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Anti-Armenianism (Template:Lang-hy Hakahaykakanut'yun), also known as Armenophobia (հայատյացություն hayatyatsu'tyun) is the anti-Armenian sentiment, the fear, dislike of, hatred or aversion to the Armenians, Republic of Armenia and the Armenian culture.

Modern anti-Armenianism often seems to lack a racial and cultural basis and appears to be based more on geopolitics and history, in addition to diplomatic and strategic interests, involving the modern states of Turkey and Azerbaijan, although these prejudices usually extend to the widespread Armenian Diaspora. These facts do not themselves always imply a direct hate towards Armenians as a nation or ethnic group, as they tend to reflect the various historical and political tensions between these countries. Modern Anti-Armenianism is usually associated with either extreme opposition to the actions or existence of the Armenian Republic, historical falsifications, belief in an Armenian conspiracy to fabricate history and manipulate public and political opinion for political gain.

By location

Ottoman Empire and Turkey

See also: Racism and discrimination in Turkey

Although it was possible for Armenians to achieve status and wealth in the Ottoman Empire, as a community they were never accorded more than "second-class citizen" status and were regarded as fundamentally alien to the Muslim character of Ottoman society. In 1895, revolts among the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire lead to Sultan Abdül Hamid's decision to massacre tens of thousands of Armenians in the Hamidian massacres. During World War I, the Ottoman government massacred between 1 and 1.5 million Armenians in the Armenian Genocide. The position of the current Turkish government, however, is that the Armenians who died were casualties of the expected hardships of war, the casualties cited are exaggerated, and that the 1915 events could not be considered a genocide. This position has been criticized in a letter from the International Association of Genocide Scholars to the Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

The difficulties currently experienced by the Armenian minority in Turkey are a result of an anti-Armenian attitude by ultra-nationalist groups such as the Grey Wolves. According to Minority Rights Group, while the government recognizes Armenians as minorities but as used in Turkey, this term denotes second-class status. In 2004, Belge Films, the film's distributor in Turkey pulled the release of Atom Egoyan's Ararat, after receiving threats from the Grey Wolves.

The Ankara Chamber of Commerce included a documentary, accusing the Armenian people of slaughtering Turks, with their paid tourism advertisements in the June 6, 2005 edition of the magazine TIME Europe. Time Europe later apologized for allowing the inclusion of the DVDs and published a critical letter signed by five French organizations. The February 12, 2007 edition of Time Europe included an acknowledgment of the truth of the Armenian Genocide and a DVD of a documentary by French director Laurence Jourdan about the genocide.

Hrant Dink, the editor of the weekly bilingual newspaper Agos, was assassinated in Istanbul on January 19, 2007, by Ogün Samast. He was reportedly acting on the orders of Yasin Hayal, a militant Turkish ultra-nationalist. For his statements on Armenian identity and the Armenian Genocide, Dink had been prosecuted three times under Article 301 of the Turkish Penal Code for “insulting Turkishness.” (The said article was later amended by the Turkish parliament, changing "Turkishness" with "Turkish Nation" and making it more difficult to prosecute individuals for the said offense.) He had also received numerous death threats from Turkish nationalists who viewed his "iconoclastic" journalism (particularly regarding the Armenian Genocide) as an act of treachery.

İbrahim Şahin and 36 other alleged members of Turkish ultra-nationalist Ergenekon group were arrested on January, 2009 in Ankara. The Turkish police said the round-up was triggered by orders Şahin gave to assassinate 12 Armenian community leaders in Sivas. According to the official investigation in Turkey, Ergenekon also had a role in the murder of Hrant Dink.

In 2002, a monument was erected in memory of Turkish-Armenian composer Onno Tunc in Yalova, Turkey. The monument to the composer of Armenian origin was subjected to numerous vandalism over the course of the years, then unidentified people had taken out the letters on the monument. In 2012 Yalova Municipal Assembly decided to remove the monument. Bilgin Koçal, the mayor of Yalova informed the public opinion that the memorial had been destroyed by time and that it would shortly be replaced with a new one in the memory of Tunç. On the other hand, a similar memorial stays in place at the village of Selimiye, where the plane had crushed; and the people in the 187 populated village expressed their protest about the vandalism claims considering the memorial in Yalova, adding that they payed from their own budget to keep up the maintenance of the monument in their village against the wearing effect of natural causes.

Pvt. Sevag Şahin Balıkçı was shot dead on April 24, 2011, the day of the commemoration of the Armenian Genocide during his military service in Batman, Turkey. It was later discovered that killer Kivanc Agaoglu was an ultra-nationalist.

On February 26, 2012, an Anti-Armenian demonstration took place in Istanbul which contained hate speech and threats towards Armenia and Armenians. Chants and slogans during the demonstration include: "You are all Armenian, you are all bastards", "bastards of Hrant can not scare us", and "Taksim Square today, Yerevan Tomorrow: We will descend upon you suddenly in the night."

On December 29, 2012, an 84 year old Armenian woman was murdered in her apartment in the Samatya district of Istanbul. It is believed that the act was a hate crime due to a cross carved on her chest with a sharp object.

Azerbaijan

Armenians had long been victims of persecution in Azerbaijan. Many were massacred in the 1920s and some suspect that foreign oil interests fomented anti-Armenian sentiment among Azeris against Armenians because Armenians played a major role in developing oil discovery and oil extraction. Before and during the Revolution anti-Armenianism was the basis of Azeri nationalism, and under the Soviet regime Armenians remain the scapegoats who are responsible for every failure. During the Soviet era, the Russians tried to create peaceful co-existence but the Azeris always resented the Armenians as being the intelligentsia of Azerbaijan. When the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh broke out, however, this changed radically. During the war, atrocities have been committed on both sides, reducing public willingness to compromise.

According to Fyodor Lukyanov, Editor-in-Chief of the journal Russia in Global Affairs, “Armenophobia is the institutional part of the modern Azerbaijani statehood and the question of Karabakh is central to it”. British journalist Tom de Waal, who in 2005 published a documentary book “Black Garden” on the Karabakh conflict, writes: “The first-ever mass violence of the late Soviet era” was the pogrom of Armenians in Sumgait – unrest sparked on ethnic grounds in the town of Sumgait in Azerbaijan SSR in February 1988, accompanied by mass violence against the Armenian population of the town along with looting, arson, murders and destruction of property. On February 1988 at the session of Politburo of the Central Committee in Moscow it was officially acknowledged that mass pogroms and murders in Sumgait were carried out based on the nationality factor. It was then that academician Ziya Buniatov, whom Tom de Waal calls “Azerbaijan’s foremost Armenophobe” in his book, became famous by his article “Why Sumgait?” in which he blamed the Armenians themselves for organizing the pogrom.

Following the events in Sumgait new pogroms took place in Kirovabad (Gyanja) and later in Baku (1990). Andrei Polonski, who has researched the formation of the Azerabaijani national identity at the end of 1980s and beginning of 1990s, pointed out that “the Karabakh crisis and growing armenophobia contributed to the formation of the stable image of the enemy which has to a great extent influenced the nature of the new identity (primarily based on aggression and victory). From 1991 to 1994 the inter-ethnic conflict evolved into large-scale military actions for the control over Nagorno-Karabakh and some of the surrounding regions. In May 1994 a ceasefire was signed, which brought to the “freezing” of the conflict but not to its settlement. Today the Armenian forces control a considerable territory beyond the borders of the NKR, the question of refugees is still unresolved and the economic blockade continues.

As it is stated in the documents of International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, the unresolved conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh stimulated “armenophobia” in modern Azerbaijan. In this regard they mention regular acts of protest carried out by so-called Karabakh Liberation Organization which speaks against any restoration of ties between Armenia and Azerbaijan and is only for the military solution of the conflict. These acts have the full support of the Azerbaijani authorities.

There is wide media coverage of some statements made by Azerbaijani public figures and statesmen which demonstrate national intolerance, such as the statement “Deception and betrayal are in the Armenian blood” made by Allahşükür Paşazade, Chairman of the Caucasian Muslims Office in Azerbaijan.

File:Azeridus.jpg
Uniformed men, identified as Azerbaijani soldiers, filmed in 2005 destroying the tombstones at the Armenian Cemetery in Jugha, Nakhichevan.

Vladimir Kazimirov (Russian diplomat, Russian Presidential Plenipotentiary Representative for Nagorno-Karabakh from 1992 to 1996, Head of the Russian Mediation Mission in Nagorno-Karabakh and Co-Chairman of the OSCE Minsk Group) has for a number of times announced about the existence of certain forces in Azerbaijan, up to the level of state authorities, which incite anti-Armenian sentiments. At the beginning of 2004, characterizing the decade following the conclusion of the ceasefire, Kazimirov writes:

Having found itself in the position of long-term discomfort, Baku has actually started pursuing a policy of a total ‘cold war’ against the Armenians. All types of economic “dampers” as well as any contacts with the Armenians (even those on the societal level) are rejected from the very start and those who maintain these contacts are prosecuted. In the enlightened Soviet state someone would be quite willing to instil such sentiments as fundamentalism, revanchism and Armenophobia, which as such only prevent the elimination of both causes and consequences of the conflict. Currently there is growing fanaticism and extremism even on the level of non-governmental organizations.

Starting in 1998, Armenia began accusing Azerbaijan of embarking on a campaign of destroying a cemetery of finely carved Armenian khachkars in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. On May 30, 2006, Azerbaijan barred the European Parliament from inspecting and examining the ancient burial site. Charles Tannock, British Conservative Party foreign affairs spokesman in the European parliament, stated: "This is very similar to the Buddha statues destroyed by the Taliban. They have concreted the area over and turned it into a military camp. If they have nothing to hide then we should be allowed to inspect the terrain." Hannes Swoboda, an Austrian Socialist MEP and member of the committee barred from examining the site, said he hopes a visit can be arranged in the autumn. He stated that "if they do not allow us to go, we have a clear hint that something bad has happened. If something is hidden we want to ask why. It can only be because some of the allegations are true." He also warned: "One of the major elements of any country that wants to come close to Europe is that the cultural heritage of neighbors is respected." The seething anti-Armenian sentiment present in much of Azerbaijan, and which likely enabled the khachkar destruction, can perhaps best be sensed in the response that the leader of Azerbaijani national chess team, Teimour Radjabov, gave to a question on how he felt about playing against the Armenian team: " enemy is the enemy. We all hate them."

On February 28, 2012 during his speech at the conference on the results of the third year into the State Program on the socioeconomic development of districts for 2009-2013, Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev said "...our main enemies are Armenians of the world and the hypocritical and corrupt politicians under their control..."

In 2004, Azerbaijani lieutenant Ramil Safarov murdered Armenian lieutenant Gurgen Markaryan in his sleep at a Partnership for Peace NATO program. In 2006, Safarov was sentenced to life imprisonment in Hungary with a minimum incarceration period of 30 years. After his request under the Strasbourg convention, he was extradited on August 31, 2012 to Azerbaijan where he was greeted as a hero, pardoned by Azerbaijani president, Ilham Aliyev despite contrary assurances made to Hungary, promoted to the rank of major and given an apartment and over eight years of back pay. The Republic of Armenia cut all her ties with Hungary after this incident. The international community severely criticised the glorification of the murderer and the promotion of anti-Armenianism on the state level in Azerbaijan.

Russia

File:Youthsrusak.jpg
Armenian youths protest anti-Armenian violence in Russia.
See also: Racism in Russia

A 19th-century Russian explorer, Vasili Lvovich Velichko, who was active during the period when the Russian tzarism carried out a purposeful anti-Armenian policy, wrote "Armenians are the extreme instance of brachycephaly; their actual racial instinct make them naturally hostile to the State".

The Second Chechen War and the associated Chechen terrorism in Russia served as major factors in the growth of intolerance, xenophobia and racist violence in Russia, directed in a great part against the people from the Caucasus. These include Chechens, Azerbaijanis, Georgians and Armenians. Six Armenians were killed as a result of racially motivated attacks on non-Slavic immigrants in 2006. So far, the reaction of the Russian government to these murders has been subdued, often failing to term the incidents hate crimes and declining to strongly condemn them.

According to a 2012 VTSIOM opinion research, 6% of people in Moscow and 3% in Saint Petersburg were "experiencing feelings of irritation, hostility" toward Armenians. For comparison, 31% had similar feeling toward Caucasians, 23% toward Tajiks, 17% toward Azerbaijanis and 9% toward Georgians in Moscow.

Georgia

In 2007, the Georgian media began running several stories on the March 5 parliamentary elections in Abkhazia, claiming that ethnic Armenians in the area, who make up roughly 20% of the local population, would be controlling the elections. The Georgian newspaper Sakartvelos Respublika predicted that much of the parliament would be Armenian and that there was even a chance of an Armenian president being elected. The paper also reported that the Abkazanian republic might already be receiving financial assistance from Armenians living in the United States. Some Armenian groups believe such reports are attempting to create conflict between Armenians and ethnic Abkhazians to destabilize the region. The Georgian-Abkhazian conflict, which is believed by many Georgians to have been backed by Russia with Armenian assistance, has caused many problems for Georgia, as the Abkhazian separatist resulted in thousands of ethnic Georgians killed and displaced, and Armenians living in Abkhazian region did side with local Abkhazians. Reports such as these suggest growing animosity towards Armenians in the country.

Georgia has also actively pursued a policy of desecration of Armenian spiritual-cultural values, churches and historical monuments on the territory of Georgia. On November 16, 2008, Georgian monk Tariel Sikinchelashvili instructed workers to raze to the ground the graves of patrons of art Mikhail and Lidia Tamamshev. The Armenian Church of Norashen in Tbilisi, built in the middle of the 15th century, has been desecrated and misappropriated by the Georgian government despite the fact that both Armenia's and Georgia's Prime-Ministers have reached an agreement on not to maltreat the church. Due to no law on religion, the status of Surb Norashen, Surb Nshan, Shamhoretsor Surb Astvatsatsin (Karmir Avetaran), Yerevanots Surb Minas and Mugni Surb Gevorg in Tbilisi and Surb Nshan in Akhaltsikhe is unknown since being confiscated during the Soviet era. Since independence in 1991, Georgian clergy have occupied the Armenian churches. Armenians in Georgia and Armenia have demonstrated against the destruction. On November 28, 2008, Armenian demonstrators in front of the Georgian embassy in Armenia demanded that the Georgian government immediately cease encroachments on the Armenian churches and punish those guilty, calling the Georgian party's actions White Genocide.

In August, 2011, Georgia's culture minister Nika Rurua sacked director Robert Sturua as head of the Tbilisi national theatre for "xenophobic" comments he made earlier this year, officials reported. "We are not going to finance xenophobia. Georgia is a multicultural country," Rurua said. Provoking public outrage, Sturua said in an interview with local news agency that "Saakashvili doesn't know what Georgian people need because he is Armenian." "I do not want Georgia to be governed by a representative of a different ethnicity," he added.

United States

While prejudice against ethnic Armenians in the United States is not widespread today, three notable cases do exist. In April 2007, the Los Angeles Times' Managing Editor Douglas Frantz blocked a story on the Armenian Genocide written by Mark Arax, allegedly citing the fact Arax was of Armenian descent and therefore had a biased opinion on the subject. However, other sources say that Frantz blocked Arax from completing the story not because of his descent, but rather because of his publicly political involvement in the topic and company policy that prohibited journalists from writing pieces on topics they were activists for in order to maintain the integrity of the paper that is closely linked with neutrality and unbiased journalism. Arax, who has published similar articles before, has lodged a discrimination complaint and threatened a federal lawsuit. Frantz, who did not cite any specific factual errors in the article, is accused of having a bias obtained while being stationed in Istanbul, Turkey. Harut Sassounian, an Armenian community leader, accused Frantz of having expressed support for denial of the Armenian Genocide and has stated he personally believed that Armenians rebelled against the Ottoman Empire, an argument commonly used to justify the killings. Although Sassounian was unable to provide any proof of his allegations, Frantz resigned from the paper not long afterward, possibly due to the mounting requests for his dismissal from the Armenian community. Frantz however has also been stated to have been upholding company policy that prohibited journalists from doing articles on topics in which they have publicly expressed a bias or been involved in political activity concerning the issue, like the case for the article at hand, because journalists are meant to maintain an air of unbiased professionalism. Another incident that received less coverage was a series of hate mail campaigns directed at Paul Krekorian, a city council candidate for Californian Democratic Primary, making racist remarks and accusations that the Armenian community was engaging in voter fraud.

The third act of alleged ethnic bias towards Armenians was on a KFI radio show with Bill Handel, who in an attempt at humour said that Glendale (a suburb of Los Angeles with a large Armenian community) should be sold to provide more money for the US economy due to the medical budget issue. When a listener replied to him via mail and said his actions were racist, a co-host replied "What the Turks started, Bill Handel will finish". The show was shortly afterwards made to apologize and has had subsequent Armenians whom they have interviewed.

On April 24, 2010, the day the Armenians mark the genocide of 1915, a group of Turkish-American protesters gathered in front of the Turkish Embassy in Washington and protested the commemoration of the genocide, or what they call "Armenian Lies", in a celebratory way. One sign at the protest read "Armenian Girls Like Turkish Guys"

Other countries

  •  Estonia: In a telephone interview on May 24, 1995, broadcaster with Radio Free Europe, Estonia service in Prague, stated that in February and March 1995, there have been several bomb attacks on Armenian-owned kiosks in the capital city Tallinn. The editor added that the identity of the perpetrator(s) of these acts remains unknown.
  •  Pakistan: Pakistan refuses to recognize Republic of Armenia because of their occupation of Nagorno Karabakh.
  •  Poland: According to the poll conducted by CBOS in Poland 2010 showed that 23% of Poles declare negative attitude towards Armenians. Among the nations that were asked, Armenians were one of the least liked ones.
  •  Romania: In one instance, President of Romania Traian Băsescu called the doctor who operated on him "the first competent Armenian I have met", referencing the Romanian finance minister Varujan Vosganian, who is of Armenian descent and whom Băsescu considered incompetent. This remark was considered racist by Vosganian.
  •  Tajikistan: When the Nagorno Karabakh war broke out between Armenia and Azerbaijan, some Armenians settled in Tajikistan. In the 1990s Pan-Turkish extremists from Turkey had entered many Central Asia republics and had started spreading anti-Christian and Anti-Armenian propaganda. According to rumour that was widespread, the Armenians were allegedly being resettled in new housing in Dushanbe experiencing acute housing shortage at that time. Similar false accusations had been made against Armenians which sparked the Sumgait Massacre. Despite the fact that Armenian refugees resettled not in public housing but with their relatives. This led to an Anti-Armenian pogrom by Dushanbe riots which targeted both government and Armenians. More than 20 people were killed, more than 500 were injured during the events.
  •  Turkmenistan: Soon after the events in Tajikistan, Anti-Armenian towards started to widespread in other Central Asian countries such as in Turkmenistan.
  •  Ukraine: In 2009, an ethnic conflict burst in the Ukrainian city of Marhanets. A Ukrainian was murdered and an Armenian individual was blamed for it. This provoked a fight between the Ukrainians and Armenians in cafe named "Scorpion". It later turned into riots and pogroms against Armenians, accompanied by the burning of houses and cars, which led to the exodus of Armenians from the city. This event occurred around a period where relations between Azerbaijan and Ukraine were very close.

By individuals

For several months in 1994, someone posted messages under the alias Serdar Argic claiming that the Armenian Genocide did not happen or that Armenians massacred Turks, on Usenet newsgroup threads mentioning the word Turkey.

Samuel Weems published the book Armenia: The Secrets of a "Christian" Terrorist State in May 2002. Weems has made such claims as the "number one export of Armenia is terrorism" and that there was no Armenian Genocide. Samuel Weems was disbarred as an attorney and charged with arson and insurance fraud. disbarred His wife was also Turkish.

American historian Justin McCarthy is known for his controversial view that no genocide was intended by the Ottoman Empire but that both Armenians and Turks died as the result of civil war. Some attribute his denial of the Armenian Genocide to anti-Armenianism, but there is no independent evidence that he holds anti-Armenian views.

On more than one occasion, modern Azerbaijani historian Farida Mammadova has made anti-Armenian statements. During one interview, she stated "it is known, that on the whole planet it is exactly the Armenian people who are distinguished by their absence of spiritual and other human values", in reference to supposed destruction of an Azeri holy sanctuary, Aga-Dede south of Yerevan by Armenians in late 2005.

Barbaros Agri, a Turk uses the social networking site Facebook to advocate anti-Armenianism by being the creator of "The Biggest Lie Ever Told: The Armenian Genocide". The cause has 93,000 plus members. Agri's final comment was, "After years of research I have come to the conclusion that there was an Armenian genocide. I can not with a clear conscience continue this cause."

See also

References

  1. (in Russian) Шнирельман В. А. Войны памяти: мифы, идентичность и политика в Закавказье / Под ред. Алаева Л. Б. — М.: Академкнига, 2003. — С. 250
  2. De Waal, Thomas. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through War and Peace. New York: New York University Press, 2003, p. 154.
  3. Robert Hewsen. Armenia: A Historical Atlas. — University of Chicago Press, 2001. — p. 291.: "Scholars should be on guard when using Soviet and post-Soviet Azeri editions of Azeri, Persian, and even Russian and Western European sources printed in Baku. These have been edited to remove references to Armenians and have been distributed in large numbers in recent years. When utilizing such sources, the researchers should seek out pre-Soviet editions wherever possible."
  4. Abbas-Kuli-aga Bakikhanov, Willem M. Floor, Hasan Javadi The Heavenly Rose-Garden: A History of Shirvan & Daghestan. — Mage Publishers, 2008. — P. xvi, 5. — 226 p. — ISBN 1-933823-27-5, cit. "This certainly is the case with Zia Bunyatov, who has made an incomplete and defective Russian translation of Bakikhanov’s text. Not only has he not translated any of the poems in the text, but he does not even mention that he has not done so, while he does not translate certain other prose parts of the text without indicating this and why. This is in particular disturbing because he suppresses, for example, the mention of territory inhabited by Armenians, thus not only falsifying history, but also not respecting Bakikhanov’s dictum that a historian should write without prejudice, whether religious, ethnic, political or otherwise. <…> Guilistam-i Iram translated with commentary by Ziya M. Bunyatov (Baku. 1991), p.11, where the translator has deleted the words `and Armenia` from the text, which shows, as indicated in the introduction, that his translation should be used with circumspection, because this is not the only example of omissions from Bakikhanov’s text."
  5. Black Garden, by Thomas De Waal (Aug 25, 2004), page 42
  6. Communal Violence: The Armenians and the Copts as Case Studies, by Margaret J. Wyszomirsky, World Politics, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Apr., 1975), p. 438
  7. Hamidian Massacres, Armenian Genocide.
  8. Levon Marashlian. Politics and Demography: Armenians, Turks, and Kurds in the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge, MA: Zoryan Institute, 1991.
  9. Samuel Totten, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood Publishing, 2008, ISBN 0-313-34642-9, p. 19.
  10. Noël, Lise. Intolerance: A General Survey. Arnold Bennett, 1994, ISBN 0-7735-1187-3, p. 101.
  11. Schaefer, Richard T (2008), Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, p. 90.
  12. from the International Association of Genocide Scholars to Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, June 13, 2005
  13. Minority Rights Group, Turkey > Armenians
  14. "Egoyan award winning film not shown yet in Turkey". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2006-05-06.
  15. Gray Wolves Spoil Turkey's Publicity Ploy on Ararat
  16. Ülkü Ocaklari: Ararat Yayinlanamaz Template:Tr icon
  17. Ülkü Ocaklari: ARARAT'I Cesaretiniz Varsa Yayinlayin ! Template:Tr icon
  18. "In Turkey, a Clash of Nationalism and History," Washington Post, 2005-09-29
  19. TIME carries documentary, adopts policy on Armenian Genocide
  20. "Time magazine carries documentary, adopts policy on Armenian Genocide", Pseka http://news.pseka.net/index.php?module=article&id=6444 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help).
  21. Harvey, Benjamin (2007-01-24). "Suspect in Journalist Death Makes Threat". London: Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved 2007-01-24. {{cite web}}: More than one of |author= and |last= specified (help)
  22. "Turkish-Armenian writer shot dead". BBC News. 2007-01-19. Archived from the original on 4 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-19. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. Robert Mahoney (2006-06-15). "Bad blood in Turkey" (PDF). Committee to Protect Journalists. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. "IPI Deplores Callous Murder of Journalist in Istanbul". International Press Institute. 2007-01-22. Archived from the original on 3 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-24. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. http://merlin.obs.coe.int/iris/2008/6/article28.en.html
  26. Committee to Protect Journalists (2007-01-19). "Turkish-Armenian editor murdered in Istanbul". Archived from the original on 25 January 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-24. Dink had received numerous death threats from nationalist Turks who viewed his iconoclastic journalism, particularly on the mass killings of Armenians in the early 20th century, as an act of treachery. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  27. Turkish police uncover arms cache, The Wall Street Journal, Jan. 10, 2009
  28. Ergenekon Arrests Preempt Coup Plan, Operation „Glove“, E.I.R. GmbH, 2009
  29. Montgomery, Devin (2008-07-12). "Turkey arrests two ex-generals for alleged coup plot". JURIST. Retrieved 2008-07-07.
  30. BÜYÜKFURAN ARMUTLU, İbrahim (2002-06-11). "Onno Tunç anıtı açıldı". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2008-07-09.
  31. Turkish municipality destroys monument of Armenian musician, composer, News.am, 2012
  32. Monument to Armenian musician Onno Tunc destroyed in Turkey, 2012
  33. Onno Tunç anıtını yıktık çünkü..., Sabah, 2012
  34. http://emlak.kanald.com.tr/t/panjin_parki/Onno_Tunc_anitina_Selimiye_halki_el_surdurmuyor/21315.aspx
  35. "Armenian private killed intentionally, new testimony shows". Today's Zaman. 2012-01-27. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  36. "Sevag Şahin'i vuran asker BBP'li miydi?" (in Turkish). Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  37. ^ "Azeris mark 20th anniversary of Khojaly Massacre in Istanbul". Hurriyet. February/26/2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012. One banner carried by dozens of protestors said, "You are all Armenians, you are all bastards." {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ "Inciting Hatred: Turkish Protesters Call Armenians 'Bastards'". Asbarez. February 28, 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012. 'Mount Ararat will Become Your Grave' Chant Turkish Students
  39. "Khojaly Massacre Protests gone wrong in Istanbul: ' You are all Armenian, you are all bastards '". National Turk. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  40. "Protests in Istanbul: "You are all Armenian, you are all bastards"". LBC International. 2012-02-26. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
  41. ^ "84-Year-Old Armenian Woman Brutally Murdered in Istanbul". Asbarez. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  42. ^ "A Dark Christmas for Armenians in Turkey". Amnestry International: Human Rights in Turkey. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  43. ^ "Samatya cinayeti karanlıkta kalmasın". Agos (in Turkish). Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  44. Muslims of the Soviet empire: a guide. Hurst & Co. Publishers. 1985. p. 145. ISBN 1-85065-009-8. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  45. Russia and the independent states, Daniel C. Diller - 1993, p. 270
  46. Взгляд. «Первый и неразрешимый»
  47. ^ Tom de Waal: Black Garden. Chapter 2: February 1988: Azerbaijan: Puzzlement and Pogroms
  48. Стенограмма заседания Политбюро ЦК КПСС 29 февраля 1988 г.
  49. Tom de Waal. Black Garden: Chapter 2. February 1988: Azerbaijan: Puzzlement and Pogroms
  50. Андрей Полонский. Ислам в контексте общественной жизни современного Азербайджана // Газета «История». № 28/1999. Издательский дом «Первое сентября»
  51. Extract from the IHF report. Human Rights in the OSCE Region: Europe, Central Asia and North America, Report 2005 (Events of 2004). «The unresolved conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh stimulated „armenophobia.“ In 2004, the Organization of the Liberation of Karabakh (QAT) staged several protest actions against visits by Armenian officials to Azerbaijan. One of the actions — on 22 June — was violent. QAT members broke doors, entered in the hall of a NATO training program session and threatened two Armenian participants. Six protesters were arrested in August and sentenced to 3-5-year prison terms. QAT actions were supported by state officials, including the ombudsperson. On 2 September, the president openly labeled the sentences inadequate and too severe. 61 After that, the second instance court overturned the sentence and freed the QAT members.»
  52. Глава Духовного управления мусульман Кавказа: «Ложь и предательство в крови у армян». «Мы делаем всё возможное для урегулирования конфликта мирным путём. С этой целью проводим встречи. Однако не видим результатов этих встреч. Потому что ложь и предательство в крови у армян. Они сидели за нашим столом и ели наш хлеб, а, выйдя на улицу, говорили против нас.»
  53. Ильгар Ибрагимоглу: «Никакие причины и аргументы не могут и не должны приводить к ксенофобским заявлениям, и тем более, со стороны последователя Исламской веры». «Никакие причины и аргументы не могут и не должны приводить к подобного рода ксенофобским заявлениям со стороны человека, исполняющего миссию духовного лица, и тем более, последователя Исламской веры».
  54. Регнум. 13.12.2005. Что делать?! А не «Кто виноват?»: ответ Владимира Казимирова армянским НПО. «…в Азербайджане больше раскручивают кампанию неприязни и даже ненависти к армянам, чем наоборот; больше угроз вернуться к силовому решению, пренебрежения к обязательствам и обещаниям. Но всё это идёт вовсе не от азербайджанского народа и не от НПО, а именно от руководства Азербайджана.»
  55. Регнум. 17.03.2004. Владимир Казимиров: Опиум для своего народа: Как пропагандисты вредят урегулированию по Карабаху
  56. World Watches In Silence As Azerbaijan Wipes Out Armenian Culture.
  57. ICOMOS World Report 2006/2007 on Monuments and Sites in Danger 2007_web.pdf
  58. PanArmenian.
  59. Teymur Rajabov: The enemy is the enemy, we hate Armenians
  60. Closing Speech by Ilham Aliyev at the conference on the results of the third year into the “State Program on the socioeconomic development of districts for 2009-2013”
  61. ^ "Armenia Cuts Ties With Hungary in Soldier Dispute". VoA. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  62. "Azeri killer Ramil Safarov: Concern over Armenian anger". BBC News. September 3, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012. Ramil Safarov was given a hero's welcome on his return to Azerbaijan last week.
  63. "Hero's welcome for Azerbaijan axe murderer". Al Jazeera. September 2, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
  64. "Armenia cuts ties with Hungary over Azerbaijan killer pardon". BBC News. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
  65. "Azerbaijani military officer serving life for murder in Hungary is freed when sent home". Washington Post. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  66. "As Armenia Protests Killer's Pardon, Azerbaijan Promotes Him". Radio Free Europe. 31 August 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  67. "Albanian Myth" (in Russian) / V.A. Shnirelman, "Voyni pamyati. Mifi, identichnost i politika v Zakavkazye", Moscow, Academkniga, 2003
  68. Benthall, Jonathan (ed.), The best of Anthropology Today, 2002, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-26255-0, p. 350 by Anatoly Khazanov
  69. The Economist: Russia and Chechnya: The warlord and the spook
  70. Jamestown.
  71. "«Москвичи и петербуржцы - о своих этнических симпатиях и антипатиях»". Russian Public Opinion Research Center. 24 January 2012. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  72. "Армянский вопрос" в Абхазии глазами грузинских СМИ, Regnum
  73. ^ Focus on Faction: Georgian media stirs Abkhazian-Armenian "conflict"
  74. The Georgia Syndrome, by Alexander Sosnowski, p. 89, cit. "In order to lend momentum to this falsified theory, the Georgians have been destroying and "Georgianising" the traces of the historical Armenian presence on Samtskhe-Javakheti territory for hundreds of years: Armenian churches and temples are occupied, and Armenian khachkars and other architectural monuments are mercilessly desecrated."
  75. Патриарх Илия II потребовал от грузинского священнослужителя прекратить самовольные работы у армянского храма "Святой Норашен"
  76. The cultural genocide of Armenian historical monuments in Georgia, Organisation for the support of the Armenian Diocese in Georgia “Kanter”
  77. "Vandalism and misappropriation of Armenian churches in Georgia goes on". PanArmenian.net. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
  78. Georgia: Collapse of Armenian Church Provokes Row, Institute for War and Peace Reporting, 2009
  79. "Armenians of Georgia urge to stop barbarous destruction of Armenian cultural heritage". PanArmenian.net. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
  80. "PROTEST ACTION AGAINST ENCROACHMENTS ON ARMENIAN CHURCHES IN GEORGIA HELD IN YEREVAN". defacto.am. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
  81. ^ Georgia sacks theatre legend for 'xenophobia', AFP, August 2011
  82. Роберт Стуруа: Саакашвили — армянин, Росбалт, 08/08/2011
  83. ^ LA Observed: Armenian genocide dispute erupts at LAT
  84. Genocide Controversy Leads L.A. Times Managing Editor To Resign
  85. Armenian Community Condemns Anti-Armenian Attacks During California Democratic Primary Election
  86. Shocking video of Turks 'Celebrating' the Armenian Genocide by Singing and Dancing
  87. "Estonia: Information on the situation of ethnic Armenians, on whether they have any ethnically based problems, and on whether protection is accessible and available". UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  88. "Nilufer Bakhtiyar: "For Azerbaijan Pakistan does not recognize Armenia as a country"". Today.az. 13 September 2006. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  89. CBOS,Stosunek Polaków do innych narodów, BS/12/2010, p. 3
  90. Vosganian îl acuză pe Băsescu de „genocid moral” – Gandul
  91. Horowitz, Donald L. (2002). The Deadly Ethnic Riot. University of California Press. p. 74. ISBN 0-520-23642-4. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
  92. Takeyh, Ray (2004). The Receding Shadow of the Prophet. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-97629-7. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  93. Allworth, Edward (1994). Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance. Duke University Press. pp. 586–587. ISBN 0-8223-1521-1. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
  94. Про Сергея и Самвела
  95. Межнациональные столкновения в Марганце
  96. Wendy Grossman, Net.Wars, NYU Press, 1997, chapter 11 (a), (b)
  97. Weems Interview, Tall Armenian Tale.
  98. 98-801
  99. Arkansas Legal Ethics, Cornell University Law School
  100. Stanley, Alessandra (2006-04-17). "A PBS Documentary Makes Its Case for the Armenian Genocide, With or Without a Debate". New York Times. Retrieved 2006-09-02.
  101. For more on Mamedova's statements, see her interviews with British journalist Thomas de Waal in his Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War. New York: New York University Press, 2003, pp. 153-155.
  102. "European Parliament resolution on cultural heritage in Azerbaijan". Retrieved 2010-05-05.
  103. Фарида Мамедова: «Разрушив захоронение «Агадеде», армяне в очередной раз пытаются посягнуть на историю Азербайджана», Day. Az daily, January 06, 2006 (in Russian)
  104. http://apps.new.facebook.com/causes/9249?m=5e8b1

Further reading

  • Hilmar Kaiser: Imperialism, Racism, and Development Theories. The Construction of a Dominant Paradigm on Ottoman Armenians, Gomidas Institute, Ann Arbor (MI) 1997

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