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The Main Plot was a conspiracy by English Catholics, allegedly led by lay Catholic Lord Cobham, to remove King James I of England from the English throne, replacing him by aid of Spain with his cousin Arabella (or Arbella) Stuart.

The plot involved George Brooke and Lord Grey of Wilton raising a regiment and marching on London to take over the government. Henry Brooke, 8th Lord Cobham, was to act as a negotiator. In the version of the plot presented at trial, Cobham was negotiating with the court of Aremberg to contact the Spanish court for a very large sum of money (approximately one-hundred and sixty thousand pounds). He was to travel to Brussels, then to Spain, collect the money, and go back to England via Jersey, where Walter Ralegh was governor. Ralegh and Cobham were then to divide up the money and decide how best to spend it in furtherance of sedition.

The plot was discovered by questioning prisoners arrested in connection with the Bye Plot. In particular, George Brooke, brother of Lord Cobham, had been involved in the Main plot (or "the treason at Maine"). He apparently believed that he could bolster his position by informing on his brother. It is exceptionally unlikely that Walter Ralegh, in particular, had any culpability in the plot.

If George Brooke thought that informing on his brother would help him in his how trial for the Bye plot, he was wrong, as Brooke was executed with the other Bye plot conspirators in 1603. Cobham, too, was executed for his involvement in the Main plot in 1618. Ralegh was sentenced to the Tower of London for thirteen years and was eventually released.

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