes
Windows - MS DOS hosted varieties - Windows 95 and later (32-bit)
Uses of memory:
- Application programs
- MS DOS code and data structures, and buffers
- Device drivers
- Terminate and stay resident programs
- ROM BIOS
- Peripheral ROM
- Peripheral RAM, video RAM, network cards, etc.
In a 5150, not every address that could be generated by the 8088 accessed a populated memory location; holes were present depending on the exact hardware configuration.
In IBM compatibles, programs such as spread sheets soon needed more memory than was directly available to the processor in any 5150. Bank switching was a traditional solution, since the 8088 did not have virtual memory. Explain difference between virtual memory and bank switching.
Conventional memory, also called base memory, is the first 640 kilobytes (640 × 1024 bytes) of the memory on IBM PC or compatible systems. It is the read-write memory usable by the operating system and application programs. As memory prices rapidly declined, this design decision became a limitation in the use of large memory capacities until the introduction of operating systems and processors that made it irrelevant.
- 640 KB barrier
- Additional memory
- DOS driver software and TSRs
- Expanded memory
- Upper memory area
- Driver/TSR optimization
- DOS extenders
- Extended memory
- eXtended Memory Specification (XMS)
- Usage
- Windows
- Implementation
- Virtual x86 Mode
- Shadow RAM
- High memory area