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Léal Souvenir (also known as Timotheus or simply Portrait of a Man) is a small 1432 oil on oak painting by the Early Netherlandish artist Jan van Eyck. The sitter has not been identified but given his individualistic features, the work is believed to have been based on a historical person, rather than on a hypothetical ideal that as was usual for the time.
The the stone parapet at the end of the canvas contains three separate layers of inscriptions. The first is in Greek and reads "TγΜ.ωΟΕΟς"; its meaning has been used by some art historians to title the work Timotheu. The middle of the three inscription contains the letters "Léal Souvenir" (Loyal Memory) indicating that the portrait was posthumous and commerative. The third records van Eyck's signature and the date of excution in a an almost legalese manner, prompting some to think the man portrayed was involved in that profession.
Petrus Christus copied the method of the illusionistic carving on the parapet for his 1446 Portrait of a Carthusian.
Description
The panel is one of the earliest surviving examples of secular portraiture in late medieval European art. It is considered emblematic and perhaps the earliest extant example of the emerging style. The new approach to representation can be observed in several aspects, primarily in its realism and acute observation of the small details of the man's appearance. In this it marks the beginning of a new realism painters were able to achieve using oil as a medium. Oil allows a smooth translucent surface, and can be applied in a range of thicknesses. It can be manipulated while still wet, allowing the artist to include subtle detail as well as differentiation between degrees of reflective light, from shadow to bright beams and minute depictions of light effects through use of transparent glazes. Van Eyck's close observation of the man's narrow shoulders, pursed lips and thin eyebrows extends to the moisture on his stark blue eyes.
Portrait
The man is dressed in a red robe and wears a green wool chaperon with bourrelet and cornette hanging forward. His headress extends to the parapet on which his arm seem to rest. He is framed within an undefined narrow space. Neither the shape of his head nor his facial features correspond to contemporary standard types, let alone cannons of ideal beauty, indicating that the work is a private commission. He appears to be bald, although there are some faint traces of fair hair. He does not have eyebrows or stubble and it is believed the eyelashes were added by a 19th century restorer. His hands are generically drawn; they may have been a later addition by van Eyck or a member of his workshop; they are noticeably similar to those of the sitter for his c 1435 Portrait of Baudouin de Lannoy. He holds a scroll that might be a legal document, letter or pamphlet. In his early portraits, van Eyck's sitters are often shown holding objects indicative of their profession.
Unlike van Eyck's contemporary Rogier van der Weyden, who pays close attention to detail in the rendering of his model's fingers, to Van Eyck hands were often something of an after thought. From the document prominently held in his hands, the sitter may have been a legal professional, or less likely, emblematic of a legal deed. In either case, he is not grandly dressed and is probably a member of the middle class.
Inscriptions
The stone parapet has three horizontal layers of inscription, with the smaller top and lower lettering often not visible in reproductions. The top lettering contains the Greek scriot "TγΜ.ωΟΕΟς", which was interpretated by Charles Eastlake as "Timotheos", possibly a reference to Timotheus of Miletus a Greek musician and dithyrambic poet. Irwin Panofsky identified the sitter as the cleric and famous musician Gilles Binchois, although Campbell is skeptical and notes the sitter "is not dressed as a cleric". The letters after the punctuation are generally accepted as representing 'THEOS', the Greek name for God. The "o" before the 'THEOS' probably indicate the past tense; put together the inscription may read "Timotheus, Then God". The much larger middle inscription is written in French and uses a script dated to the 12th century. It reads "LÉAL SOVVENIR" (Loyal Remembrance), and is painted in a manner such as to give the impression that it was carved into the parapet.
From these two inscriptions the panel is generally accepted as being a posthumous portrait. Art historian Susan Jones notes that Roman tombstones often showed a representation of the deceased behind a parapet with a carved inscription, and that van Eyck may have known of these from travels to France. The lower inscription reads "Actu ano dni.1432.10.die ocobris.a.ioh de Eyck" (These are done in the year of our Lord 1432 on the 10th day of October by Jan van Eyck). Lorne Campbell has observed that the phrasing of this extended signature is surprisingly reminisant of legalese, with van Eyck presenting himself almost as reinforcing the idea that the man was a legal professional.
References
Notes
- ^ Smith, 42
- Bauman, 37
- "Jan van Eyck". metmuseum.org. Retrieved 20 May, 2023.
- Smith, 61
- Jones, 10–11
- Borchert, 22
- ^ Kemperdick, 19
- Campbell, 218
- Pächt, 110
- Kemperdick notes that Hans Holbein the Younger "used the same pair of hands for many of his portraits, so that they look much the same on 70-year-old William Warham and Anne Lovell, forty years his junior." Kemperdick, 20
- Kemperdick, 20
- ^ Borchert, 36
- Campbell, 220
- Bauman, 35
- Wood, 650
- Campbell, 222
Sources
- Bauman, Guy. "Early Flemish Portraits 1425–1525". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, Vol. 43, no. 4, Spring, 1986
- Borchert, Till-Holger. Van Eyck. London: Taschen, 2008. ISBN 3-8228-5687-8
- Campbell, Lorne. The Fifteenth-Century Netherlandish Paintings. London, National Gallery. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-300-07701-7
- Jones, Susan Frances. Van Eyck to Gossaert. National Gallery, 2011. ISBN 978-1-85709-504-3
- Kemperdick, Stephan. The Early Portrait, from the Collection of the Prince of Liechtenstein and the Kunstmuseum Basel. Munich: Prestel, 2006. ISBN 3-7913-3598-7
- Pächt, Otto. Van Eyck and the Founders of Early Netherlandish Painting. 1999. London: Harvey Miller Publishers. ISBN 1-872501-28-1
- Smith, Jeffrey Chipps. The Northern Renaissance. London: Phaidon Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7148-3867-5
- Wood, Wendy. "A new identification of the sitter in Jan van Eyck's Timotheus portrait". The Art Bulletin, Volume 60, No. 4, December 1978.
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