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Bytów
Teutonic castle in Bytów
FlagCoat of arms
Country	Poland
Voivodeship	Pomeranian
County	Bytów County
Gmina	Gmina Bytów
Established	12th century
Town rights	1346
Government
• Mayor	Ryszard Sylka
Area
• Total	8.72 km (3.37 sq mi)
Population
• Total	16,715
• Density	1,900/km (5,000/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	77-100
Area code	+48 59
Car plates	GBY
Website	http://www.bytow.com.pl

Bytów (Template:Lang-csb; Template:Lang-de is a town in the Middle Pomerania region of northern Poland in the Bytów Lakeland with 16,888 inhabitants (2004). Previously in Słupsk Voivodeship (1975–1998), it is the capital of Bytów County in Pomeranian Voivodeship (since 1999).

History

According to the city's official webpage the name Bytów comes from the founder of the settlement named "Byt". An old Pomeranian settlement was first mentioned by Latin name castrum nomine Bitom in 1113 in Gallus Anonymus' Chronicle, as conquered by Polish king Bolesław III Wrymouth. According to Kratz, that castle, however, should not be identified with Bytów or Bütow since it was located at a lake in the vicinity of the town of Tütz. Bütow never had been surrounded by town walls, nor had its castle ever served to protect the town's citizens; it can also not be assumed that Bütow was named after an Obotritian prince called Bato.

In its early history Bütow belonged to the Land of Stolp which came into possession of the margraves of Brandenburg, after the east Pomeranian dukes had died out. The margraves gave it between 1313 and 1317 to Wartislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania, who presented Butow in 1221 to his marshal Henning Behr. The noble Behr family sold the land to the Teutonic Knights in 1329. In 1346 the Grand Master Heinrich Dusemer von Arfberg granted Bütow city rights under Kulm Law. The Teutonic Knights had started in 1335 with the construction of a rectory. The castle seen today was built by the Knights between 1399 and 1405. It has been the site of an administrator of the State of the Teutonic Knights.

This castle was captured by Poland after the Battle of Tannenberg (1410), and king Jagiello of Poland gave it to Bogislaw VIII, Duke of Pomerania, for all of his lifetime as payment for support obtained from him against the Teutonic Knights. In the Peace of Thorn (1411) Bogislaw had to return the castle to the Knights. The town did not join the Prussian Confederation's revolt against the Teutonic Knights.

The town alternated between Poland and the monastic state during the Polish-Teutonic Wars, and returned to Polish control after the Second Peace of Thorn (1466). Poland gave Bytów as lien to the Dukes of Pomerania. Since 1526 the Pomerania dukes held it as an inheritable lien.

In 1627 during the Thirty Years' War, the town was rebuilt after being destroyed by a fire. When the Pomeranian dukes died out in 1637 the town ceased to be a Polish fief and became directly ruled by Poland. To gain an ally against Sweden during the Deluge, in 1657 King John II Casimir of Poland gave the Lauenburg and Bütow Land to Margrave Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia as a hereditary fief in the Treaty of Bromberg. Although Poland still retained sovereignty, the town was administered by Brandenburg and, after 1701, by the Kingdom of Prussia. During the 18th century, the town suffered from fires and plague.

In 1773 in the First Partition of Poland the town was wholly incorporated in the Prussian Province of Pomerania. From 1846-1945, Bütow was the seat of the Landkreis Bütow district in Prussia. The town became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the Prussian-led unification of Germany. Polish minority remained active in the city, and in 1910 a Polish Bank Ludowy was founded here.

Although reconstituted Poland desired Bütow at the end of World War I, the Treaty of Versailles kept the town in the Weimar Republic in 1919. The decision led the local Kashubians to protests and hundreds of them took part in march known as "marsz na Bytów".

According to Polish sources the Bytów area remained the main centre of activity by Polish minority in the region and in 1923 Związek Polaków na obszar Kaszubski (Organization of Poles in the Kashubian Region) was founded in the city. In 1928 Jan Bauer, a Polish teacher organised Polish language lessons, and reinvigorated the Polish movement in the city, which resulted in repressions by German state, and his eventual conviction and exile from Germany in 1932. Finding himself at the outbreak of Second World War in Berlin he was arrested and murdered by the Nazis in 1940.

Bütow was captured by the Soviet Red Army on 8 March 1945. Some inhabitants had fled before the Soviet advance. In 1945, after the end of the war, the town was put under Polish administration according to the Potsdam Conference and renamed to the Polish Bytów. Those German inhabitants, which had remained in the town or had returned to it short after the war, were later on expelled and replaced with Poles, who first came mainly from regions east of the Curzon Line, which had been annexed by the Soviet Union.

Bytów became the seat of a powiat (1946–1975, 1999-) within Poland.

Demographics

Up to the end of World War II most inhabitants of the town were Protestants.

Number of inhabitants by year

Notable residents

• Wilhelm Abel (1904–1985), German economist
• Adolph Ferdinand Gehlen (1775–1815), chemist
• Szimón Krofey (1545-1590), pastor and publisher of Kashubian-language Lutheran texts
• Hansjoachim Walther (1939–2005), politician
• Georg Warsow (1877-?), athlete

Sights

• Ordensburg of the Teutonic Knights, built 1399-1405
• Church of St. Catherine from the 14th century
• Church of St. George from the 16th century

International relations

Twin towns — sister cities

Bytów is twinned with:

• Frankenberg, Hesse, Germany
• Gdańsk, Poland
• Winona, Minnesota, USA

Municipality of Bytów

Sołectwos in the urban-rural commune (gmina) of Bytów (historical German names and Kashubian names in italics):

• Dąbie (Dampen, Dãbie)
• Gostkowo (Gustkow, Gòstkòwò)
• Grzmiąca (Gramenz, Grzmiãcò)
• Mądrzechowo (Mangwitz)
• Mokrzyn (Petersdorf)
• Niezabyszewo (Damsdorf, Niézabëszéwò)
• Płotowo (Platenheim, Płotowa)
• Pomysk Mały (Klein Pomeiske, Małë Pòmësk)
• Pomysk Wielki (Gross Pomeiske, Wiôlgë Pòmësk)
• Rekowo (Reckow, Rekowò)
• Rzepnica
• Sierżno (Zerrin, Sérzno)
• Świątkowo (Luisenhof)
• Udorpie (Hygendorf, Ùdorp)
• Ząbinowice (Gersdorf)

See also

• Lauenburg and Bütow Land

References

Literature

• Gustav Kratz: Die Städte der Provinz Pommern - Abriss ihrer Geschichte, zumeist nach Urkunden (The towns of the Province of Pomerania - Sketch of their history, mostly according to historical records. Berlin 1865 (reprinted in 2010 by Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 1-161-12969-3), pp. 49–53 (Online) (in Germen)
• Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler: Regesten und Urkunden zur Verfassungs- und Rechtsgeschichte der deutschen Städte im Mittelalter. Volume I, Enke, Erlangen 1863, pp. 443-445 (Online) (in German).
• Georg Sokollek: Pommern – Im Spiegel seiner über 2000jährigen Geschichte, insbesondere der Länder Lauenburg - Bütow. Eberbach 1997 (in German).

Footnotes

1. Bytów Official Site
2. Kratz (1865), p. 49, footnote 1).
3. Gengler (1863), p. 445.
4. Gengler (1863), pp. 443-444.
5. Werner Buchholz: Deutsche Geschichte im Osten Europas – Pommern. Siedler, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-88680-780-0, p, 187.
6. Historia Polski, Volume 3, Part 2 Instytut Historii (Polska Akademia Nauk), page 143 Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1984
7. Polacy spod znaku Rodła Helena Lehr, Edmund Jan Osmańczyk Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej,page 230, 1972
8. Słownik biograficzny Pomorza Nadwiślańskiego Stanisław Gierszewski,page 291 Gdańskie Towarzystwo Naukowe, 1997
9. Kwartalnik Opolski, Volumes 15-16, page 104 Opolskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk, Instytut Śląski w Opolu 1969
10. Postacie historyczne Official website of Bytów
11. Sokollek (1997), pp. 286 ff.
12. ^ Kratz (1865), p. 52
13. Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 6th edition, vol. 3, Leipzig and Vienna 1906, p. 661 (in German).
14. Gunthard Stübs und Pommersche Forschungsgemeinschaft: Die Stadt Bütow im ehemaligen Kreis Bütow in Pommern (2011). (German)
15. Bytów Official Site

External links

• Official website
• Pomeranian history including Bütow/Bytów & Lauenburg/Lębork
• Photo gallery Template:Fr icon

54°8′N 17°30′E / 54.133°N 17.500°E / 54.133; 17.500

v t e Bytów County
Seat: Bytów
Urban-rural gminas	Gmina Bytów Gmina Miastko
Rural gminas	Gmina Borzytuchom Gmina Czarna Dąbrówka Gmina Kołczygłowy Gmina Lipnica Gmina Parchowo Gmina Studzienice Gmina Trzebielino Gmina Tuchomie

v t e Gmina Bytów
Town and seat	Bytów
Villages	Brynki Rekowskie Chomice Dąbie Dąbki Gostkowo Grzmiąca Leśno Mądrzechowo Mała Wieś Międzygórze Mokrzyn Nieczulice Niezabyszewo Płotówko Płotowo Półczynek Pomysk Mały Pomysk Wielki Pomyski Młyn Przyborzyce Pustkowie Rekowskie Pyszno Rekowo Rzepnica Sarniak Sierżenko Sierzno Świątkowo Świerkówko Szarzyn Udorpie Ząbinowice Zbysław

• Use dmy dates from August 2011
• Populated places established in the 12th century
• Castles of the Teutonic Knights
• Cities and towns in Pomeranian Voivodeship
• Bytów County
• Kashubian American history