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Ward LeRoy Churchill (born October 2, 1947) is an American writer, political activist, and academic. He is a tenured full professor of ethnic studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder, and author of over 20 books and hundreds of essays. In addition to his academic writing, Churchill has written for several general readership magazines of political opinion. His work is primarily about the U.S. and its historical treatment of political dissenters in general and of American Indian peoples in particular.

Churchill was widely discussed and criticized in the mass media in 2005, for a 2001 essay in which Churchill questioned the innocence of many of the people killed in the World Trade Center attacks, labeling them as "technocrats" and "little Eichmanns." In response to the controversy, the University of Colorado launched an investigation, whose May 2006 findings state that Churchill had repeatedly engaged in "serious research misconduct." Churchill's supporters have commented that the investigation appears to be a retaliatory response to Churchill's critical statements about the World Trade Center attacks.

Background

Early life and education

Churchill was born in Elmwood, Illinois and attended Elmwood High School. Churchill claims American Indian ancestry through both his parents, and had stated that he was an enrolled member of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians. However, the United Keetoowah Band responded to Churchill's claim by clarifying that he was not an enrolled member, but an honorary associate member.

In 1966, Churchill was drafted into the United States Army. On his 1980 resume, Churchill said he served as a public-information specialist who "wrote and edited the battalion newsletter and wrote news releases." In a 1987 article on Churchill, the Denver Post reported that Churchill went to paratrooper school, then volunteered for Vietnam and served a 10-month tour as "a LURP" , one of a six-man team sent out on Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol to track down North Vietnamese.. Military records obtained through the Freedom of Information Act show that Churchill was trained as a projectionist and light truck driver, and give no indication that he went to paratrooper school or trained for LRRP.

Churchill also told the Post in 1987 that he had been politically radicalized as a result of his experiences in Vietnam, and that he had taught bomb-making to members of the Weather Underground.

Following his military service, Churchill received his B.A. and M.A. in Communication from Sangamon State University, now the University of Illinois at Springfield. He was presented with an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Alfred University after giving a lecture there about American Indian history. Churchill began working as an affirmative action officer at the University of Colorado at Boulder in the late 1970s. In 1990, he was hired as an assistant professor and was granted tenure the following year. He resigned as chairman of the Ethnic Studies department at the University of Colorado in January 2005, but remains as a tenured professor. On May 16, 2006, the Investigative Committee of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct at the |University of Colorado concluded that Churchill had committed several forms of academic misconduct ranging from plagiarism to deliberate misrepresentation of the historical record.

Writing

As a scholar, Churchill has written on American Indian history and culture, and is particularly outspoken about what he describes as the genocide inflicted on the indigenous of North America by European settlers and the repression of Native peoples that he claims continues to this day.

In Agents of Repression (1988), co-authored by Jim Vander Wall, the authors describe "the secret war" against the Black Panther Party and American Indian Movement carried out during the late 1960s and '70s by the FBI under the COINTELPRO program. The COINTELPRO Papers (1990; reissued 2002), co-authored with Jim Vander Wall, examines a series of original FBI memos that detail the Bureau's activities against various leftist groups, from the U.S. Communist Party in the 1950s to activists concerned with Central American issues in the 1980s.

In Fantasies of the Master Race (1992), Churchill examines the portrayal of American Indians and the use of American Indian symbols in popular American culture. He focuses on such phenomena as Tony Hillerman's mystery novels, the film Dances with Wolves, and the New Age movement, finding examples of cultural imperialism and exploitation. Churchill calls author Carlos Castaneda's claims of revealing the teachings of a Yaqui Indian shaman, the "greatest hoax since Piltdown Man."

Struggle for the Land (1993; reissued 2002) is a collection of essays in which Churchill chronicles the U.S. government's systematic exploitation of Native lands and the killing or displacement of American Indians. He details American Indian efforts in the 19th and 20th centuries to prevent defoliation and industrial practices such as surface mining.

Churchill's Indians Are Us? (1994), a sequel to Fantasies of the Master Race, further explores American Indian issues in popular culture and politics. He examines the movie Black Robe, the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation killings, the prosecution of Leonard Peltier, sports mascots, the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, and blood quantum laws, calling them tools of genocide. Churchill is particularly outspoken about New Age exploitations of shamanism and American Indian sacred traditions, and the "do-it-yourself Indianism" of certain contemporary authors.

From a Native Son: Selected Essays on Indigenism, 1985-1995 (1996) is a collection of 23 previously published essays on American Indian history, culture, and political activism.

Churchill's A Little Matter of Genocide (1998) is a survey of ethnic cleansing from 1492 to the present. He compares the treatment of North American Indians to historical instances of genocide in Cambodia, Armenia, toward the Gypsies by a majority of European peoples, as well as the Poles and Jews by the Nazis.

In Perversions of Justice (2002), Churchill argues that the U.S.'s legal system was adapted to gain control over American Indian people. Tracing the evolution of federal Indian law, Churchill argues that the principles set forth were not only applied to non-Indians in the U.S., but later adapted for application abroad. He concludes that this demonstrates the development of the U.S.'s "imperial logic," which depends on a "corrupt form of legalism" to establish colonial control and empire.

On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and criminality (2003) takes the "roosting chickens" of the title from a 1963 Malcolm X speech wherein Malcolm X linked the assassination of the U.S. president John F. Kennedy to the violence that Kennedy perpetuated as "merely a case of 'chickens coming home to roost.'" Churchill's essays address the worldwide forms of resistance that he posits were and continue to be provoked by U.S. imperialism of the 20th and 21st centuries.

In Kill the Indian, Save the Man: The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools (2004), Churchill traces the history of removing American Indian children from their homes to residential schools (in Canada) or Indian boarding schools (in the USA) as part of government policies (1880s-1980s) which he regards as genocidal.

Activism

Churchill has been active since at least 1984 as the co-director of the Denver-based American Indian Movement of Colorado, an autonomous chapter of the American Indian Movement. In 1993, he and other local AIM leaders — including Russell Means, Glen Morris, Bob Robideau, and David Hill — broke with the national AIM leadership, including Dennis Banks and Clyde and Vernon Bellecourt, claiming that all AIM chapters are autonomous. The schism continues, with the AIM claiming that the local AIM leaders are tools of the government which uses them against other American Indians.

Churchill has been a leader of Colorado AIM's annual protests in Denver against the Columbus Day holiday and its associated parade. These protests have brought Colorado AIM's leadership into conflict with some leaders in the Denver Italian American community, the main supporters of the parade. Churchill and others have been arrested while protesting for acts such as blocking the parade.

In the early 1990s, some local American Indian support and advocacy organizations in the Denver metro area believed that the activities of the Colorado AIM chapter damaged the work of the Colorado Indian Commission and Denver Indian Center. Since then, thousands of local American Indians have participated annually in the protest.

In April 1983, Churchill traveled to Tripoli and Benghazi as a representative of the AIM and the International Indian Treaty Council to meet Colonel Muammar al-Qaddafi of Libya while a U.S. travel ban to that country was in place. The visit was intended to seek support from al-Qaddafi regarding the U.S. government's violation of AIM treaties.

Artwork

Apart from his academic position and writing, since the 1970s, Churchill has attained minor notoriety as a visual artist. Works by Churchill, such as lithographs, woodcuts, and drawings are exhibited in galleries of the American Southwest, and elsewhere. As with the work "Winter Attack", Churchill frequently takes as subject matter of visual compositions historical photographs or other past works, particularly ones associated with American Indian figures. Screen prints and other signed works by Churchill are often available on eBay.. The online journal Artnet mentions Churchill's artwork.

9/11 essay controversy

Churchill wrote an essay in September 2001 entitled "Some People Push Back: On the Justice of Roosting Chickens" about the September 11, 2001 attacks, in which he argued that U.S. foreign policies provoked the attacks. In 2005, this essay was widely publicized. Churchill's argument — which questioned the innocence of the 9/11 victims, and compared them to Adolph Eichmann, one of the architects of the Holocaust — led to both condemnations of Churchill and counter-accusations of McCarthyism from Churchill and his supporters.

Misconduct allegations

Other allegations against Churchill exist and have became the subject of debate in the media and on Internet weblogs. These included disputes over his claim of American Indian heritage, and allegations of academic fraud and plagiarism. University of Colorado at Boulder administrators ordered an investigation into the allegations of research misconduct, which include plagiarism, fabrication, and falsification.

The University released its investigative committee findings on May 16, 2006. The committee agreed unanimously that Churchill had engaged in seven counts of "serious research misconduct," but disagreed on recommended sanction (Three members felt termination was a permissible response to the misconduct. Two members favored a two year suspension without pay, two favored a five year suspension, and one favored termination). In addition, the committee found him "disrespectful of Indian oral traditions." Churchill has contested the finding of misconduct. The university is reviewing additional charges beyond the initial seven, to determine if they warrant convening a second investigative subcommittee.

References

1. A revised and expanded version of the essay Some People Push Back appears in Churchill, Ward (2003). On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality. AK Press. ISBN 1902593790.
2. Soylent Communications. "Ward Churchill". NNDB: tracking the entire world. Retrieved April 7. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
3. Ward Churchill (2002). "An American Holocaust? The Structure of Denial". Socialism and Democracy. 19 (3).
4. Questions stoke Ward Churchill's firebrand past, Denver Post, 02/13/2005.
5. Denver Post, January 18, 1987. (photostat of Denver Post article)
6. Radio host Bob Newman published these military records to dispute the Denver Post 1987 claim that he had trained as a paratrooper and in reconnaissance. ("Ward Churchill's Military Claims Proven False", Mens News Daily (Guerneville, CA: Java King, February 11, 2005); Retrieved August 11, 2005).
7. "Columbus parade could see less strife: Churchill, conflict having an effect" By Charlie Brennan, Rocky Mountain News, September 24, 2005
8. Westword, "Civil Wars: The Fury Flies as Indian Activist Take Aim at Each Other." By Steve Jackson, Article Published Feb 9, 1994
9. "Chronology of Events Concerning (Transform) Columbus Day". Transform Columbus Day Alliance. Retrieved March 28. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
10. Ward Churchill artworks available on eBay
11. Artnet describing Ward Churchill's artwork
12. Ward Churchill. "A Travesty of an "Investigation"". Counterpunch. Retrieved May 16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
13. Sara Burnett. "CU reviewing new charges leveled against Churchill". Rocky Mountain News (May 11, 2006). Retrieved May 20. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)

Works

Books

• Ward Churchill, ed. (1984). Marxism and Native Americans. Boulder CO: South End Press. ISBN 089608177X (hardcover: ISBN 0896081788). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1984). Culture versus Economism: Essays on Marxism in the Multicultural Arena. Indigena Press. ). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1988). Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement. Boulder CO: South End Press. ISBN 0896082938 (hardcover: ISBN 0896082946). {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1990). The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret War Against Domestic Dissent. Boulder CO: South End Press. ISBN 0896083594. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1992). Fantasies of the Master Race: Literature, Cinema, and the Colonization of American Indians. Common Courage Press. ISBN 0872863484. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall, ed. (1992). Cages of Steel: The Politics of Imprisonment in America (Activism, Politics, Culture, Theory, Vol. 4 ed.). Maisonneuve Press. ISBN 0944624170. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) Re-released as Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall, ed. (2004). Politics of Imprisonment in the United States. AK Press. ISBN 1904859127. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1993). Struggle for the Land: Indigenous Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide and Expropriation in Contemporary North America. Common Courage Press. ISBN 1567510000 (hardcover: ISBN 1567510019). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) Released in a revised and expanded edition as Churchill, Ward (2002). Struggle for the Land: Native North American Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide and Colonization. San Francisco CA: City Lights Publishers. ISBN 0872864146 (hardcover: ISBN 0872864154). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) (One essay in this book has been accused of containing a plagiarized paragraph).
• Churchill, Ward (1994). Indians Are Us?: Culture and Genocide in Native North America. Common Courage Press. ISBN 1567510205 (hardcover: ISBN 1567510213). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1995). Since Predator Came: Notes from the Struggle for American Indian Liberation. Aigis Press. ISBN 1883930030. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1996). From a Native Son: Selected Essays on Indigenism 1985-1995. Boulder CO: South End Press. ISBN 0896085538. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1997). Islands in Captivity: The International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians. Boulder CO: South End Press. ISBN 0896085678 (hardcover: ISBN 0896085686). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help) Re-released as Churchill, Ward (2005). Islands in Captivity: The International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians. Boulder CO: South End Press. ISBN 0896087387). {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1998). Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America. Arbeiter Ring. ISBN 1894037073. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• Churchill, Ward (1998). A Little Matter Of Genocide: Holocaust And Denial In The Americas 1492 To The Present. San Francisco CA: City Lights Books. ISBN 0872863239 (hardcover: ISBN 0872863433). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (2000). Draconian Measures: The History of FBI Political Repression. Common Courage Press. ISBN 1567510582 (hardcover: ISBN 1567510590). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (2002). Acts Of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader. Routledge. ISBN 0415931568 (library binding: ISBN 041593155X). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (2002). Perversions of Justice: Indigenous Peoples and Angloamerican Law. San Francisco CA: City Lights Books. ISBN 0872864111 (hardcover: ISBN 0872864162). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (2003). On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality. AK Press. ISBN 1902593790. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (2004). Kill the Indian, Save the Man: The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools. San Francisco CA: City Lights Publishers. ISBN 0872864340. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (2004). Speaking Truth in the Teeth of Power: Lectures on Globalization, Colonialism, and Native North America. AK Press. ISBN 1904859046. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (2005). To Disrupt, Discredit And Destroy: The FBI's Secret War Against The Black Panther Party. Routledge. ISBN 041592958X (hardcover: ISBN 0415929571). {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Churchill, Ward (2006 (forthcoming)). Confronting The Crime Of Silence: Evidence Of U.S. War Crimes In Indochina. AK Press. ISBN 1904859216. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: year (link)

Articles

• Churchill, Ward (1998). "Smoke Signals: A History of Native Americans in Cinema". LiP Magazine. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Churchill, Ward (2004). "From the Pinkertons to the PATRIOT Act: The Trajectory of Political Policing in the United States, 1870 to the Present". The New Centennial Review. 4 (1): 1–72. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Audio and video

• Doing Time: The Politics of Imprisonment, audio CD of a lecture, recorded at the Doing Time Conference at the University of Winnipeg, September 2000 (AK Press, 2002, ISBN 1902593472)
• Life In Occupied America (AK Press, 2003, ISBN 1902593723)
• In A Pig's Eye: Reflections on the Police State, Repression, and Native America (AK Press, 2002, ISBN 1902593502)
• US Off The Planet!: An Evening In Eugene With Ward Churchill And Chellis Glendinning, VHS video recorded July 17, 2001 (Cascadia Media Collective, 2002)
• Pacifism and Pathology in the American Left, 2003 audio CD recorded at a AK Press warehouse in Oakland (AK Press Audio)
• Z Mag Ward Churchill Audio
• Ward Churchill talking at the University of Colorado, 2/9/2005, search the C-Span website
• Churchill Speaks About Academic Freedom - Free Speech Radio News February 09, 2005 *Ward Churchill Under Fire - Free Speech Radio News, February 03, 2005.
• The Justice of Roosting Chickens: Ward Churchill Speaks The Pacifica Network Show, Democracy Now! from February 18, 2005 features extended Audio/Video exclusive interview with Churchill.
• Debate between David Horowitz and Ward Churchill at George Washington University on April 6th, 2006. MP3 Podcast
• Ward Churchill on Real Time with Bill Maher.
• A Little Matter of Genocide: Linking U.S. Aggression Abroad to the Domestic Repression of Indigenous Peoples", recorded in North Battleford, Saskatchewan on March 19, 2005

External links

General

• Ward Churchill's Faculty page at University of Colorado
• Ward Churchill ZNet Homepage
• Ward Churchill interviewed by Derrick Jensen

Trivia

• Churchill is indirectly referenced in the South Park episode "Die Hippie, Die". The episode has University of Colorado students saying that a professor enlightened them to world problems. The students also refer to some South Park residents as "Little Eichmanns".

• 1947 births
• Living people
• American activists
• American anarchists
• American essayists
• American political writers
• Native American writers
• Native American activists
• Scholars of Marxism
• Vietnam War veterans
• G7 Welcoming Committee Records