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William Wentworth

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William Charles Wentworth, c. 1861

William Charles Wentworth (13? August 1790 – 20 March 1872) was an Australian poet, explorer, journalist and politician, and one of the leading figures of early colonial New South Wales. He was the first native-born Australian to achieve a reputation overseas, and a leading advocate for self-government for the Australian colonies.

Birth

D'Arcy Wentworth was the impecunious distant offspring of the aristocratic Wentworth family. He was born in Ireland in 1762, but had left to train as a surgeon in London. To maintain his lifestyle he apparently became a highwayman but soon found himself in trouble with the law. After being acquitted four times of highway robbery, to avoid a further prosecution D'Arcy took the position of assistant surgeon to the new colony of New South Wales. He boarded the Neptune sometime in December 1789. On board the ship was a seventeen year old girl from Ireland, who was being transported to Sydney following a conviction for stealing some clothing. On board ship, D'Arcy Wentworth and Catherine Crowley became lovers.

The Neptune arrived in Sydney as part of the Second Fleet on 29 June 1790. D'Arcy and Catherine, now heavily pregnant, departed for Norfolk Island on the Surprize. While anchored off Norfolk Island in August, possibly the 13th, Catherine gave birth to a son whom she named William. Although born less than nine months after they first met, D'Arcy acknowledged the boy as his.

There has always been confusion about the date and circumstances of Wentworth's birth. The text of his obituary in the Sydney Morning Herald of 6 May 1872, says about the year 1792. Burke’s Colonial Gentry, 1891–1896, Page 96, says he was born in 1793, describes his mother as Catherine Parry, and that she was the wife of D'Arcy. In the biography "William Charles Wentworth" by A. C. V. Melbourne. M.A., Ph.D., Associate Professor of History, University of Queensland, he says that he was born in 1792. His mother is believed to have been a Catherine Williams, who had been a convict on the Neptune, where Darcy first became acquainted with her.

26 October 1793 was celebrated as his birthdate for some years. His coffin had attached to it a plate of pure silver which bore the simple inscription, William Charles Wentworth, born Oct. 26th, 1793 died March, 20th, 1872.

Early life

In 1796 a young Wentworth arrived in Sydney, at the time a squalid prison settlement, with his parents, D'Arcy and Catherine. The family lived at Parramatta, where his father became a prosperous landowner. In 1802 he was sent to England, where he was educated at a school in London. He returned to Sydney in 1810, where he was appointed acting Provost-Marshall by Governor Lachlan Macquarie, and given a land grant of 1,750 acres (7 km) on the Nepean River.

On 15 October 1810, at Hyde Park, now in the centre of Sydney, Wentworth rode his father's horse Gig to victory in the first official horse races on Australian soil.

Crossing the Blue Mountains

William Charles Wentworth - Journal of his expedition across the Blue Mountains. Held at the The State Library of New South Wales

In 1813 Wentworth, along with Gregory Blaxland and William Lawson, led the expedition which found a route across the Blue Mountains west of Sydney and opened up the grazing lands of inland New South Wales. Wentworth kept a journal of the exploration which begins by describing the first day of the journey:

On the Eleventh of May our party consisting of Mr. Gregory Blaxland, Lieutenant Lawson and Myself with four servants quitted Mr. Gregory Blaxlands farm on the South Creek and on the 29th of the June Month descended from the Mountain into forest land having travelled as nearly as I can compute about 60 Miles from Mr. Chapmans farm on the Nepean River although I do not imagine that we made more than 40 Miles of Westing.

In the journal, Wentworth describes the landscapes they were exploring:

A country of so singular a description could in my opinion only have been produced by some Mighty convulsion in Nature – Those immense unconnected perpendicular Masses of Mountain which are to be seen towards its Eastern Extremity towering above the Country around, seem to indicate that the whole of this tract has been formed out of the Materials of the primitive mountains of which these masses are the only parts that have withstood the violence of the concussion.’

The town of Wentworth Falls in the Blue Mountains commemorates his role in the expedition. As a reward he was granted another 1,000 acres (4.0 km). He then combined farming with sandalwood trading in the South Pacific, where the captain of the ship died at Rarotonga and Wentworth safely brought the ship back to Sydney.

Studying in England

Wentworth returned to England in 1816. There he was admitted to the bar, travelled in Europe, and studied at Cambridge University.

In 1819 Wentworth published the first book written by an Australian: A Statistical, Historical, and Political Description of the Colony of New South Wales and Its Dependent Settlements in Van Diemen's Land, With a Particular Enumeration of the Advantages Which These Colonies Offer for Emigration and Their Superiority in Many Respects Over Those Possessed by the United States of America, in which he advocated an elected assembly for New South Wales, trial by jury and settlement of Australia by free emigrants rather than convicts.

Wentworth successfully completed his legal studies by 1822 and was called to the bar. In 1823 he was admitted to Peterhouse, Cambridge. That year he also published an epic poem Australasia, which contains lines now famous in Australia:

And, O Britannia!... may this — thy last-born infant — then arise,
To glad thy heart, and greet thy parent eyes;
And Australasia float, with flag unfurl’d,
A new Britannia in another world!

Political life

William Charles Wentworth (Thomas Woolner, 1854)

Wentworth returned to Sydney in 1824, accompanied by Robert Wardell. D'Arcy Wentworth died in 1827 and William inherited his property, becoming one of the wealthiest men in the colony. He bought land in eastern Sydney and built a mansion, Vaucluse House, from which the modern suburb takes its name. But because his parents had never married, and his mother had been a convict, he could not become a member of Sydney's "respectable" class, known as "the exclusives." Embittered by this rejection, he placed himself at the head of the "emancipist" party, which sought equal rights and status for ex-convicts and their descendants.

A wild but gifted orator and a vitriolic journalist, Wentworth became the colony's leading political figure of the 1820s and '30s, calling for representative government, the abolition of transportation, freedom of the press and trial by jury. He became a bitter enemy of Governor Ralph Darling and the exclusives, led by the wealthy grazier John Macarthur and his friends. Macarthur's opposition to Wentworth was personal as well as political. Macarthur had broken up the relationship between his daughter Elizabeth and Wentworth, as he would not allow his daughter to marry someone with convict parents.

Wentworth became Vice-President of the Australian Patriotic Association and founded a newspaper, The Australian, the colony's first privately owned paper, to champion his causes (this paper has no connection with the current Australian). With a liberal editorial leaning, the paper was in frequent conflict with governor Ralph Darling.

By 1840, however, the political climate in New South Wales had changed. With the abolition of transportation and the establishment of an elected Legislative Council, the dominant issue became the campaign to break the grip of the squatter (pastoral) class over the colony's lands, and on this issue Wentworth sided with his fellow landowners against the democratic party, who wanted to break up the squatters' runs for small farmers. He was elected to the Council in 1843 and soon became the leader of the conservative party, opposed to the liberals led by Charles Cowper.

In 1853 Wentworth chaired the committee to draft a new constitution for New South Wales, which was to receive full responsible self-government from Britain. His draft provided for a powerful unelected Legislative Council and an elected Legislative Assembly with high property qualifications for voting and membership. He also suggested the establishment of a colonial peerage drawn from the landowning class. This draft aroused the bitter opposition of the democrats and radicals such as Daniel Deniehy, who ridiculed Wentworth's plans for what he called a "bunyip aristocracy."

The draft constitution was substantially changed to make it more democratic, although the Legislative Council remained unelected. With the establishment of responsible government in 1856 Wentworth retired from the Council and settled in England. He refused several offers of honours, and was a member of the Conservative Party in the 1860s. He died in England, but at his request his body was returned to Sydney for burial. His family has remained prominent in Sydney society, and his great-grandson William Wentworth IV was a Liberal member of Parliament 1949-77.

Family

In 1829 Wentworth married Sarah Cox (1805–1880), with whom he had seven daughters and three sons:

  • Thomasine Wentworth (1825–1913)
  • William Charles Wentworth (1827–1859) died without issue
  • Fanny Wentworth (1829–1893)
  • FitzWilliam Wentworth (1833–1915) father of:
  • Sarah Wentworth (1835–1857)
  • Eliza Sophia Wentworth (1838–1898)
  • Isabella Wentworth (1840–1856)
  • Laura Wentworth (1842–1887) married Henry William Keays-Young in 1872.
  • Edith Wentworth (1845–1891) married Rev. Sir Charles Gordon-Cumming Dunbar of Northfield, 9th Bt. in 1872
  • D'Arcy Bland Wentworth (1848–1922), died without heirs. His estate went to W. C. Wentworth III

He fathered at least one other child out of wedlock with Jamima Eagar, the estranged wife of Edward Eagar.

Recognition

The towns of Wentworth and Wentworth Falls, the federal Division of Wentworth, an electorate in Sydney's Eastern Suburbs, the Wentworth Falls waterfall, and Wentworth Avenue which runs through the suburb of Kingston in Canberra, were named after him.

In 1963 he was honoured, together with Blaxland and Lawson, on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post depicting the Blue Mountains crossing, and again in 1974 on the anniversary of the first newspaper publication.

The Wentworth Building, where University of Sydney Union resides, was named after William Wentworth.

Works

  • A Statistical Account of the British Settlements in Australasia (1819)
  • Journal of an expedition, across the Blue Mountains, 11 May-6 June 1813, 1813
  • Australasia: a poem written for the Chancellor's Medal at the Cambridge commencement, July 1823, London: G. and W.B. Whittaker, 1823

Sources

  • Barton, The Poets and Prose Writers of New South Wales (Sydney, 1866)
  • Rusden, History of Australia (London, 1883)
  • Lewis Deer and John Barr: Australia's First Patriot: The Story of William C. Wentworth: Angus & Robertson Ltd.: Sydney 1911.
  • K. R. Cramp, M. A.: William Charles Wentworth of Vaucluse House: A.H. Pettifer Government Printer: Third Edition 1923
  • Carol Liston (1988). Sarah Wentworth, Mistress of Vaucluse: Historic Houses Trust of NSW ISBN 0-949753-34-3.
  • John Ritchie (1997). The Wentworths: Father and Son. The Miegunyah Press at Melbourne University Press. ISBN 0-522-84751-X.
  • Andrew Tink (2009), William Charles Wentworth: Australia's greatest native son. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74175-192-5
  • Robert Griffin, Joy Hughes, Anne Toy and Peter Watts: Vaucluse House: A History and Guide: Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales: 3rd Edition 2006

References

  1. John Ritchie (1997): The Wentworths: Father and Son. The Miegunyah Press at Melbourne University Press. ISBN 0-522-84751-X: p. 40
  2. Andrew Tink (2009): William Charles Wentworth: Australia's greatest native son. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74175-192-5: p.6
  3. Andrew Tink (2009): Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74175-192-5: p.8
  4. Sydney Morning Herald of 6 May 1872
  5. "LITERATURE". The Advertiser (Adelaide, SA : 1931 - 1954). Adelaide, SA: National Library of Australia. 22 September 1934. p. 8. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  6. "WENTWORTH'S BIRTHDAY". The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954). NSW: National Library of Australia. 27 October 1923. p. 18. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  7. "TO-DAYS YESTERDAYS". The Courier-Mail (Brisbane, Qld. : 1933 - 1954). Brisbane, Qld.: National Library of Australia. 26 October 1933. p. 12. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  8. "ANNIVERSARIES". The West Australian (Perth, WA : 1879 - 1954). Perth, WA: National Library of Australia. 26 October 1935. p. 18. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  9. "WENTWORTH MEMORIAL SERVICE". The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954). NSW: National Library of Australia. 23 November 1937. p. 7. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  10. "W. C. WENTWORTH". The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954). NSW: National Library of Australia. 24 October 1936. p. 13. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  11. "AUSTRALIAN ALMANAC". The Australian Women's Weekly (1933 - 1982). 1933 - 1982: National Library of Australia. 25 October 1967. p. 35. Retrieved 1 May 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  12. "PUBLIC FUNERAL OF MR. W. C. WENTWORTH". Empire (Sydney, NSW : 1850 - 1875). Sydney, NSW: National Library of Australia. 7 May 1873. p. 2. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  13. ^ Michael Persse (1967). "Wentworth, William Charles (1790 - 1872)". Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 2. MUP. pp. 582–589. Retrieved 14 August 2007.
  14. Sydney Sydney Gazette & NSW Advertiser
  15. ^ "Wentworth's journal". Discover Collections. State Library of New South Wales. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
  16. "Wentworth, William Charles (WNTT823WC)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  17. Frank Welsh, Great Southern Land: A New History of Australia, Penguin Books, 2005, p.27 (ISBN 0-140-29132-6)
  18. Percival Serle, ed. (1949). "Wentworth, William Charles". [[Dictionary of Australian Biography]]. Angus & Robertson. Retrieved 14 August 2007. {{cite book}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  19. Australian Dictionary of Biography Online, accessed 22 Aug 2009.
  20. "Two hundred years of Sydney newspapers: A SHORT HISTORY" (PDF). Rural Press Ltd. Retrieved 16 April 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  21. 1963 postage stamp
  22. 1974 Postage stamp
  23. A Statistical Account of the British Settlements in Australasia (1819)
  24. Journal of an expedition, across the Blue Mountains, 11 May-6 June 1813, 1813
  25. John Ritchie: Obituary. Retrieved 12 December 2012

External links

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