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v t e

Anti-Hungarian sentiment involves hatred, grievance, distrust, intimidation, fear, hostility of the Hungarian people and Hungarian diaspora as an ethnic or national group; Hungary (or the predecessor Kingdom of Hungary) and its culture; and/or anything Hungarian. The terms hungarofóbia, magyarphobia or antimagyarism are also used.

Manifestations

Anti-Hungarian sentiment has a social, historical basis, and is mostly attested among Hungary's neighboring nations.

Features

• prejudice against Hungarian people (e.g. Székelyek, Csangos, Hungarians in Slovakia)
• xenophobic display (i.e. graffiti on the buildings)
• cultural antimagyarism
• discrimination in commerce, defamation, desecration of Magyar relics and/or national symbols
• ethnically-motivated violence, hate crime
• overt cyberbullying, internet hate speech
• stereotype-based racism

History

Anti-Hungarian clashes date back to the 15th century. Seldom racially based, the attacks on the Hungarians were motivated by auspicious land gain and mere territorial expansion of Ottomans and Mongols. In 16th century, the Hungarians were defeated by the Ottoman Turks. Battle of Mohács was overall a devastating blow to the Kingdom of Hungary, resulting in a consequent split of it between three Hungary fractions: Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, Ottoman Hungary, and Royal Hungary. This element of destabilization in Hungary was exploited by Jovan Nenad (Црни Јован), a Hungary ex-military commander of Serb origins, who staged and lead an uprising in various Serbian cities such as Bač, Subotica and Sremska Mitrovica. The rebels were to target Hungarians, Transylvanian Saxons and even Romanians and these attacks only exponentially rose.

Note that various unrelated peasant revolts, most notable the Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan, occured simultaneously during the same time. These revolts were responsible for a complete devastation of municipalities associated with Hungarians: Kurety (Curechiu), Kristyor (Crişcior), Brád (Brad), Miheleny (Mihăileni), Déva (Deva), Verespatak (Roşia Montană), Aranyosbánya (Offenbánya, Baia de Arieş), Abrudbánya (Abrud) and some villages had their entire population wiped out..

During the Hungarian War of Independence local Serbs were found dead around the regions of South Hungary. On July 18, Hungarian soldiers took over the city of Srbobran and slaughtered 37 children with their decapitated heads later to be found in a Catholic church. Approximately 2000-2800 of Hungarians were slaughtered at Zenta the next year.Meanwhile in Transylvania, Romanian Orthodox rebels attacked a Hungarian village with the population of 1,000, litting it up and obliterating everyone to the last person. United Hungarian hatred was used by Austrian Empire to gain common goal supporters against the Hungarians.

The Hungarian Revolution, however, gained support from people, both foreign and domestic, most notably Hungarian Slovenes, Hungarian Jews, and a substantial amount of Polish and Italian volunteers. The revolution was suppressed and the rebels at Zenta slew the Hungary-siding Jews. Participation of over 20,000 Jewish soldiers in the Hungarian Revolution was not only commemorated by the command but helped lead Hungarian Jews to the emancipation route.

In Czechoslovakia

Minorities in Czechoslovakia during the years 1918-1939 enjoyed personal freedoms and were properly recognized by the state. Consequentially, three Hungarian and/or Hungarian-centric political parties were present at the lands of Czechoslovakia. These parties were:

• Hungarian-German Social Democratic Party
• Hungarian National Party
• Provincial Christian-Socialist Party

After the WWII. vast political landscape in Czechoslovakia was colored red, so to speak; during this transition to a communist one-state country era decrees permiting the forced expulsion of German and Hungarian minorities from ethnic enclaves in Czechoslovakia came into effect, and furthermore, forcibly relocated Hungarians to the Czechoslovakian borders in Sudetenland. To this day, Benes decrees remain valid and legally in effect in the Czech Republic. The governments of Slovakia and the Czech Republic have not issued an official apology statement to the relocation survivors up to this day.

In Slovakia

Social class in pre-WWI Slovakia contributed to this phenomenon as well. In 1910, Slovaks primarily made up occupational fields such as agriculture, forestry, and fishing, putting them in the rural class category whereas Germans, Jews, and Hungarians represented the urban class. The struggling Slovaks in their search for identity utilized this data to overcome the situation hence elements of antimagyarism and anti-Semitism resurfaced in the early development of Slovak Nationalism.Slovakia kept applying various assimilation processes on the Hungarian minority throughout the Iron Curtain era that was tangled in a repetitious cycle of civil restriction loosening and law tightening with no end. Various villages and communities make good use of bilingual signs and as of today many Hungarian majority have them by "default". Furthermore, females of Hungarian or any non-Slovak background were required to affix the Slovak language feminine marker -ová at the end of their surname in the past.

Hungarian minority is officially recognized by the Slovak government. Some political parties (such as the Slovak National Party) fundamentally opposing the government giving the rights to Hungarian people are openly speaking for the complete assimilation of Hungarian minority into the Slovak society, suggesting that Hungarians in Slovakia are actually overprivileged.

In spite of antimagyar rhetorics coming from prominent Slovak politician figures (most notably Ján Slota) the palpable antimagyarism sense is fairly present among the majority of people. One of the contemporary incidents of a racially-motivated violence against Hungarians in Slovakia is the Hedvig Malina case. Hedvig Malina, a 23-year-old Hungarian student from Horné Mýto, was severely beat and robbed in Nitra (Nyitra in Slovak) after speaking Hungarian in public on her cellphone.

Hungarian-interest platform parties in Slovakia include

• Most–Híd
• Party of the Hungarian Coalition

In Romania

Transylvanian nationalists of Romanian background, citing Nicolae Ceaușescu as their favorite ideology figure, often propagate views that could be interpreted as antisemitic and anti-Hungarian in general.

Various incidents involving hostile behavior and physical aggression toward ethnic Hungarians regardless of age were carried out. A reported case of hate crime occurred in Cluj-Napoca where 12 year-old child was brought to hospital after assaulted in a public park for speaking Hungarian.

Hungarian-interest platform parties in Romania include

• Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania
• Hungarian People's Party of Transylvania

Derogatory terms

In English

• Honky – derived from the word Hungarian.
• Bohunk – combination of "Hungarian" and "Bohemian". An immigrant of East-Central European origin. A Laborer.

In Romanian

• Bozgor (m), Bozgoroaică (f), Bozgori (pl.) – pseudo-Magyar term of possible Romanian/Slav origin. An ethnic slur describing Hungarian Transylvanians who refuse to learn Romanian.

See also

References

1. Boyer, John W. (2009). Culture and Political Crisis in Vienna: Christian Socialism in Power, 1897-1918. University of Chicago Press, 1995. p. 116. ISBN 9780226069609. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
2. ^ Verdery, Katherine. National Ideology Under Socialism: Identity and Cultural Politics in Ceauşescu's Romania. University of California Press, 1995. p. 317. ISBN 9780932088352. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 35 (help)
3. Czire Dénes: A román nemzeti mozgalmak célja, módszerei és eredményei. (in Hungarian). Magyar Fórum, 1995/9, 22. old.)
4. Cseres Tibor: Vérbosszú Bácskában
5. Vikman Zsuzsa: A zentai emberfejkoszorú
6. Kozár, Mária; Gyurácz, Ferenc. Felsőszölnök, Száz magyar falu könyvesháza. KHT. ISBN 963-9287-20-2.
7. Források a Muravidék történetéhez/Viri za zgodovino Prekmurja. Vol. 1 (871-1849). Szombathely-Zalaegerszeg. 2008. ISBN 978-963-7227-19-6.
8. Jeszenszky, Géza (17 November 2000). "From "Eastern Switzerland" to Ethnic Cleansing, address at Duquesne History Forum" (PDF).
9. ^ Domokos Pál Péter: Rendületlenül, Eötvös Kiadó-Szent Gellért Egyházi Kiadó, 1989, 33.-34. old.
10. ^ Mátyás Vilmos: Utazások Erdélyben, Panoráma, 1977, 56. old.
11. ^ Hilda von Klausenburg: Magyarellenes atrocitások Erdélyben és Romániában: 1784-1956
12. ^ Gracza György: Az 1848/49-es magyar szabadságharc története, Budapest, Wodianer F. és Fiai kiadása, 337. és 339. old.
13. Thum, Gregor (2006–2007). "Ethnic Cleansing in Eastern Europe after 1945". Contemporary European History. 19 (1): 75–81. doi:10.1017/S0960777309990257.
14. http://www.radio.cz/en/section/talking/the-benes-decrees-a-historians-point-of-view
15. Cichopek-Gajraj, Anna (2008). Jews, Poles, and Slovaks: A Story of Encounters, 1944--1948. ProQuest, 2008. p. 46. ISBN 0549980822. {{cite book}}: |first2= missing |last2= (help)
16. Bernd, Rechel (2009). Minority rights in Central and Eastern Europe. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0415590310. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
17. ^ Cohen, Shari J. (2009). >Politics Without a Past: The Absence of History in Postcommunist Nationalism. Duke University Press, Nov 22, 1999. p. 140. ISBN 0822323990. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
18. Hungarian Human Rights Foundation New Slovak Government Embraces Ultra-Nationalists, Excludes Hungarian Coalition Party
19. "Malina case bungled: Prosecutor". The Budapest Times. Retrieved 2008-03-11. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
20. "Maligned Hungarian seeks higher justice". The Budapest Times. 2007-12-10. Retrieved 2008-03-03. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
21. "Une étudiante met le feu aux poudres ("A student sets fire to the powder")" (in French). lepetitjournal.com. 2006-09-18. Retrieved 2008-04-01.
22. Freedom House (U.S.) (2009). Romania: A Case of "Dynastic" Communism (Issue 11 of Perspectives on Freedom). Freedom House, 1989. p. 109. ISBN 9780932088352. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
23. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bohunk
24. “bohunk” in the Canadian Oxford Dictionary, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2004.
25. http://www.rsdb.org/race/hungarians

• Anti-Hungarian sentiment
• Hungarian society
• Hungarian diaspora