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The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 between the Kings of France and the Kings of England and their various allies for control of the French throne, which had become vacant upon the extinction of the senior Capetian line of French kings. The House of Valois controlled France in the wake of the House of Capet; a Capetian cadet branch, the Valois claimed the throne under Salic Law. This was contested by the Kings of England, members of the Plantagenet family that had ruled England since 1154, who claimed the throne of France through the marriage of Edward II of England and Isabella of France.

The war also stimulated nationalistic sentiment. It devastated France as a land, but it also awakened French nationalism. The Hundred Years' War accelerated the process of transforming France from a feudal monarchy to a centralised state. The conflict became one of not just English and French kings but one between the English and French peoples. There were constant rumours in England that the French meant to invade and destroy the English language. National feeling that emerged out of such rumours unified both France and England further. The Hundred Years War basically confirmed the fall of the French language in England, which had served as the language of the ruling classes and commerce there from the time of the Norman conquest until 1362.

Timeline

Battles

Important figures

Significance

Before the Hundred Years' War, heavy cavalry was considered the most powerful unit in an army, but by the war's end, this belief had shifted. The heavy horse was increasingly negated by the use of the longbow (and, later, another long-distance weapon: firearms) and fixed defensive positions of men-at-arms — tactics which helped lead to English victories at Crécy and Agincourt. Learning from the Scots, the English began using lightly armoured mounted troops — later called dragoons — who would dismount in order to fight battles. By the end of the Hundred Years' War, this meant a fading of the expensively outfitted, highly trained heavy cavalry, and the eventual end of the armoured knight as a military force and the nobility as a political one.

The war also stimulated nationalistic sentiment. It devastated France as a land, but it also awakened French nationalism. The Hundred Years' War accelerated the process of transforming France from a feudal monarchy to a centralised state. The conflict became one of not just English and French kings but one between the English and French peoples. There were constant rumours in England that the French meant to invade and destroy the English language. National feeling that emerged out of such rumours unified both France and England further. The Hundred Years War basically confirmed the fall of the French language in England, which had served as the language of the ruling classes and commerce there from the time of the Norman conquest until 1362.

The Plague and It's Impact

In 1348, the Black Death began to ravage Europe. In 1356, after it had passed and England was able to recover financially, Edward's son and namesake, the Prince of Wales, known as the Black Prince, invaded France from Gascony, winning a great victory in the Battle of Poitiers.

Bubonic Plague and warfare depleted the overall population of Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries. France, for example, had a population of about 17 million, which by the end of the Hundred Years War had declined by about one-half. Some regions were affected much more than others. Normandy lost three-quarters of its population during the war. In the Paris region, the population between 1328 and 1470 was reduced by at least two-thirds.

Aftermath of the battle of Poitiers

After the battle of Poitiers, the french countryside was thrown into complete chaos. Carmelite chronicler Jean de Venette states that the looting, and pillaging by the nobles and the professional soldiery was rampant. They ravaged the countryside. The nobles gave no thought to the peasants they were supposed to protect. In 1358, the peasants rose in rebellion in what was called the Jacquerie.

See also

• Timeline of the Hundred Years' War
• French military history
• British military history
• Anglo-French relations
• Medieval demography
• Second Hundred Years' War- this is the name given by some historians to the near-continuous series of conflicts between Britain and France from 1688–1815, beginning with the Glorious Revolution and ending with the Battle of Waterloo.

References

1. French as a mother-tongue in Medieval England
2. Preston, Richard (1991). Men in arms: a history of warfare and its interrelationships with Western society. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-033428-4.
3. French as a mother-tongue in Medieval England
4. Jean Birdsall edited by Richard A. Newhall. The Chronicles of Jean de Venette (N.Y. Columbia University Press. 1953) Introduction p. 3-5.
5. Peter Turchin (2003). "Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall". Princeton University Press. pp.179–180. ISBN 0-691-11669-5
6. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (1987). "The French peasantry, 1450-1660". University of California Press. p.32. ISBN 0-520-05523-3
7. Jean Birdsall edited by Richard A. Newhall. The Chronicles of Jean de Venette (N.Y. Columbia University Press. 1953) Chpts. 1347, 1356

Bibliography

Primary sources

• The Anonimalle Chronicle, 1333-1381. Edited by V.H. Galbraith. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1927.
• Avesbury, Robert of. De gestis mirabilibus regis Edwardi Tertii. Edited by Edward Maunde Thompson. London: Rolls Series, 1889.
• Chronique de Jean le Bel. Edited by Eugene Deprez and Jules Viard. Paris: Honore Champion, 1977.
• Dene, William of. Historia Roffensis. British Library, London.
• French Chronicle of London. Edited by G.J. Aungier. Camden Series XXVIII, 1844.
• Froissart, Jean. Chronicles. Edited and translated by Geoffrey Brereton. London: Penguin Books, 1978.
• Gesta Henrici Quinti: The Deeds of Henry V. Translated by Frank Taylor and John S. Roshell. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1975.
• Grandes chroniques de France. Edited by Jules Viard. Paris: Société de l'histoire de France, 1920-53.
• Gray, Sir Thomas. Scalacronica. Edited and Translated by Sir Herbert Maxwell. Edinburgh: Maclehose, 1907.
• Le Baker, Geoffrey. Chronicles in English Historical Documents. Edited by David C Douglas. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969.
• Le Bel, Jean. Chronique de Jean le Bel. Edited by Jules Viard and Eugène Déprez. Paris: Société de l'historie de France, 1904.
• Register of Edward the Black prince, vol. 1. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1930.
• Rotuli Parliamentorum. Edited by J. Strachey et al., 6 vols. London: 1767-83.
• St. Omers Chronicle. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, MS 693, fos. 248-279v. (Edited and translated into English by Clifford J. Rogers)
• The Chronicles of Enguerrand de Monstrelet. Translated by Thomas Johnes. London, 1840.

Anthologies of primary sources

• Life and Campaigns of the Black Prince. Edited and Translated by Richard Barber. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1997.
• Original Letters Illustrative of English History. Edited by Sir Henry Ellis, Third Series Vol. 1. London: S&J Bentley, 1846.
• The Battle of Agincourt: Sources and Interpretations. Edited by Anne Curry. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2000.
• The Wars of Edward III: Sources and Interpretations. Edited and Translated by Clifford J. Rogers. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1999.

Secondary sources

• Allmand, Christopher, The Hundred Years War: England and France at War, c.1300-c.1450, Cambridge University Press, 1988, ISBN 0-521-31923-4
• Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War. Edited by Anne Curry and Michael Hughes. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1999.
• Barber, Richard. Edward, Prince of Wales and Aquitaine: A Biography of the Black Prince. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2003.
• Barker, Juliet R. Agincourt: Henry V and the Battle that Made England. New York, NY: Little, Brown, and Co, 2006.
• Barnies, John. War in Medieval English Society: Social Values in the Hundred Years War 1337-99. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1971.
• Bell, Adrian R., War and the Soldier in the Fourteenth Century, The Boydell Press, November 2004, ISBN 1-84383-103-1
• Braudel, Fernand, The Perspective of the World, Vol III of Civilization and Capitalism 1984 (in French 1979).
• Burne, Alfred Higgins. The Agincourt War: A Military History of the Latter Part of the Hundred Years’ War, from 1369 to 1453. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1976.
• Contamine, Philippe. La France au XIVe et XVe siècles Hommes, mentalities, guerre et paix. London: Variorum Reprints, 1981.
• Coss, Peter. The Knight in Medieval England 1000-1400. Dover, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing Inc., 1993.
• Crane, Susan. The Performance of Self: Ritual, Clothing, and Identity During the Hundred Years War (2002) excerpt and text search
• Curry, Anne, The Hundred Years War, Macmillan Press, (2nd ed. 2003)
• Curry, Anne. Agincourt: A New History. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus, 2005.
• Duby, Georges. France in the Middle Ages 987-1460: From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc. Translated by Juliet Vale. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 1991.
• Dunnigan, James F., and Albert A. Nofi. Medieval Life & The Hundred Years War, Online Book.
• Favier, Jean. La Guerre de Cent Ans. Fayard, 1980.
• France in the Later Middle Ages 1200-1500. Edited by David Potter. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
• Green, David. The Battle of Poitiers, 1356 (2002). ISBN 0-7524-1989-7.
• Inscribing the Hundred Years’ War in French and English Cultures. Edited by Denise N. Bakes. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000.
• Hoskins, Peter. In the Steps of the Black Prince, The Road to Poitiers, 1355-1356. Boydell&Brewer, 2011. ISBN 978-1-84383-611-7.

• Jones, Michael. Between France and England: Politics, Power and Society in Late Medieval Brittany. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2003.
• Keegan, John. The Face of Battle (1976), covers the battle of Agincourt, comparing it to modern battles
• Keen, M.H. The Laws of War in the Late Middle Ages. London: Routledge & Paul Kegan Ltd., 1965.
• Knecht, Robert J. The Valois: Kings of France 1328-1589. London: Hambledon and London, 2004.
• Lewis, P.S. Essays in Later Medieval French History. London: The Hambledon Press, 1985.
• Lucas, Henry Stephen. The Low Countries and the Hundred Years’ War, 1326-1347. Philadelphia: Porcupine Press, 1976.
• Neillands, Robin, The Hundred Years War, Routledge, 2001, ISBN 978-0-415-26131-9
• Nicolle, David, and Angus McBride. French Armies of the Hundred Years War: 1328-1429 (2000) Men-At-Arms Series, 337 excerpt and text search
• Perroy, Edouard, The Hundred Years War, Capricorn Books, 1965.
• Reid, Peter. Medieval Warfare: Triumph and Domination in the Wars of the Middle Ages. New York, NY: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2007.
• Rogers, Clifford J. "The Military Revolutions of the Hundred Years War," The Journal of Military History 57 (1993): 241-78. in Project Muse
• Rogers, Clifford J. War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327-1360. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2000.
• Ross, Charles, The Wars of the Roses, Thames and Hudson, 1976.
• Seward, Desmond, The Hundred Years War. The English in France 1337–1453, Penguin Books, 1999, ISBN 0-14-028361-7 excerpt and text search.
• Society at War: The Experience of England and France During the Hundred Years War. Edited by C.T. Allmand. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1973.
• Soldiers, Nobles, and Gentlemen: Essays in Honour of Maurice Keen. Edited by Peter Coss and Christopher Tyerman. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2009.
• Stone, John. "Technology, Society, and the Infantry Revolution of the Fourteenth Century," The Journal of Military History 68.2 (2004) 361-380 in Project Muse
• Sumption, Jonathan, The Hundred Years War I: Trial by Battle, University of Pennsylvania Press, September 1999, ISBN 0-8122-1655-5
• Sumption, Jonathan, The Hundred Years War II: Trial by Fire, University of Pennsylvania Press, October 2001, ISBN 0-8122-1801-9
• Sumption, Jonathan, The Hundred Years War III: Divided Houses, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8122-4223-2
• The Age of Edward III. Edited by J.S. Bothwell. York: York Medieval Press, 2001.
• The Battle of Crecy 1346. Edited by Andrew Ayton and Sir Philip Preston. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2007.
• The Hundred Years War. Edited by Kenneth Fowler. Macmillan, London 1971.
• Vale, Malcolm. The Angevin Legacy and the Hundred Years War, 1250-1340. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd., 1990.
• Villalon, L. J. Andrew, and Donald J. Kagay, eds. The Hundred Years War: A Wider Focus (2005) online edition; also excerpt and text search
• Wagner, John A., Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War, Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, August 2006. ISBN 0-313-32736-X
• War, Government and Power in Late Medieval France. Edited by Christopher Allmand. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000.
• Waugh, Scott L. England in the Reign of Edward III. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
• Wright, Nicholas. Knights and Peasants: The Hundred Years War in the French Countryside. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1998.

External links

• Jeanne d'Arc. Online University research project.
• The Hundred Years War and the History of Navarre
• Timeline of the Hundred Years War
• Extensive website about Joan of Arc
• The Hundred Years' War (1336–1565) by Dr. Lynn H. Nelson, University of Kansas Emeritus
• The Hundred Years' War information and game
• The Company Of Chivalry: Re-enactment Society at the time of the 100 Years War
• Jean Froissart, "On The Hundred Years War (1337–1453)" from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook

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• Hundred Years' War
• 14th century in France
• 15th century in France
• Anglo-French Wars
• Late Middle Ages
• Warfare of the Middle Ages