This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Oakley77 (talk | contribs) at 03:42, 26 July 2012 (Disambiguated: Khwarezmian, Chendai, Rashid al-Din, Hasan, Hassan, Saadi). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Revision as of 03:42, 26 July 2012 by Oakley77 (talk | contribs) (Disambiguated: Khwarezmian, Chendai, Rashid al-Din, Hasan, Hassan, Saadi)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)| Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar | |
|---|---|
| Governor of Yunnan (Karadjang) | |
| In office 1274–1279 | |
| Preceded by | newly created position, previous ruler was King of Dali |
| Succeeded by | Nasr al-Din |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1211 Bukhara |
| Died | 1279 Yunnan |
| Nationality | Khwarezmian |
| Children | Nasr al-Din, Hassan, Hussein, Shan-su-ding-wu-mo-li, Ma-su-hu |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | Yuan dynasty |
Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar al-Bukhari (Template:Lang-fa; Chinese: 赛典赤·赡思丁, pinyin: Sàidiǎnchì Zhānsīdīng) (1211–1279) was Yunnan's first provincial governor in history, appointed by the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.
Life
Shams al-Din was of Persian origin, being a Muslim Khwarezmian from Bukhara. When Genghis Khan attacked the city during the war between the Khwarizmi shah and the Mongols, Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar's family surrendered to him. He served the court of the Mongol Empire. Later, he was in charge of Imperial finances in 1259, sent to Yunnan by Kublai Khan after conquering the Kingdom of Dali in 1274.
The Yüan-shi gives many biographies of distinguished Muslims in the service of the Mongols. A number of them occupied high offices. In chap, cxxv, we find the biography of 赛典赤·赡思丁 Sai-dien-ch'i shan-sse-ding, called also 烏馬兒 Wu-ma-r. He was a Hui-hui and a descendant of the 别菴伯爾 Bie-an-bo-r. In his country Sai-dien-ch'i has the same meaning as 貴族 (noble family) in Chinese. There is a long biography of Sai-dien-ch'i.
In the thirteenth century the influence of individual Muslems was immense, especially that of the Seyyid Edjell Shams ed-Din Omar, who served the Mongol Khans till his death in Yunnan AD 1279. His family still exists in Yunnan, and has taken a prominent part in Muslem affairs in China.
He is identified as the ancestor of many Chinese Hui lineages in Yunnan's Panthay Hui population as well as in Ningxia and Fujian provinces.
A Hui legend in Ningxia links four surnames common in the region - Na, Su, La, and Ding - with the descendants of Shams al-Din's son named Nasruddin, who "divided" their ancestor's name (Nasulading, in Chinese) among themselves. The Ding family of Chendai, Fujian claims descent from him. The Ding family has branches in Taiwan, the Philippines, and Malaysia among the diaspora Chinese communities there, no longer practicing Islam but still maintaining a Hui identity.
The deputy secretary-general of the Chinese Muslim Association on Taiwan, Ishag Ma (馬孝棋), has claimed "Sayyid is an honorable title given to descendants of the Prophet Mohammed, hence Sayyid Shamsuddin must be connected to Mohammed". The Ding (Ting) family in Taisi Township in Yunlin County of Taiwan, traces descent from him through the Ding of Quanzhou in Fujian.
Policy during Governorship.
The widespread presence of Islam is credited to Sayyid Ajjal's work.
Sayyid Ajjal was the one who first brought Islam to Yunnan. He promoted Confucianism and Islam by ordering sonctruction of mosques and temples of Confucianism. Sayyid Ajjal also introduced Confucian education into Yunnan. He was described as making 'the orangutans and butcherbirds became unicorns and phonixes and their felts and furs were exchanged for gowns and caps', and praised by the Regional Superintendent of Confucian studies, He Hongzuo.
Shams al-Din constructed numerous Confucian temples in Yunnan, and promoted Confucian education. He is best known among Chinese for helping sinicize Yunnan province. He also built multiple mosques in Yunnan as well.
Both Marco Polo and Rashid al-Din recorded that Yunnan was heavily populated by Muslims during the Yuan Dynasty, with Rashid naming a city with all Muslim inhabitants as the 'great city of Yachi'. It has been suggested that Yachi was Dali City (Ta-li). Dali had many Hui people.
His son Nasir al-Din became Governor of Yunnan in 1279 after sayyid Ajjal died.
Family
He submitted to Chinghiz (Genghis Khan) when the latter waged war in western Asia, and entered his life-guard. Under Ogotai and Mangu khans he was governor, and held other offices. Kubilai khan appointed him minister (see also the list of the ministers, in the Yuan shi, chap. cxii). He died in Yunnan, where he had been governor. Five sons of Sai-dien-ch'i are mentioned, viz. 納速剌丁 Na-su-la-ding (Nasr-uddin), 哈散 Hasan (Hassan), 忽辛 Hu-sin (Hussein), 剌丁 兀默里 Shan-su-ding wu-mo-li and 馬速忽 Ma-su-hu. All these held high offices.
Na-su-la-ding has a separate biography in the same chapter. He was governor in Yunnan, and distinguished himself in the war with the southern tribes of 交趾 Kiao-chi (Cochin-china) and 緬 Mien (Burma). He died in 1292, the father of twelve sons^ the names of five of which are given in the biography, viz. 伯顏察兒 Bo-yen ch'a-r, who had a high office, 烏馬兒 Wu-ma-r, 答法兒 Dje-fa-r (Djafar), 忽先 Hu-sien (Hussein) and 沙的 Sha-di (Saadi).
The Sai-dien-ch'i of the Chinese authors is without doubt the same personage spoken of by Rashid (D'Ohsson, torn, ii, p. 467) under the name of Sayid Edjell. According to the Persian historian, he was a native of Bokhara, and governor of Karadjang (Yunnan) when Kubilai entered the country, under the reign of Mangu. Subsequently he was appointed vizier, and in the beginning of Kubilai's reign he had charge of the finances. His son Nasruddin was appointed governor in Karadjang, and retained his position in Yunnan till his death, which Rashid, writing about A. D. 1300, says occurred five or six years before (according to the Yüan shi, Na-su-la ding died in 1292). Nasr-uddin's son Abubeker, who had the surname Bayan Fenchan (evidently the Boyen ch'a-r of the Yüan shi), was governor in Zaitun at the time Rashid wrote. He bore also his grandfather's title of Sayid Edjell, and was minister of Finance under Kubilai's successor (D'Ohsson, torn, ii, pp. 476, 507, 508). Nasr-uddin is mentioned by M. Polo, who styles him Nescradin (vol. ii, p. 66).
Sayyid Ajall's oldest son was Nasir al-Din.
Sayyid Ajall was a 26th generation descedant of the Prophet Muhammad and fifth generation descendant of Su fei-erh. In total, had had five sons. He had two tombs, one in Wo-erh-to in Yunnan and another memorial which contained his clothes in Xi'an in Shaanxi province. The author of "The Magnetic Needle of Islam", Ma Chu (1630-1710), was a descendant of Sayyid Ajjal. The d'Ollone expedition during the Qing dynasty recorded that Imam Na Wa-Ch'ing was the leader of the family of descendants of Sayyid Ajall. Ma repaired Sayyid Ajjal's tomb. Another romanization of Ma Chu is "Ma Zhu".
Sayyid Ajjall is the ancestor of many Muslims in areas all across China. Yunnan contained the greatest number of his descendants.
One of his most prominent descendants was Zheng He.
Footnotes
This article incorporates text from The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith, by Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, a publication from 1896, now in the public domain in the United States.- This article incorporates text from The Chinese people: a handbook on China ..., by Arthur Evans Moule, a publication from 1914, now in the public domain in the United States.
- This article incorporates text from Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10, by Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch, a publication from 1876, now in the public domain in the United States.
- This article incorporates text from Notices of the mediæval geography and history of central and western Asia, by E. Bretschneider, a publication from 1876, now in the public domain in the United States.
- This article incorporates text from Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10, by Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North China Branch, Shanghai, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. China Branch, Shanghai Literary and Scientific Society, a publication from 1876, now in the public domain in the United States.
- Greville Stewart Parker Freeman-Grenville, Stuart C. Munro-Hay (2006). Islam: an illustrated history (illustrated, revised ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 226. ISBN 0-8264-1837-6. Retrieved 17th of July, 2011.
Yunnan - centuries later destined to achieve a brief autonomy as a rebellious Muslim state ~is said, after the Mongol conquest, to have been given to Sayyid Ajall Shams al-Din 'Umar as governor, who introduced Islam there. His son Nasr al-Din's victory over the king of Mien (Burma, now Myanmar) was recorded by Marco Polo (1277)
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - Sir Thomas Walker Arnold (1896). The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith. WESTMINSTER: A. Constable and co. p. 248. Retrieved 2011-05-29.
several Muhammadans also occupying high posts under the Mongol Khaqaans : such were 'Abdu-r Rahman, wh9o in 1244 was appointed head of the Imperial finances and allowed to farm the taxes imposed upon China 1 ; and Sayyid Ajal, a native of Bukhara, to whom Khubilay Khan, on his accesion in 1259, entrusted the management of the Imperial finances ; he died in 1270, leaving a high reputation for honesty, and was succeeded by another Muhammadan named Ahmad, who on the other hand left behind him a reputation the very reverse of that of his predecessor.
(Original from the University of California) - (Original from Harvard University)Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch (1876). Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10. NEW SERIES No. X. SHANGHAI: Printed At The "CELESTIAL EMPIBE" Office 10-HANKOW BOAD—10.: The Branch. p. 121. Retrieved December 20 2011.
The conquests of Chinghiz and his successors had opened a highway of communication between the east and the west of Asia; and western people began to frequent the far east, and even to fettle there. The Mongol emperors patronized the colonization of China by foreigners; and with respect to the Mohammedans, it seems, that since Hulagu khan the brother of Mangu khan, ruled over western Asia, emigration from Persia to China had considerably increased. I think it not unlikely, that the Mohammedans now scattered over the whole of China proper, and forming large communities especially in the provinces of Kansu, Shansi and Chili, are for the greater part descendants of those Saracens mentioned by M. Polo in the same provinces. Kashid-eddin states, in his description of China (Yule's Cathay, p. 269), that in his time all the inhabitants of Karadjang (or Yunnan) were Mohammendans; and I feel tolerably certain also, that the Mohammedan power, which suddenly rose in the Chinese province of Yunnan, about ten years ago, may be traced back to the time of the Mongol emperors. 43. The Yuan-thi gives many biographies of distinguished Mohammedans in the service of the Mongols. A number of them occupied high offices. I may quote the names of the Hui-ho met with in the history of the Mongols, and notice occasionally some particulars from their biographies. In chap, cxxv, we find the biography of £ J
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|3=(help); Text "^ JJJ J§L "J* Sai-dien-ch'i shansse-ding, called also ,B" ignored (help); Text "^ Wu-ma-r. He was a Hui-hui and a descendant of the jjjlj ^jSf ffj jgf Bie-an-bo-r.1» In his country Sai-dien-ch'i has the same meaning as jgf J£ (noble family) in Chinese. There is a long biography of Sai-dien-ch'i, "The Mohammedan authors also mention Chinghiz' encamping there, but they speak of a river Baldjuna (D'Ohsson, torn, i, p. 72). The Baldjuna lake or river seems to have been somewhere near the Kerulun rirer. D'Ohsson locates it too far northward. T1 Alacush tikin euri of Rashid, chief of the tribe of the Onguts (D'Ohsson, torn, i, p. 84). See also above, 3. '■ The river Argun, a tributary of the Amur. It comes out from the northern corner of the lake Kulon nor, into which the Kerulun empties itself from the south. '• Pcighambcr in Tersian means "prophet."" ignored (help); line feed character in|quote=at position 1078 (help)CS1 maint: location (link) - (Original from Harvard University )E. Bretschneider (1876). Notices of the mediæval geography and history of central and western Asia. LONDON : TRÜBNER & CO., 57 AND 59, LUDGATE HILL: Trübner & co. p. 47. Retrieved December 20 2011.
The conquests of Chinghiz and his successors had opened a highway of communication between the east and the west of Asia; and western people began to frequent the far east, and even to settle there. The Mongol emperors patronized the colonization of China by foreigners; and with respect to the Mohammedans, it seems, that since Hulagu khan the brother of Mangu khan, ruled over western Asia, emigration from Persia to China had considerably increased. I think it not unlikely, that the Mohammedans now scattered over the whole of China proper, and forming large communities especially in the provinces of Kansu, Shansi and Chili,' are for the greater part descendants of those Saracens mentioned by M. Polo in the same provinces. Rashid-eddin states, in his description of China (Yule's Cathay, p. 269), that in his time all the inhabitants of Karadjang (or Yunnan) were Mohammendans; and I feel tolerably certain also, that the Mohammedan power, which suddenly rose in the Chinese province of Yunnan, about ten years ago, may be traced back to the time of the Mongol emperors. 43. The Yuan-shi gives many biographies of distinguished Mohammedans in the service of the Mongols. A number of them occupied high offices. I may quote the names of the Hui-ho met with in the history of the Mongols, and notice occasionally some particulars from their biographies. In chap. cxxv, we find the biography of
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|7=(help); Text ""J* Sai-dien-ch'i shan-sse-ding, called also J} Jg IjJ Wvrma-r. He was a Hui-hui and a descendant of the JjlJ ^jj* f" ignored (help); Text "J Bie-an-bo-r.73 In his country Sai-dien-ch'i has the same meaning as ^ (noble family) in Chinese. There is a long biography of Sai-dien-ch'i, 7 0 The Mohammedan authors also mention Chinghiz' encamping tb-eTe' but they speak of a river Baldjuna (D'Ohsson, tom, i, p. 72), The Baldjuna lake or river seems to have been somewhere near the Kerulun river. D'Ohsson locates it too far northw ard. 71 Alacush tikin curi of Rashid, chief of the tribe of the Onguts (D'Ohsson, tom, i, p. 84). See also above, 3. "The river Argun, a tributary of the Amv/r. It comes out from the northern corner of the lake Kulon nor, into which the Kpruhm empties itself from the south. - (Original from the University of Michigan )Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10. NEW SERIES No. X. SHANGHAI: Printed At The "CELESTIAL EMPIBE" Office 10-HANKOW BOAD—10.: Kelly & Walsh. 1876. p. 121. Retrieved December 20 2011.
The conquests of Chinghiz and his successors had opened a highway of communication between the east and the vest of Asia; and western people began to frequent the far east, and even to fettle there. The Mongol emperors patronized the colonization of China by foreigners; and with respect to the Mohammedans, it seems, that since Hulagu khan the brother of Mangu khan, ruled over western Asia, emigration from Persia to China had considerably increased. I think it not unlikely, that the Mohammedans now scattered over the whole of China proper, and forming large communities especially in the provinces of Kansu, Shansi and Chili, are for the greater part descendants of those Saracens mentioned by M. Polo in the same provinces. Rashid-eddin 6tates, in his description of China (Yule's Cathay, p. 269), that in his time all the inhabitants of Karadjang (or Yunnan) were Mohammendans; and I feel tolerably certain also, that the Mohammedan power, which suddenly rose in the Chinese province of Yunnan, about ten years ago, may be traced back to the time of the Mongol emperors. 43. The Yiian-thi gives many biographies of distinguished Mohammedans in the service of the Mongols. A number of them occupied high offices. I may quote the names of the Hui-ho met with in the history of the Mongols, and notice occasionally some particulars from their biographies. In chap, exxv, we find the biography of *£§ j8l jfe Jj
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|1=and|5=(help); Text "Bie-an-bo-r.7 J In his country Sai-dien-ch'i has the same meaning as jlf jfe (noble family) in Chinese. There is a long biography of Sai-dien-ch'i, »• The Mohammedan authors also mention Cliinghiz' encamping there, but they speak of a river Baldjuna (D'Ohsson, torn, i, p. 72), The Baldjuna lake or river seems to have been somewhere near the Keruluu river. D'Ohsson locates it too far northward. »> Alacush tikin curi of Rashid, chief of the tribe of tho Onguts (D'Ohsson, torn, i, p. 84). See also above, 3. '• The river Argun, a tributary of the Amur. It comes out from the northern corner of the lake Kulon nor, into which the Kerulun empties itself from the south. "Peiijhaviber in Persian means "prophet."" ignored (help); Text "Jg "J* Sai-dien-cKi shan-sse-ding, called also Jj ffi EJ Wu-ma-r. He was a Hui-hui and a descendant of the j}" ignored (help); Text "j$" ignored (help); line feed character in|quote=at position 1078 (help)CS1 maint: location (link) - Arthur Evans Moule (1914). The Chinese people: a handbook on China ... LONDON : Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Northumberland Avenue W.C. : 43 Queen Victoria Street. E.C.: Society for promoting Christian knowledge. p. 317. Retrieved 17th of July, 2011.
their Mosques at Ganfu (Canton) during the T'ang dynasty (a.d. 618—907) is certain, and later they spread to Ch'iian-chou and to Kan-p'u, Hangchow, and perhaps to Ningpo and Shanghai. These were not preaching or proselytising inroads, but commercial enterprises, and in the latter half of the eighth century there were Moslem troops in Shensi, 3,000 men, under Abu Giafar, coming to support the dethroned Emperor in A.d. 756. In the thirteenth century the influence of individual Moslems was immense, especially that of the Seyyid Edjell Shams ed-Din Omar, who served the Mongol Khans till his death in Yunnan A.d. 1279. His family still exists in Yunnan, and has taken a prominent part in Moslem affairs in China. The present Moslem element in China is most numerous in Yunnan and Kansu; and the most learned Moslems reside chiefly in Ssuch'uan, the majority of their books being printed in the capital city, Ch'eng-tu. Kansu is perhaps the most dominantly Mohammedan province in China, and here many different sects are found, and mosques with minarets used by the orthodox muezzin calling to prayer, and in one place veiled women are met with. These, however, are not Turks or Saracens, but for the most part pure Chinese. The total Moslem population is probably under 4,000,000, though other statistical estimates, always uncertain in China, vary from thirty to ten millions; but the figures given here are the most reliable at present obtainable, and when it is remembered that Islam in China has not been to any great extent a preaching or propagandist power by
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); line feed character in|quote=at position 715 (help)CS1 maint: location (link)(Original from Harvard University) - Dillon, Michael (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Routledge. p. 22. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4.
- Angela Schottenhammer (2008). Angela Schottenhammer (ed.). The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 123. ISBN 3-447-05809-9. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- Loa Iok-Sin / STAFF REPORTER (Sun, Aug 31, 2008). "FEATURE : Taisi Township re-engages its Muslim roots". Taipei Times. p. 4. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - M. Th Houtsma (1993). First encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. BRILL. p. 847. ISBN 90-04-09796-1. Retrieved December 20 2011.
Although Saiyid-i Adjall certainly did much for the propogation of Islam in Yunnan, it is his son Nasir al-Din to whom is ascribed the main credit for its dissemination. He was a minister and at first governed the province of Shansi : he later became governor of Yunnan where he died in 1292 and was succeeded by his brother Husain. It cannot be too strongly emphasised that the direction of this movement was from the interior, from the north. The Muhammadan colonies on the coast were hardly affected by it. On the other hand it may safely be assumed that the Muslims of Yunnan remained in constant communication with those of the northern provinces of Shensi and Kansu.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - (Original from the University of Virginia)Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7-8. The Institute. 1986. p. 385. Retrieved December 20 2011.
certain that Muslims of Central Asian originally played a major role in the Yuan (Mongol) conquest and subsequent rule of south-west China, as a result of which a distinct Muslim community was established in Yunnan by the late 13th century A.D. Foremost amongst these soldier-administrators was Sayyid al-Ajall Shams al-Din Umar al-Bukhari (Ch. Sai-tien-ch'ih shan-ssu-ting). a court official and general of Turkic origin who participated in the Mongol invasion of Szechwan. . .And Yunnan in c. 1252, and who became Yuan Governor of the latter province in 1274-79. Shams al-Din - who is widely believed by the Muslims of Yunnan to have introduced Islam to the region - is represented as a wise and benevolent ruler, who successfully "pacified and comforted" the people of Yunnan, and who is credited with building Confucian temples, as well as mosques and schools
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ( )Thant Myint-U (2011). Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia. Macmillan. ISBN 1-4668-0127-1. Retrieved December 20 2011.
claimed descent from the emir of Bokhara. . .and was appointed as the top administrator in Yunnan in the 1270s. Today the Muslims of Yunnan regard him as the founder of their community, a wise and benevolent ruler who 'pacified and comforted' the peoples of Yunnan. Sayyid Ajall was officially the Director of Political Affairs of the Regional Secretariat of Yunnan. . . According to Chinese records, he introduced new agricultural technologies, constructed irrigation systems, and tried to raise living standards. Though a Muslims, he built or rebuilt Confucian temples and created a Confucian education system. His contemporary, He Hongzuo, the Regional Superintendent of Confucian studies, wrote that through his efforts 'the orangutans and butcherbirds became unicorns and phonixes and their felts and furs were exchanged for gowns and caps'. . .
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - Michael Dillon (1999). China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- (Original from the University of Virginia)Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7-8. The Institute. 1986. p. 174. Retrieved December 20 2011.
from the Yuan Dynasty, and indicated further Muslim settlement in northeastern and especially southwestern Yunnan. Marco Polo, who travelled through Yunnan "Carajan" at the beginning of the Yuan period, noted the presence of "Saracens" amongst the population. Similarly, the Persian historian Rashid al-Din (died 1318 A.D.) recorded in his Jami' ut-Tawarikh that the 'great city of Yachi' in Yunnan was exclusively inhabited by Muslims.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - (Original from the University of Virginia)Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7-8. The Institute. 1986. p. 387. Retrieved December 20 2011.
when Maroco Polo visited Yunnan in the early Yuan period he noted the presence of "Saracens" amongst the population whilst the Persian historian Rashid al-Din (died 1318 A.D.) recorded in his Jami' ut-Tawarikh that 'the great city of Yachi' in Yunnan was exclusively inhabited by Muslims. Rashid al-Din may have been referring to the region around Ta-li in western Yunnan, which was to emerge as the earliest centre of Hui Muslim settlement in the province.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ( )Thant Myint-U (2011). Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia. Macmillan. ISBN 1-4668-0127-1. Retrieved December 20 2011.
In this way, Yunnan became known to the Islamic world. When Sayyid Ajall died in 1279 he was succeeded by his son Nasir al-Din who governed for give years and led the invasion of Burma. His younger brother became the Transport Comissioner and the entire family entrenched their influence.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - (Original from the University of Virginia)Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7-8. The Institute. 1986. p. 385. Retrieved December 20 2011.
On his death he was succeeded by his eldest son, Nasir al-Din (Ch. Na-su-la-ting, the "Nescradin" of Marco Polo), who governed Yunnan between 1279 and I284. Whilst Arab and South Asian Muslims, pioneers of the maritime expansion of Islam in the Bay of Bengal, must have visited the
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - (Original from Harvard University)Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch (1876). Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10. NEW SERIES No. X. SHANGHAI: Printed At The "CELESTIAL EMPIBE" Office 10-HANKOW BOAD—10.: The Branch. p. 122. Retrieved December 20 2011.
from which we learn that he submitted to Chinhiz when the latter waged war in western Asia, and entered his life-guard. Under Ogotai and Mangu khans he was governor, and held other offices. Kubilai khan appointed him minister (see also the list of the ministers, in the Yuan shi, chap. cxii). He died in Yunnan, where he had been governor. Five sons of Sai-dien-ch'i are mentioned, viz. ffli ~X Nasvrla-ding (Nasr-uddin), Bj^ ^ Hasan (Hassan), ^ Hu-sin (Hussein),
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|1=and|6=(help); Text "_ Shan-su-ding mi-moli and ,B" ignored (help); Text "j" ignored (help); Text "jgf "J" j£ Jjjj j" ignored (help); Text "jgj Masu-hu. All these held high offices. Nasu-la-ding has a separate biography in the same chapter. He was governor in Yunnan, and distinguished himself in the war with the southern tribes of •?£ gj; Kiao-chi (Cochin-china) and jjjjj Mien (Burma). He died in 1292, the father of twelve sons^ the names of five of which are given in the biography, viz. fjjj" ignored (help); line feed character in|quote=at position 444 (help); line feed character in|§££ IjJ Bo-yen ch'a-r,1* who had a high office, ^ (B=at position 79 (help)CS1 maint: location (link) - (Original from Harvard University )E. Bretschneider (1876). Notices of the mediæval geography and history of central and western Asia. LONDON : TRÜBNER & CO., 57 AND 59, LUDGATE HILL: Trübner & co. p. 48. Retrieved December 20 2011.
from which we learn that he submitted to Chinhiz when the latter waged war in western Asia, and entered his life-guard. Under Ogotai and Mangu khans he was governor, and held other offices. Kubilai khan appointed him minister (see also the list of the ministers, in the Yuan shi, chap. cxii). He died in Yunnan, where he had been governor. Five sons of Sai-dien-ch'i are mentioned, viz. 3^ jli ~T Na-su-to-dvy (Nasr-uddin), ^ Ha-san (Hassan), ^ ^Hu-sin(Hussein), H j$i ~J" 7G .3. Shan-su-ding wu-moli and jfo Ma-su-hu. All these held high offices. Na-su-la-ding has a separate biography in the same chapter. Ha was governor in Yunnan, and distinguished himself in the war with the southern tribes of 3jg g£ Kiad-chi (Cochin-china) and jgg Mien (Burma). He died in 1292, the father of twelve sons, the names of five of which are given in the biography, viz. fjjj
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|3=(help); Text "^ Wu-ma-r, '# i£ 52, Dje-fa-r (Djafar), & % Hu-sien (Hussein) and fft Sha-di (Saadi). The Sai-dien-ch'i of the Chinese authors is without doubt the same personage spoken of by Hashid (D'Ohsson, tom, ii, p. 467) under the name of Sayid EdjelI. According to the Persian historian, he was a native of Bokhara, and governor of Karadjang (Yunnan) when Kubilai entered the country, under the reign of Mangu. Subsequently he was appointed vizier, and in the beginning of Kubilai's reign he had charge of the finances. His son Nasruddin was appointed governor in Karadjang, and retained his position in Yunnan till his death, which Rashid, writing about A. D. 1300, says occurred five or six years before (according to the Yuan shi, Na-su-la ding died in 1292). Nasr-uddin's son Abubeker, who had the surname Bayan Fenchan (evidently the Boyen ch'a-r of the Yuan shi), was governor in Zaitun at the time Rashid wrote. He bore also his grandfather's title of Sayid Edjell, and was minister of Finance under Kubilai's successor (D'Ohsson, tom, ii, pp. 476, 507, 508). Nasr-uddin is mentioned by M. Polo, who styles him Nescradin (vol. ii, p. 66). 44. In chap. cxxiii of the Yuan shi, we find the biography of Prj i£" ignored (help); Text "g jj££ ^ Bo-yen eWa-r,7* who had a high office, JB" ignored (help); line feed character in|J %i AS <S A-la-wa-r-sze, who is stated there to have been a Hui-ho and a native of j\ ^ 3=at position 285 (help); line feed character in|quote=at position 548 (help)CS1 maint: location (link) - (Original from the University of Michigan )Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10. NEW SERIES No. X. SHANGHAI: Printed At The "CELESTIAL EMPIBE" Office 10-HANKOW BOAD—10.: Kelly & Walsh. 1876. p. 122. Retrieved December 20 2011.
from which we learn that he submitted to Chinhiz when the latter waged war in western Asia, and entered his life-guard. Under Ogotai and Mangu khans he was governor, and held other offices. Kubilal khan appointed him minister (see also the list of the ministers, in the Yiian shi, chap. cxii). He died in Yunnan, where he had been governor. Five sons of Sai-dien-ch'i are mentioned, viz. j£ ^'J T NarSUrlarding (Nasr-uddin), Vfe ^ Hasan (Hassan), j^J Hu-sin (Hussein), f
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|4=(help); Text "^ Wu-ma-r, 5i Dje-fa-r (Djafar), JJ* Husien (Hussein) and fty fa§ Sha-di (Saadi). The Sai-dien-ch'i of the Chinese authors is without doubt the same personage spoken of by Itashid (D'Ohsson, torn, ii, p. 467) under the name of Sayid Edjell. According to the Persian historian, he was a native of Bokhara, and governor of Karadjang (Yunnan) when Kubilal entered the country, under the reign of Mangu. Subsequently he was appointed vizier, and in the beginning of Kubilai's reign he had charge of the finances. His son Nasrvddin was appointed governor in Karadjang, and retained his position in Yunnan till his death, which Itashid, writing about A. D. 1300, says occurred five or six years before (according to the Yuan shi, Na-su-la dimj died in 1292). Nasr-uddin's son Abtobeker, who had the surname Bayan Fenchan (evidently the Boyen ch'a-r of the Yiian shi), was governor in Zaitun at the time Itashid wrote. He bore also his grandfather's title of Sayid Edjell, and was minister of Finance under Kubilai's successor (D'Ohsson, torn, ii, pp. 476, 507, 508). Xasr-uddin is mentioned by M. Polo, who styles him Nescradin (vol. ii, p. 66). 44. In chap, cxxiii of the Yuan shi, we find the biography of Pi? J 15 ^ A-la-wu-r-szc, who is stated there to have been a Hai-ho and a native of /\ ^ Ba-wa-r (probably Baurd a city of Khorassan of which I shall speak further on, in Part VI). He was commander of a thousand in his own country. When Chinghiz arrived at Ba-wa-r, he surrendered and entered his army. His son A-lu-VM-ding (Alai-eddin) was a valiant warrior in Kubilai's 71 Tins Bo-yen is not to lie confounded with the eminent general of the same name, who was a Mongol, and who is mentioned as Bayan Chiticsan by M. Polo (vol. ii, p. 107). The biography of tins valiant captain is found in the Yiinn .<//(', chap, cxxvii. Jlc is also spoken of by the IVi-sinn historians." ignored (help); Text "jjf Masurhu. All these held high offices. Nasu-la-ding has a separate biography in the same chapter. He was governor in Yunnan, and distinguished himself in the war with the southern tribes of -jj* gt Kiao-chi (Cochin-china) and ggj Mien (Burma). He died in 1292, the father of twelve sons, the names of five of which are given in the biography, viz. fjgj gg §J Bo-yen ch'a-r,ni who had a high office, Js Jjj" ignored (help); Text "j£ "J* JL Shan-svrding wu-mo li and J§" ignored (help); line feed character in|quote=at position 388 (help)CS1 maint: location (link) - ( )Stephen G. Haw (2006). Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan. Vol. Volume 3 of Routledge studies in the early history of Asia (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 164. ISBN 0-415-34850-1. Retrieved December 20 2011.
Nasir al-Din (Nasulading) was the eldest son of Sa'id Ajall Shams al-Din (see Chapter 7) and followed his father in holding high office in the government of Yunnan. He led campaigns to subjugate various peoples of the province, including the Gold Teeth, and also commanded the invasion of Mien and took part in fighting in Annam. He was rewarded with titles and gifts of money for his prowess. In 1291, he was moved to the government of Shaanxi province, but died of illness the following year (YS: liezhuan 12, 1936). He did not, in fact, command the Mongol army that defeated the invasion by the King of Mien in 1277, as Marco state (MP/Lathan: 185; MP/Hambis: 310). He did, howeer, lead the attack on Mien immediately afterwards that followed up the defeat of the King's army (see Chapter 7).
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - M. Th Houtsma (1993). First encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. BRILL. p. 847. ISBN 90-04-09796-1. Retrieved December 20 2011.
Cingiz Khan took as one of his officers a man who was said to come from Bukhara and claimed to be a descendant of the Prophet, namely Shams al-Din 'Omar, known as Saiyid-i Adjall. . . with notices of his sons Nasir al-Din, the Nescradin of Marco Polo, and Husain. . . According to Fa-Hsiang, Saiyid-i Adjall was the fifth descendant of a certain Su fei-erh (Sufair?) and 26th in line from the Prophet. . . appointed him governor of Yunnan to restore order there. He was afterwards also given the honorary title "Prince of Hsien Yang". He left five sons and nineteen grandsons. Lepage rightly doubts the authenticity of the genealogical table in Fa-Hsiang. . . According to the usual statements Saiyid-i Adjall came originally from Bukhara and governed Yunnan from 1273 till his death in 1279; he was buried in Wo-erh-to near his capital. His tomb here with its inscriptions was first discovered by the d'Ollone expedition and aroused great interest particularly as there was a second tomb, also with inscription, in Singan-fu. It has now been ascertained that the second grave in Shensi is a cenotaph which only contained the court-dress of the dead governor. . . Among the further descendants may be mentioned Ma Chu (c. 1630-1710) (in the fourteenth generation) who was a learned scholar and published his famous work "The Magnetic Needle of Islam" in 1685; he supervised the renovation of the tomb and temple of his ancestor Saiyid-i Adjall; one of the inscriptions on the tomb is by him. The present head of the family is Na Wa-Ch'ing, Imam of a mosque in the province (d'Ollone, p. 182)
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ( )E. J. van Donzel (1994). E. J. van Donzel (ed.). Islamic desk reference (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 67. ISBN 90-04-09738-4. Retrieved December 20 2011.
Genghis Khan took as one of his officers Shams al-Din 'Umar, known as Sayyid-i Ajall, who was said to come from Bukhara and claimed to be a descendant of the Prophet. According to the usual statements, Sayyid-i Ajall governed Yunnan from 1273 till his death in 1279. The main credit for the dissemination of Islam in Yunnan is ascribed to Sayyid-i Ajall's son, Nasir al-Din (the Nescradin of Marco Polo; d. 1292). A further descendant was Ma Chu (ca. 1630-1710) who published a famous work, called "The Magnetic Needle of Islam".
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ( )Raphael Israeli (2002). Islam in China: religion, ethnicity, culture, and politics. Lexington Books. p. 284. ISBN 0-7391-0375-X. Retrieved December 20 2011.
At least two fo the commanders in chief. . . were Arabs: Amid Sayyid Bayan (Po-yen, Boyan) (1235-94) and Amid Sayyid Adjall (Edjell) Shams al-Din 'Umar (1211-70). the Khan decreed them to be second-class citizens of the Mongol Empire. . . One of Kubilay's Muslim commanders was the Bukharan, who claimed to be a sayyid, i.e. descendant of the Prophet, Shams al-Din 'Umar, called Sayyid Adjall, given by the Great Khan the transliterated Chinese title Sai-tien-ek'e (Saidanche). He was Kubilay's governor of the southwestern Chinese province of Yunnan for the period 1273 till his death in 1279. He was buried there, and his tomb, with its inscriptions, was subsequently discovered at the opening of the twentieth century by the French Mission d'Ollone; a second grave also exists at Hsi-an (Xian), also with an inscription, this being a cenotaph which only contained the dead governor's ceremonial court dress
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ( )Raphael Israeli (2002). Islam in China: religion, ethnicity, culture, and politics. Lexington Books. p. 284. ISBN 0-7391-0375-X. Retrieved December 20 2011.
Sayyid Adjall probably did much for the spread of Islam in Yunnan, but it is his son Nasir al-Din who is given the main credit for its spread there. The latter had been governor of Shenxi, and when he died in Yunnan as governor there in 1292, he was succeeded by his brother Husayn. Other sons of Sayyid Adjall and their sons in turn hold high office under the Yuan emperors, and the family remained famous in Chinese life. Thus the famous scholar Ma Zhu (Mazhu) (ca. 1630-1710) supervised the renovation
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ( )Meaghan Morris, Brett De Bary, ed. (2001). "Race" panic and the memory of migration. Vol. Volume 2 of Traces (Ithaca, N.Y.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 297. ISBN 962-209-561-5. Retrieved December 20 2011.
In addition to the Muslim soldiers and officials who had arrived with the Mongol forces in Yunnan in 1253, many other Muslims settled here as well, and within 50 years the Muslim population of the region was sufficiently large to be noted by both Rashid al-Din (the Persian historian) and Marco Polo in their writings. . .Among Sayyid 'Ajall's twelve sons and numerous grandsons, many served throughout China and there are Muslim communities scattered across the country who can trace their genealogies back to him. The largest number, however, remained in Yunnan. His eldest son, Nasir al-Din (Ch. Na-su-la-ding), also held a high office in Yunnan, and is commonly credited with providing the source for traditional Han Chinese surnames that all Muslims were required by the state to adopt during the Ming period (1368–1644). In Yunnan, after Ma (the surname which derives from the transliteration of the name of the Prophet Mohammad) the most common surnames for Muslims are Na, Su, La, and Ding.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Shih-Shan Henry Tsai: Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle. Washington Press 2002, p. 38 (restricted online copy, p. 38, at Google Books)