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New racism is a term coined in 1981 by Marxist professor of film Martin Barker, in the context of the ideologies supporting Margaret Thatcher's rise in the UK, to refer to what he believed was racist public discourse depicting immigrants as a threat.
1980s wave of anti-immigrant sentiment
From the 1980s, the increase in global inequalities between poor and rich countries led to significant immigration flows to Europe, even in those less developed European countries that until the 1970s were more a source of emigration.
A new wave of anti-immigrant sentiment had started to emerge in the 1970s, most significantly with UK's National Front; in the early such sentiments gained significant support, most prominently with the electoral success of Jean-Marie Le Pen's Front National French party, which gained 10% of the vote in the 1984 European elections. Le Pen's success will serve as a model for many parties and movements that will emulate him all over Europe.
Many scholars have called this new anti-immigrant sentiments, and the ideologies alimenting it, a new form of racism, and the label "new racism" has been particularly influential. These scholars argued that the new racism had to cope with the mainstream official repudiation of racism, Fascism and Nazism, and as a consequence substituted the rhetoric of race and biology with that of cultural identity.
These sentiments were first expressed by marginal parties, but as they increased their support by attracting votes from mainstream parties, the leaders of such parties, Margaret Thatcher and Bettino Craxi started to embrace some of the same anti-immigrant ideologies.
See also
The term New Racism also urges us to pay more attention to all more or less covert manifestations of racism across the globe despite the advances of the civil rights era: For instance, in the context of the USA Rodney Coates explores new/covert racism in terms of the ways in which constructions of "race" continue to perpetuate economic, social, political, psychological, religious, ideological, and legal mechanisms of structured inequality.. Norma Romm in her book on New Racism writes about styles of researching different (and shifting) mutations of racism in a range of social contexts - including transnational patterns of racial disadvantage. She invites us to reflect upon ways in which the doing of research/inquiry - on the part of professionals and others - can itself create an impact in addressing issues of inequality and marginalisation - thus interrupting the dynamics of new racism at the moment of the research process .
Notes
- ^ Chin (2009) pp.13, 92, 178-9, 241
- ^ Cole, Jeffrey (1997) The new racism in Europe: a Sicilian ethnography, p.11-2
- Dancygier, Rafaela M. (2010) Immigration and Conflict in Europe, p.5 quote: "The far-right Front National has served as a model to many anti-immigrant movements in Europe."
- Ginsborg (2003) pp.62, 176
- Guild and Minderhoud (2006) p.173
References
- Chin, Rita C-K (2009). After the Nazi racial state: difference and democracy in Germany and Europe.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Guild, Elspeth and Minderhoud, Paul (2006) Immigration and criminal law in the European Union: the legal measures and social consequences of criminal law in member states on trafficking and smuggling in human beings
- Ginsborg, Paul (2003) Italy and its discontents: family, civil society, state, 1980-2001
- Romm, Norma RA (2010) New Racism: Revisiting Researcher Accountabilities
- Coates, Rodney (2011) Covert Racism: Theories, Institutions, and Experiences