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Joe Biden is the Vice President of the United States and former senator from the US state of Delaware. He served in the Senate from 1973 until 2009 and made his second run for President of the United States in the 2008 presidential election as a Democrat. Biden was announced as Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama's running mate on August 23, 2008, and was elected Vice President on November 4, 2008.

Biden has supported campaign finance reform including the McCain-Feingold Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act and banning contributions of issue ads and gifts; capital punishment as his 1993 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act created several new capital offenses; deficit spending on fiscal stimulus in the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009; tax credits for the working poor and students; carbon emissions cap and trade; the increased infrastructure spending proposed by the Obama administration; mass transit, supporting Amtrak, bus, and subway subsidies for decades; renewable energy subsidies; same-sex marriage; student loan forgiveness; increased taxation of the wealthy; and universal health care. He opposes marijuana legalization and prefers the reduced military spending proposed in the Obama Administration's fiscal year 2014 budget.

The following are more detailed political positions of Joe Biden on an assortment of issues.

Social issues

Abortion, stem cell research, cloning

Biden voted in favor of overturning Roe v. Wade as a Senator in 1982. Since then, he appears to have changed his mind. Biden believes that the decision should remain intact. He is quoted as saying, "The best policy for our country on the question of abortion is a policy of Government neutrality. Put another way: I do not believe that the government should be involved in making judgments on whether a woman can, or should have an abortion, or – if she chooses to do so – in paying for that abortion." In September 2008, Biden was barred, by Joseph Francis Martino, the bishop of Scranton, Pennsylvania, from receiving Holy Communion in the diocese because of his support for abortion rights.

He voted in favor of a 1999 bill to ban in most circumstances partial birth abortion and on the 2003 Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act. Biden has defended these votes as recently as April 2007. He has also stated his opposition to federal funding of abortions.

He has joined with Democrats in voting against parental notification and a ban on abortions on military bases. Biden's record on abortion includes receiving a 100% rating from NARAL Pro-Choice America in four of the last five years, although he received a 36% as recently as 2003. Biden pledged that he would appoint Supreme Court justices that share his beliefs. He has also stated his opposition to the Mexico City Policy, and voted in favor of the Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act in 1994. Biden supports federal funding for embryonic stem cell research and voted to expand development and voted against a 1998 ban on human cloning.

Capital punishment

Biden supports capital punishment. He authored the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, which expanded the number of crimes subject to the federal death penalty. However, he voted against limiting appeals in capital cases and also opposed the rejection of racial statistics in death penalty appeals.

Crime

Biden has been given a 71% approval rating from Coalition on Urban Renewal and Education (CURE) indicating a pro-rehab record on crime. He voted in support of funding for the Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) program. He wrote the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, which greatly increased the number of federal crimes punishable by the death penalty and abolished education grants for prisoners. Biden also voted against limiting death penalty appeals. He voted for expanding the definition of hate crimes and also imposing heavier punishments. Biden supports a Federal Bureau of Investigation registry for sex offenders.

Drug law

Biden favors diverting drug offenders out of the nation's prison system. He is ostensibly against making stricter laws for drug offenses, but helped in the creation of a Drug Czar, a government official overseeing all anti-drug operations. According to his campaign website, he is for increased penalties against those caught selling drugs within 1000 feet of schools. He was the drafter and chief sponsor of the RAVE Act, a law that aimed to crack down on MDMA-fueled raves, but which critics called too broad in scope. The law, which was later renamed the Illicit Drug Anti-Proliferation Act of 2003, was additionally controversial because it was passed without public hearing or debate in Congress, attached to an unrelated child protection bill. Critics of the law assert that it has since been used by agents of the Drug Enforcement Administration to intimidate those organizing rallies and fund-raisers to support drug-law reform.

Education

Biden received a 91% voting record from the National Education Association (NEA) showing a pro-teacher union voting record. He supports abstinence-only sex education, is against student vouchers and affirms the Constitutional right to voluntary prayer in school. He voted in favor of Educational Savings Accounts. In regard to the No Child Left Behind Act, Biden stated,

Classrooms are too big; we need smaller classrooms, period. A lot of teachers are going to be retiring. We need a program where we attract the best and brightest students coming out of our colleges to be teachers, and pay them.

He voted in favor of the Act in 2001, but has subsequently called that vote "a mistake." He has said that the program is underfunding the education system.

Environment

He co-sponsored the "Sense of the Senate" resolution calling on the United States to be a part of the United Nations climate negotiations and the "Boxer-Sanders Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act", the most stringent climate bill in the United States Senate. He voted "Yes" on a $3.1B for emergency oil assistance for hurricane-hit areas and "No" for drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge on national security grounds and defunding renewable and solar energy.

Biden supports the creation of a new treaty on climate change that would require emissions reductions from developing countries such as Brazil, India, China, and Mexico. He has also stated his support for investment in technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as well as the creation of a "cap and trade" system. Biden supports the promotion of renewable energy, including biodiesel fuels but not ethanol.

Gun issues

Biden was given an "F" by the National Rifle Association (NRA) showing an anti-gun ownership voting record. He supports reinstating a Federal ban on various semi-automatic rifles and voted against prohibition of lawsuits against gun manufacturers. He has also voted to end what gun-control activists call the "gun show loophole", stating that no one should be able to walk into a gun show and buy a gun more easily than they could at a gun store.

Health

Biden was given a 100% approval rating from the American Public Health Association (APHA). He supports funding for health care to allow all people access.

Homeland security

After the April 19, 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, a domestic terrorist bomb attack that destroyed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, Biden drafted anti-terrorist legislation, which was ultimately defeated. He later claimed publicly on several occasions that the USA PATRIOT Act – which eased restrictions on the Executive branch in the surveillance and detention of those suspected of terrorism or facilitating it – was essentially a duplicate of the anti-terrorist legislation he had drafted years earlier. Biden supported the PATRIOT Act but voted to limit wiretapping on the bill. He supports implementing the 9/11 Commission's recommendations to fight terrorists but voted to preserve habeas corpus rights to the alleged terror suspects serving in Guantanamo Bay. In the 1990s he voted in favor of 36 vetoed military projects and supports efforts to prevent nuclear proliferation. He was given a 60% approval rating from the American Civil Liberties Union reflecting a mixed voting record on civil rights issues. During a debate on November 15, 2007 Biden clarified the effect of the PATRIOT Act and his continued support for it and his opposition to racial profiling.

Immigration

Biden supported the 2007 Comprehensive Immigration Reform Bill. He supports guest-worker visas, and the building of a wall along the border as a deterrent to drug trafficking. He voted to provide Social Security to illegal immigrants and supports a path to citizenship.

Internet privacy and file sharing

CNET.com gave Biden a 37.5% in its Technology Issues Voter's Guide. They referred to Biden as "Pro-RIAA" and "Pro-FBI" in his file sharing and privacy stances. Biden sponsored a bill that would make it a felony to record internet radio, and signed a letter that urged the United States Department of Justice to prosecute file sharers.

Biden also sponsored two bills, the Comprehensive Counter Terrorism Act (SB 266) and the Violent Crime Control Act (SB 618), both of which contained language seen as effectively banning encryption. Crypto notes Biden wrote that language into the text of SB 266. Phil Zimmerman, creator of Pretty Good Privacy, has said it was SB 266 that "led me to publish PGP electronically for free that year, shortly before the measure was defeated after vigorous protest by civil libertarians and industry groups." However, Zimmerman later stated in a Slashdot article that he was not specifically criticizing Biden, that he would consider the Senator's "whole body of work" when considering whether to vote for him on the Democratic ticket in 2008, and that "considering the disastrous erosion in our privacy and civil liberties under the (Bush) administration, I feel positively nostalgic about Biden's quaint little non-binding resolution of 1991".

LGBT issues

Biden voted in favor of the Defense of Marriage Act but against the Federal Marriage Amendment. He supports states rights to establish civil unions.

When asked by David Gregory about his views on same-sex marriage on Meet the Press on May 5, 2012, Biden noted that, while the President sets policy, Biden was "absolutely comfortable with the fact that men marrying men, women marrying women, and heterosexual men and women marrying another are entitled to the same exact rights, all the civil rights, all the civil liberties. And quite frankly, I don't see much of a distinction -- beyond that."

Biden voted in favor of "Don't Ask Don't Tell", but more recently said that it would soon be repealed, adding that "no one asks if you're gay in a foxhole". The policy's repeal passed the Senate on December 18, 2010 and was signed by President Obama four days later.

Biden favors adding sexual orientation to the criteria for a hate crime.

Religious faith

In a response to a student's question about how his own religious faith affected his philosophy of government at the University of Pittsburgh in November 2011, Biden said;

I find it preposterous that in 2011 we're debating whether or not a man is qualified or worthy of your vote based on whether or not his religion ... is a disqualifying provision. It is not. It is embarrassing and we should be ashamed, anyone who thinks that way.

Welfare

Biden is opposed to the privatization of Social Security and was given an 89% approval rating from the Alliance for Retired Americans (ARA), reflecting a pro-senior citizen voting record. He voted in support of welfare block grants and supports welfare reform.

Women

In 1994, Biden drafted the Violence Against Women Act, which was signed into law. It provided $1.6 billion to enhance investigation and prosecution of the violent crime perpetrated against women, increased pre-trial detention of the accused, provided for automatic and mandatory restitution of those convicted, and allowed civil redress in cases prosecutors chose to leave unprosecuted.

The United States Supreme Court struck down portions of the VAWA on Constitutional grounds in United States v. Morrison.

Biden has said: "I consider the Violence Against Women Act the single most significant legislation that I’ve crafted during my 35-year tenure in the Senate. Indeed, the enactment of the Violence Against Women Act in 1994 was the beginning of a historic commitment to women and children victimized by domestic violence and sexual assault. Our nation has been rewarded for this commitment. Since the Act’s passage in 1994, domestic violence has dropped by almost 50%." He has also said that the Act "empower women to make changes in their lives, and by training police and prosecutors to arrest and convict abusive husbands instead of telling them to take a walk around the block".

Economic issues

Agriculture

"Senator Biden supported the Farm Bill and believes that it is a responsible compromise. It is not perfect, but it was the product of lengthy negotiations and passage was essential to our farm economy. For Delaware and the rest of the nation, this bill contains funding and programs that are critical to the future of the family farmer, stewardship of our environment and meeting nutritional needs at a time when food prices are rising."

"Senator Biden has been a strong supporter of efforts to combat the problem of invasive species – plants and animals improperly brought to U.S. shores. Senator Biden feels that these non-native species have the potential to be one of the largest economic and environmental threats in the 21st century. Non-native species alter vegetation, compete with native species, introduce new diseases and interfere with maritime commerce. Conscious of these dangers, Senator Biden continues to support programs aimed at preventing the importation of non-native plants and animals to the United States."

"After learning that Russia will start banning chicken imports from 19 plants in the United States" Senator Biden "issued the following statement:"

"Russia is once again using non-tariff barriers as an excuse to close its markets to American poultry. I am concerned about the effect of this action on Mountaire, a major employer and integral part of our state's agricultural production. Other local poultry processing plants may be targeted.

"Russia has repeatedly shown that it is not ready to abide by the rules of international trade. Let's not forget this is part of a bigger picture in which Russia has failed to behave as a responsible member in the international community. Until Russia reverses their recent actions—both big and small – its application to join the World Trade Organization should remain on hold.

"The United States must take immediate and necessary steps – just like we did in 2002 -to restore access to this market, which is critical to Delaware's farmers, Delaware's poultry industry and Delaware's economy, which relies heavily on the agricultural industry."

Banking

Biden voted for the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 and voted yes on restrictions on personal bankruptcy.

Energy

Biden opposes drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and supports governmental funding to find new energy sources as well as upping funding for alternative transportation like Amtrak and mass transit.

While campaigning for president in 2007, Biden said that, if elected, his top priority would be "energy security." He has also been quoted as saying "If I could wave a wand, and the Lord said I could solve one problem, I would solve the energy crisis."

Globalization

Biden was given a 32% approval rating from the United States Chamber of Commerce. He favors taking burdens off corporations to prevent outsourcing. He voted yes on repealing tax subsidies for companies that outsource jobs.

However, he was one of the Democrats to vote for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993. Biden was given a 42% approval rating from the Cato Institute, showing a mixed record on free trade. He opposed the Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) but supports normalizing relations with China, Vietnam and the Andean nations. He opposes free trade agreements with Oman, Singapore, and Chile.

Labor unions

Biden was given an 85 percent lifetime approval rating from AFL-CIO.

Tax

Biden is against the Bush administration's tax cuts and would "take back one year of the tax cuts for Americans who make over a million dollars a year, and put this money in a dedicated Homeland Security and Public Safety Trust Fund to implement the 9/11 Commission recommendations and invest in law enforcement." Biden supports a balanced budget amendment.

Biden cites high health care and energy costs as two major threats to the prosperity of American businesses, and believes that addressing these issues will improve American economic competitiveness.

Foreign policy

The Council on Foreign Relations reported on Biden's political positions.

Iraq

In 1990, Biden voted against the first Gulf War after Iraq under Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait. In 1998, Biden expressed support for the use of force against Iraq, and urged a sustained effort to "dethrone" Saddam Hussein over the long haul. In 2002, as Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he stated that Saddam Hussein was "a long term threat and a short term threat to our national security" and that United States has "no choice but to eliminate the threat". He also said, "I think Saddam either has to be separated from his weapons or taken out of power." Biden also supported a failed resolution authorizing military action in Iraq only after the exhaustion of diplomatic efforts, Biden argued that Saddam Hussein possesses chemical and biological weapons and is seeking nuclear weapons; he subsequently voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq in 2003. Biden has since said that he believes it was a mistake to support the Iraq War because it has been mismanaged by the Bush Administration. In 2005, Biden said, "We can call it quits and withdraw from Iraq (but) I think that would be a gigantic mistake, or we can set a deadline for pulling out, which I fear will only encourage our enemies to wait us out – equally a mistake."

Regarding his belief that Iraq maintained stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction, Biden said in 2007 that inspectors had seen and cataloged the existence of the materials required to make such weapons prior to their expulsion from Iraq and pondered why Saddam Hussein didn't tell the international community that he had disposed of them. stated in July 2002 that most chemical and biological agents produced by Iraq would have been neutralized or degraded in storage, encouraging the Senate Foreign Affairs Committee to convene hearings to reassess the threat. When the committee scheduled hearings in the beginning of August 2002, Scott Ritter, the chief United Nations weapons inspector in Iraq, stated that "Sen. Joe Biden is running a sham hearing. It is clear that Biden and most of the Congressional leadership have pre-ordained a conclusion that seeks to remove Saddam Hussein from power regardless of the facts, and are using these hearings to provide political cover for a massive military attack on Iraq."

Biden supports a "five-step plan" towards removing troops from Iraq. In November 2006, Biden and Leslie Gelb, President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations, released a comprehensive strategy to end sectarian violence in Iraq. Rather than continuing the present approach or withdrawing, the plan calls for federalizing Iraq with separate regions for Kurds, Shiites, and Sunnis. The key points include:

1. Giving Iraq's major groups a measure of autonomy in their own regions. A central government would be left in charge of interests such as defending the borders and distributing oil revenues.
2. Guaranteeing Sunnis – who have no oil rights – a proportionate share of oil revenue and reintegrating those who have not fought against Coalition forces.
3. Increase, not end, reconstruction assistance but insist that Arab States of the Persian Gulf fund it and tie it to the creation of a jobs program and to the protection of minority rights.
4. Initiate a diplomatic offensive to enlist the support of the major powers and neighboring countries for a political settlement in Iraq and create an Oversight Contact Group to enforce regional commitments.
5. Begin the phased redeployment of U.S. forces in 2007 and withdraw most of them by 2008, leaving a small follow-on force for security and policing actions.

The plan, named The Biden-Brownback Resolution, passed the Senate 75-23 in a nonbinding vote on September 25, 2007, including 26 Republican votes. Iraq’s political leadership united in denouncing the resolution, while the Embassy of the United States in Baghdad issued a statement distancing itself.

Africa

Biden favors an American deployment of troops to Darfur. In support of this, Biden said senior U.S. military officials in Europe told him that 2,500 U.S. troops could "radically change the situation on the ground now" (see War in Darfur.)

Biden is opposed to American financing of abstinence-only programs to combat HIV-AIDS in Africa. In 2007, he cosponsored the HIV Prevention Act which would end President George W. Bush's mandate that one third of all funds be earmarked to abstinence only programs.

Israel

Biden is a self-described Zionist. During the interview conducted by the U.S. Jewish television cable network Shalom TV, Biden said, "I am a Zionist. You don't have to be a Jew to be a Zionist."

He is highly supportive of the state of Israel and views Israel as a strategic ally in the Middle East. He stated that "the Arab nations have known that there is no daylight between us and Israel." Regarding support for Israel within the Democratic Party, Biden has stated that the Democrats' support for Israel "comes from our gut, moves through our heart, and ends up in our head. It's almost genetic." In September 2008, Biden stated "A strong America is a strong Israel. I have a 35-year record of supporting Israel, and Israel's security is enhanced the stronger America is."

In a speech to several hundred older American Jews at a Florida retirement community, Biden stressed that he and Barack Obama are strongly pro-Israel. Biden stated "I am chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee. I give you my word as a Biden, I would not have given up that job to be Barack Obama's vice president if I didn't in my gut and in my heart and in my head know that Barack Obama is exactly where I am on Israel. And he is...I promise you ... we will make more secure." Biden also criticized the presidency of George W. Bush, stating that "By any objective fact, Israel is less secure today in the world than it was eight years ago."

During a conference call to members of the Jewish media on September 3, 2008, Biden stated, in regard to a potential Israeli military strike on Iranian nuclear facilities, that it “is not a question for us to tell the Israelis what they can and cannot do, I have faith in the democracy of Israel. They will arrive at the right decision that they view as being in their own interests.” However, Biden stated that additional diplomatic efforts should be made to help avert the potential need for military action.

In September 2008, Biden spoke at the Washington Conference of the National Jewish Democratic Council (NJDC). Biden stated that “I’ve spent 35 years of my career dealing with issues relating to Israel. My support for Israel begins in my stomach, goes to my heart and ends up in my head." Regarding Barack Obama's stance on Israel, Biden stated that “I guarantee you, I would not have joined Barack Obama as his vice president if I had any doubt, even the slightest doubt, that he shares the same commitment to Israel I share.” Biden also harshly denied a claim by the Republican Jewish Coalition (RJC) that he once attempted to cut off aid to Israel. NJDC director Ira Forman has praised Biden, stating that “There is no one you could possibly pick who knows the issues, who is committed to Israel’s security and knows Israeli leaders, as much as Joe Biden.”

During the 2008 Vice-Presidential debate, Biden stated "no one in the United States Senate has been a better friend to Israel than Joe Biden. I would have never, ever joined this ticket were I not absolutely sure Barack Obama shared my passion."

In November 2010, Biden served as the keynote speaker at the General Assembly (GA) of Jewish Federations of North America, where he stated that “This government will stand with Israel. It’s in our own self-interest, beyond it being an absolute moral necessity.” He also renewed his support for peace talks with the Palestinians, stating that “There is no substitute for direct face-to-face negotiations leading eventually to states for two people secured – the Jewish State of Israel and the viable independent state of Palestine. That is the only path to the Israeli people’s decades-long quest for security, and the only path to the Palestinian people’s legitimate aspirations for nationhood.”

Alleged statement on Iranian nuclear arms

In early September 2008, Haaretz quoting an un-sourced report from Israel Army Radio which stated that Biden had reportedly told Israeli officials in private that Israel "will have to reconcile itself with the nuclearization of Iran." Biden denied he had ever made this statement or any similar statements. David Wade, a Biden spokesman, stated that “This is a lie peddled by partisan opponents of Senators Obama and Biden and we will not tolerate anyone questioning Senator Biden’s 35-year record of standing up for the security of Israel.” Wade also stated that Biden' views a nuclear Iran as “grave threat to Israel and the United States.” Israeli officials later reported that the original story appeared “dubious.”

American Israel Public Affairs Committee

Regarding the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), Biden defended his right to oppose some AIPAC-backed measures. Biden stated that "AIPAC does not speak for the entire American Jewish community. There’s other organizations as strong and as consequential.” Biden further stated that AIPAC does not speak for Israel. However, Biden added that “I’ve never disagreed with AIPAC on the objective. Whenever I’ve had disagreement with AIPAC it has always been a tactical disagreement, not a substantive disagreement.” Following this interview, an AIPAC spokesman praised Biden's leadership efforts on several fronts and stated that "We look forward to continuing to work with him in the Senate or in the White House."

In September 2008, Biden spoke with AIPAC leaders in a conference call. Following the meeting, an AIPAC spokesman stated that "We had a very warm conversation with Senator Biden today, as we have many times throughout the years, about the importance of the U.S-Israel relationship, and we look forward to continuing to work with him in the future. We had an opportunity to express our appreciation for his strong leadership in support of the U.S.-Israel relationship, and we were pleased to hear Senator Biden reaffirm his desire to maintain his close relationship with AIPAC as we work together to strengthen the special friendship between the two democracies over many years to come." An adviser to the presidential campaign of Barack Obama stated that "Senator Biden expressed his appreciation for AIPAC's important work supporting Israel's security and the U.S.-Israel relationship, and that he looks forward to continuing to work with them as partners on these issues in the future as he has in the past."

Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Biden has stated he supports a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Biden cosponsored the Palestinian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2006 which expressed U.S. support for a two-state solution. During the 2008 Vice-Presidential debate, Biden stated that the Bush administration's policy with regard to the Middle East has been "an abject failure" and pledged that, if elected, Barack Obama and himself "will change this policy with thoughtful, real, live diplomacy that understands that you must back Israel in letting them negotiate, support their negotiation, and stand with them, not insist on policies like this administration has."

In a March 2007 interview, Biden was asked about the failure to achieve peace between Israel and the Palestinians. Biden stated that "Israel’s a democracy and they make mistakes. But the notion that somehow if Israel just did the right thing, would work ... give me a break.” He also stated that “The responsibility rests on those who will not acknowledge the right of Israel to exist, will not play fair, will not deal, will not renounce terror.”

In May 2009, Biden spoke at an AIPAC conference where he stated that Israel "has to work towards a two-state solution" and called on Israel to "dismantle existing outposts and allow Palestinians freedom of movement." He also called on the Palestinians to "combat terror and incitement against Israel."

North Korea

Biden favors open dialogue with North Korea and describes them as a "paper tiger", unable to directly cause harm to America. However, in June 2007 Democratic debate, he called the situation one of "the three most important things that the next president is going to have to deal with", along with Iran and Iraq.

Iran

As chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Sen. Biden has been a prominent voice calling for "hard-headed diplomacy" with Iran. In July 2008, Biden should first engage directly with Iran in the context of talks with the Permanent Five Members of the UN Security Council and Germany, and "ultimately country-to-country, just as we did with North Korea." He also has called for the implementation of "coordinated international sanctions" on Iran, adding "we should complement this pressure by presenting a detailed, positive vision for U.S.-Iran relations if Iran does the right thing."

In 2007, Biden voted against a measure to declare the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps a terrorist organization. He wrote in December 2007 that "War with Iran is not just a bad option. It would be a disaster." Biden has threatened to initiate impeachment proceedings against President Bush if he starts a war with Iran without Congressional approval. In an interview with members of the Jewish media in September 2008, Biden stated that the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps is a terrorist organization and that the Bush administration already had the power to designate it as one. He stated that he voted against the measure out of concern that the Bush administration would misuse the measure to justify a military attack against Iran.

In early April 2009, Biden told CNN that he believed that Israel would not launch a unilateral strike against Iran's nuclear facilities. Biden stated that "I think (Israel) would be ill-advised to do that. And so my level of concern is no different than it was a year ago."

Cuba

Biden strongly opposes the Fidel Castro regime in Cuba and supports the continuation of the trade embargo as well as the democratization of the island in post-Castro era. In 2006, Biden stated, "We should be putting together a plan as to how we are going to play a positive role in moving that country, after the Castros are gone, to—more toward democratization and liberalization in their society."

Russia

In 1999, Biden cosponsored a draft resolution condemning Russia's 1999 Invasion of Chechnya, the use of indiscriminate force by the Russian army against civilians and violations of the Geneva Convention, and urged a peaceful resolution of the conflict.

In 2005, Biden cosponsored a Senate resolution criticizing Russia for failing to uphold its commitments at the 1999 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Summit, which included agreements on a completed Russian military withdrawal from Moldova. That resolution also expressed disapproval of Russia’s demand for the closure of the OSCE Border Monitoring Operation (BMO), which served to observe border crossings between Georgia and the Russian republics of Chechnya, Dagestan, and Ingushetia. That bill passed in the Senate.

Biden introduced legislation in July 2008 urging members of the Group of Eight to "work toward a more constructive relationship with Russia," and encouraging Russia to behave according to the G-8’s "objectives of protecting global security, economic stability, and democracy." The resolution also called on Russian and U.S. leaders to increase cooperation and funding for the Nunn-Lugar program and other nonproliferation initiatives. It also emphasized the need for a successor to the 1991 Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty. The resolution passed.

Biden has voiced concerns about Russia alleged backsliding on democratic reforms. In August 2008, Biden criticized Russia’s military action in Georgia. "By acting disproportionately with a full scale attack on Georgia and seeking the ouster of Georgia’s democratically elected President Mikheil Saakashvili, Moscow is jeopardizing its standing in Europe and the broader international community – and risking very real practical and political consequences," Biden wrote in a Financial Times op-ed. Biden urged Russia to abide by the negotiated cease fire.

See also

• Political positions of Barack Obama
• Political positions of Mitt Romney
• Political positions of Paul Ryan
• Political positions of John McCain
• Political positions of Sarah Palin

Notes

1. "Joe Biden on the Issues". OnTheIssues.org. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
2. ^ "AFL-CIO Democratic Forum". Elections 2008. Annenberg Political FactCheck. August 8, 2007. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
3. LCV Scorecard 2008
4. (over ten years)
5. "Vice President Joseph 'Joe' Robinette Biden, Jr.'s Special Interest Group Ratings". Special Interest Group Ratings. Project Vote Smart. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
6. Head, Tom (2008). "Joe Biden on Civil Liberties". Civil Liberties News and Issues. About.com. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
7. "Joe Biden on Government Reform". Joe Biden on the Issues. OnTheIssues.org. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
8. "Joe Biden on Crime". Joe Biden on the Issues. OnTheIssues.org. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
9. Biden, Joe (February 17, 2010). "Assessing the Recovery Act: 'The best is yet to come'". USA Today. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
10. ^ Biden, Joe (January 27, 2011). "Biden: Mubarak Is Not a Dictator, But People Have a Right to Protest". PBS Newshour. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
11. "Joe Biden on Education". Joe Biden on the Issues. OnTheIssues.org. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
12. ^ "Joe Biden on Energy & Oil Reform". Joe Biden on the Issues. OnTheIssues.org. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
13. Hockenberry, John (April 23, 2009). "Vice President Joe Biden pushes mass transit spending". The TakeAway. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
14. Biden, Joe (May 6, 2013). "May 6: Joe Biden, Kelly Ayotte, Diane Swonk, Tom Brokaw, Chuck Todd". Meet the Press. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
15. "Ensuring That Student Loans are Affordable". Issue Fact Sheet. The White House. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
16. "Joe Biden on Tax Reform". Joe Biden on the Issues. OnTheIssues.org. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
17. "Joe Biden on Health Care". Joe Biden on the Issues. OnTheIssues.org. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
18. "Joe Biden on Drugs". Joe Biden on the Issues. OnTheIssues.org. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
19. Biden, Joe (June 23, 2011). "Statement by Vice President Biden On the Bipartisan Debt Talks". Press Release. The White House. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
20. Hellman, Chris (April 10, 2013). "Competing Visions: President Obama, Rep. Paul Ryan, Sen. Patty Murray, and House Progressives Release Budget Proposals for 2014". National Priorities Project. Retrieved June 3, 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
21. Kirkpatrick, David (September 16, 2008). "Abortion Issue Again Dividing Catholic Votes". The New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2008.
22. "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 106th Congress – 1st Session". United States Senate. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
23. "Roll Call Vote No. 402 Tally". C-SPAN: Congress Guide – Key Votes. C-SPAN. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
24. ^ "Senator Joe Biden (D-DE)". NARAL Pro-Choice America. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved October 1, 2008.
25. "Joe Biden on Crime". Ontheissues.org. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
26. "Joe Biden on Crime and Punishment". Retrieved August 25, 2008.
27. "Joe Biden on Drugs".
28. "Raving Lunacy". Fox News. July 25, 2002.
29. "DEA Uses RAVE Act Threats to Block Montana NORML#SSDP Benefit". Drug Reform Coordination Network (DRC Net). 2003-06=06. Retrieved August 25, 2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
30. "Improving America's Schools Act of 1994, SEC. 14510". US Department of Education. Retrieved August 23, 2008.
31. "Joe Biden on Education". On the Issues. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
32. "Part I: CNN/YouTube Democratic presidential debate transcript". CNN Election Center 2008. CNN. July 24, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2007.
33. Grist Jan 3, 2008 retrieved May 4, 2008 http://www.grist.org/feature/2007/08/29/biden_factsheet/
34. On the Issues retrieved May 4, 2008 http://www.ontheissues.org/Senate/Joe_Biden.htm#Energy_+_Oil
35. "Unleashed: 20/20 hindsight". National Rifle Association Political Victory Fund. January 11, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
36. Michael Crowley (October 22, 2001). "Rhetorical Question". The New Republic. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
37. "Democratic Debate Transcript, Las Vegas, Nevada – Council on Foreign Relations". Retrieved August 25, 2008.
38. "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records". Retrieved July 26, 2010. Biden (D-DE), Yea
39. "Technology voter guide 2006 – Mapping Congress' voting records". {{cite web}}: Text "CNET News.com" ignored (help)
40. "Senators aim to restrict Net, satellite radio recording - CNET News.com".
41. http://www.politechbot.com/docs/congress.p2p.letter.081002.pdf
42. "Joe Biden's pro-RIAA, pro-FBI tech voting record – Yahoo! News". Retrieved August 25, 2008.
43. Levy, Steven (2001). Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government, Saving Privacy in the Digital Age. New York: Viking. p. 195. ISBN 0-670-85950-8.
44. "Phil Zimmermann on PGP". Retrieved August 25, 2008.
45. "Phil Zimmerman on Sen. Biden and 2008 Democratic ticket". Retrieved June 8, 2009.
46. "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records". Retrieved August 25, 2008.
47. "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records". Retrieved August 25, 2008.
48. Stein, Sam (May 6, 2012). "Joe Biden Tells 'Meet The Press' He's 'Comfortable' With Marriage Equality". Huffington Post. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
49. "Joe Biden on the Issues". Ontheissues.org. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
50. "Candidates dance at civil unions: Dems shy of marriage; GOP jumps to right". Concord Monitor and New Hampshire Patriot. April 21, 2007. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
51. Biden defends Romney's Mormon faith
52. "Joe Biden on Welfare & Poverty". Ontheissues.org. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
53. "Senator Joe Biden – Senator for Delaware: Issues – Domestic Violence". US Senate. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
54. "Senator Joe Biden Stands Up For Women" (PDF). US Senate. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 30, 2008. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
55. "Senator Joe Biden – Senator for Delaware: Issues – Agriculture". US Senate. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
56. "Senator joe biden on agriculture" (PDF). US Senate. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
57. "BIDEN Issues Statement on News of Russia's Ban on Chicken Imports". US Senate. Retrieved September 8, 2008.
58. "U.S. Senate: Legislation & Records Home > Votes > Roll Call Vote". Senate.gov. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
59. "Arctic Power – Arctic National Wildlife Refuge – Presidential Candidates views on ANWR, The Democrats". Retrieved August 25, 2008.
60. Grist Jan 3, 2008 Retrieved May 4, 2008 http://www.grist.org/feature/2007/08/29/biden/
61. "Final Senate Vote on NAFTA". Public Citizen. Archived from the original on June 8, 2008. Retrieved August 22, 2008.
62. "Issues: Homeland Security". Biden's Presidential campaign website. August 2, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
63. "Joe Biden for President: Issues"". Biden's Presidential campaign website. August 2, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2007.
64. "Joseph R. Biden, Jr. – Council on Foreign Relations". Retrieved August 25, 2008.
65. http://online.wsj.com/public/article_print/SB122049148440397625.html. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
66. Thomas W. Lippman and Bradley Graham (November 13, 1998). "Support for U.S. Stance on Iraq Grows". Washington Post.
67. ^ Tim Russert (April 29, 2007). "MTP Transcript for April 29, 2007". MSNBC. p. 2.
68. Meet the Press August 2002 interview with Tim Russert http://www.michaelmoore.com/mustread/index.php?id=1040
69. Gordon, Michael R. (August 24, 2008). "New York Times – A Democratic Leader on Foreign Policy, In Iraq and the Balkans". The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
70. AUTHORIZATION OF THE USE OF UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES AGAINST IRAQ
71. Joe Biden on Meet the Press 2007 http://www.ontheissues.org/Archive/2007_Meet_the_Press_Joe_Biden.htm
72. Ritter and Von Sponeck on Iraq: Interviews Available
73. ^ Ned Parker and Raheem Salman (October 1, 2007). "U.S. vote unites Iraqis in anger". Los Angeles Times.
74. ^ Biden's 's position on top foreign policy issues
75. "Biden in 2007 interview: I am a Zionist – Israel News, Ynetnews". Ynet.co.il. June 20, 1995. Retrieved December 11, 2010.
76. Israel must come to terms with nuclear Iran
77. Jennifer Siegel: Presidential Hopeful Slams Bush for Stance on Syria The Jewish Daily Forward, March 21, 2007.
78. Joseph Biden, Democrat, profile at Haaretz, October 23, 2006.
79. Candidate Biden: U.S., Israel Joined at the Hip by Aaron Passman, The Jewish Exponent, September 11, 2008.
80. Biden reassures Florida Jews on Israel, Jewish Telegraph Agency (JTA), September 2, 2008.
81. Sen. Joe Biden reiterates support for Israel at two South Florida rallies by Mark Hollis and Juan Ortega, South Florida Sun-Sentinel, September 3, 2008.
82. ^ Biden: AIPAC doesn't speak for all Jews, Jewish Telegraph Agency (JTA), September 3, 2008)
83. Biden at NJDC: Obama supports Israel, Jewish Telegraph Agency (JTA), September 24, 2008.
84. ^ Joe Biden and Israel are friends who fight by Eric Fingerhut and Ron Kampeas, Jewish Telegraph Agency (JTA) (reprinted by the Jewish Weekly News of Northern California), August 29, 2008 (retrieved on November 1, 2008).
85. ^ Transcript of Palin, Biden debate, CNN, October 2, 2008.
86. U.S. VP stresses country’s support for Israel by Frances Kraft, Staff Reporter, Canadian Jewish News, November 11, 2010.
87. Biden Denies Saying Israel will have to Reconcile with Nuclear Iran, Fox News (with contributions from Reena Ninan), September 1, 2008
88. Obama camp denies report Biden said Israel will have to reconcile to nuclear Iran, Haaretz Service, September 1, 2008.
89. Biden, AIPAC clear the air, Jewish Telegraph Agency (JTA), September 19, 2008.
90. “Mr. President, I support the Palestinian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2006...” govtrack.us.
91. U.S. presses Israel on two-state solution, settlements by Matt Spetalnick and David Alexander, Reuters (reprinted by the National Post), May 5, 2009.
92. Biden: Israel won’t hit Iran by Ron Kampeas, Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), April 7, 2009.
93. Obama is a pragmatic idealist (interview with Brian Whitmore)
94. S. Res. 223 [106th]: A resolution condemning the violence in Chechnya

External links

• Joe Biden on the Issues
• Joe Biden – democratic candidate 2008
• Iraq: A way forward
• Joe Biden's opinions – whereIstand.com
• Full list of Joe Biden's Legislation – statesurge.com
• Biden's 's position on top foreign policy issues

• Articles with dead external links from August 2008
• Political positions of United States presidential candidates, 2008
• Political positions of United States Senators
• Political positions of Vice Presidents of the United States
• Joe Biden