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Revision as of 05:07, 25 December 2012 by Moonraker (talk | contribs) (m)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)Hans Severus Ziegler (born 13 October 1893 in Eisenach - died 1 May 1978 in Bayreuth) was a German publicist, intendant, teacher and Nazi Party official. A leading cultural director under the Nazis, he was closely associated with the censorship and cultural co-ordination of the Third Reich.
Early years
Ziegler was the son of a banker and, through his mother, the grandson of Gustav Schirmer. His grandmother, the American-born Mary Francis Schirmer was a close friend of Cosima Wagner and from an early age Ziegler was attracted to the militant nationalism in which the Wagner family were steeped. Ziegler studied German literature at university, completing his education to doctoral standard. He became a journalist, writing mostly for extreme right organs such as the Deutsche Wochen-Zeitung.
On 31 March 1925 Ziegler became a member of the Nazi Party, with his membership number being the comparatively low 1317. From 1925 to 1931 he worked under Wilhelm Frick in Thuringia, serving as deputy gauleiter from 1930 to 1931. In 1928 he was appointed head of the Militant League for German Culture. It was also Ziegler who in 1926 came up with the name Hitler Youth for the Nazi youth movement. Ziegler was a close friend of the Schirach family and in 1925 he had introduced Baldur von Schirach, who would go on to lead the Hilter Youth, to Adolf Hitler.
Ziegler was associated with the hard-line racialist wing of the Nazi Party, which looked to Alfred Rosenberg as its champion. In keeping with this wing he was particularly staunch in his anti-Semitism.
Under the Nazis
In 1933 Ziegler was appointed to the Council of State and as a member of the State Government of Thuringia. In addition, he served as President of the Deutsche Schillerstiftung and Reich culture Senator. In 1936, he was appointed the General Manager of the Deutsches Nationaltheater and Staatskapelle Weimar and State Commissioner for the State Theatre in Thuringia. In 1935 he was placed on leave whilst he was investigated for alleged breaches of Paragraph 175, the anti-gay legislation, although the case was dropped.
Ziegler played a leading role in promoting the Nazi vision of culture, particularly with regards to "degenerate" music. He was a strong critic of atonality, dismissing it as decadent "cultural Bolshevism". He curated the Entartete Musik exhibition in Dusseldorf, with Karol Rathaus and Wilhelm Grosz amongst those to receive the strongest condemnation in the pamphlet he wrote to accompany the exhibition. Whilst working under Frick in Thuringia Ziegler had also overseen the removal of modern art pieces from museums and public buildings and helped to bring about a crackdown on the "glorification of Negroidism" by restricting the performance of jazz music. Promulgated in his 1930 edict Against Negro Culture, the Thuringian foreshadowed the co-ordination of culutre that was to happen under the Nazi government. Entartete Musik would continue Ziegler's crusade against jazz, whilst also condemning Ernst Krenek's opera Jonny spielt auf as the archetype of Weimar Republic decadence and miscegenation.
Post-war
In the Soviet occupation zone several of Ziegler's writings, as well as a book about him, were placed on the Liste der auszusondernden Literatur (list of banned literature).
After the war he worked as a representative for Gaststättenporzellan and subsequently as a private tutor in Essen. He also directed a private theatre from 1952 to 1954. Politically he was active in Deutsches Kulturwerk Europäischen Geistes, an extreme right study group established in 1950. In this role he became a regular guest of Winifred Wagner, who regularly hosted such other far right luminaries as Adolf von Thadden, Edda Göring and Oswald Mosley.
References
- Richard A. Etlin, Art, Culture, and Media Under the Third Reich, University of Chicago Press, 2002, p. 51
- Gerwin Strobl, The Swastika and the Stage: German Theatre and Society, 1933-1945, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p. 9
- Jonathan Petropoulos, The Faustian Bargain: The Art World in Nazi Germany, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 149
- ^ Fred K. Prieberg, Handbuch Deutsche Musiker 1933–1945, CD-Rom-Lexikon, Kiel 2004, p. 7967
- ^ Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 978-3-596-16048-8, p. 694.
- Michael H Kater, Hitler Youth, Harvard University Press, 2006, p. 17
- Beate Müller, Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age, Rodopi, 2004, p. 78
- Alan E Steinweis, Studying the Jew: Scholarly Antisemitism in Nazi Germany, Harvard University Press, , 2008, p. 10
- ^ Ernst Klee, Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 978-3-10-039326-5, p. 682
- Celia Applegate, Pamela Potter, Music and German National Identity, University of Chicago Press, 2002, p. 208
- Werner Eugen Mosse, Julius Carlebach, Second chance: two centuries of German-speaking Jews in the United Kingdom, Mohr Siebeck, 1991, p. 280
- Alan E. Steinweis, Art, Ideology & Economics in Nazi Germany: The Reich Chambers of Music, Theater, and the Visual Arts, Univ of North Carolina Press, 1993, p. 24
- Strobl, The Swastika and the Stage, p. 116
- David Blake, Hanns Eisler, Hanns Eisler: A Miscellany, Routledge, 1995, p. 398
- Richard S. Levy, Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia Of Prejudice And Persecution, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 476
- Deutsche Verwaltung für Volksbildung in der sowjetischen Besatzungszone, Liste der auszusondernden Literatur, 1946
- Deutsche Verwaltung für Volksbildung in der sowjetischen Besatzungszone, Liste der auszusondernden Literatur, 1948
- Klee, Kulturlexikon, p. 683
- Gottfried Wagner, Wer nicht mit dem Wolf heult – Autobiographische Aufzeichnungen eines Wagner-Urenkels (Cologne, 1997), p. 69