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Ernesto Rafael Guevara de la Serna, May 14, 1928—October 9, 1967), commonly known as Che Guevara, was an Argentine-born Marxist revolutionary and Cuban guerrilla leader. Guevara was a member of Fidel Castro's "26th of July Movement," which seized power in Cuba in 1959. After serving various important posts in the new government, Guevara left Cuba in 1966 with the hope of fomenting revolutions in other countries, first in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and later in Bolivia, where he was captured in a CIA-organized military operation. The CIA wanted to keep him alive for interrogation, but he was executed by the Bolivian army. After his death, Guevara became a hero of Third World socialist revolutionary movements, as a theoretician and tactician of asymmetric warfare.
Youth
Guevara was born in Rosario, the eldest of five children in a family of Spanish-Irish descent.
Patrick Lynch, founder of the Argentine branch of the Lynches, was born in Ireland in 1715. He left for Bilbao, Spain, and traveled from there to Argentina. Francisco Lynch (Che's great-grandfather) was born in 1817, and Ana Lynch (his grandmother) in 1861. Her son Ernesto Guevara Lynch (Che's father) was born in 1900, married Celia de la Serna and had five children. Ernesto was born in 1927.
In this upper-middle class family with leftist leanings, Guevara became known for his dynamic and radical views even as a boy. Though suffering from the crippling bouts of asthma that were to handicap him throughout his life, he excelled as an athlete. In 1948, he entered the University of Buenos Aires to study medicine. There he also excelled as a scholar; he completed his medical studies in March 1953.
He spent many of his holidays traveling in Latin America. In 1951, Guevara's older friend, Alberto Granado, a biochemist and a political radical, suggested that Che take a year off his medical studies to embark on a trip they had talked of doing for years, traversing South America on an old Norton 500cc motorcycle. Guevara and the 29-year-old Alberto soon set off from their hometown of Cordoba. Guevara narrated this journey in The Motorcycle Diaries, translated in 1996 (and turned into a motion picture of the same name in 2004). Through his first-hand observations of the poverty and powerlessness of the masses, he decided that the only remedy for Latin America's social inequities lay in revolution. His travels also taught him to look upon Latin America not as a collection of separate nations but as a cultural and economic entity, the liberation of which would require an intercontinental strategy. Upon his return to Argentina, he completed his medical studies as quickly as he could, to enable him to continue his adventures travelling around South America.
Guatemala
Following his graduation from the University of Buenos Aires medical school in 1953, Guevara went to Guatemala, where President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman headed a populist government that, through various reforms, particularly land reform, was attempting to bring about a social revolution. Around this time, Guevara also acquired his famous nickname, "Che." (In Argentina, "Che" is an expression for calling someone's attention; in other parts of Latin America, it is slang for someone from Argentina).
The overthrow of the Arbenz government by a 1954 CIA-backed coup d'etat persuaded Guevara that the United States would always oppose governments that attempted to address the dire social inequities in Latin America and in other developing countries of the world. This conviction, which he later expressed in many of his speeches and writings, became the cornerstone of his socialist ideas. Following the coup, Guevara volunteered to fight, but Arbenz told his supporters to leave the country, and Guevara briefly took refuge in the Argentine consulate.
Cuba
Guevara met Fidel Castro and his brother Raúl in Mexico City where the two sought refuge after being exiled from Cuba. The Castro brothers were preparing to return to Cuba with an expeditionary force in an attempt to overthrow the regime of Fulgencio Batista. Guevara quickly joined what became known as "the 26th of July Movement."
Castro, Guevara, and 80 other guerrillas departed from Tuxpan aboard the cabin cruiser Granma in November 1956. (The name was most likely a tribute to the grandmother of the previous owner, an American.) Guevara was the only non-Cuban aboard.
Shortly after disembarking in a swampy area near Niquero in the southeast, the expeditionary unit was attacked by Batista's forces. Only 12 rebels survived. Che, the group's physician, laid down his knapsack containing medical supplies in order to pick up a box of ammunition dropped by a fleeing comrade, a moment which he later recalled as marking his transition from doctor to combatant.
The rebels slowly gained in strength, seizing weapons and winning support and recruits from the local peasants in rural areas and intellectuals and workers in urban areas. Guevara exhibited great courage, skill in combat, and ruthlessness and soon became one of Castro's ablest and most trusted aides. Guevara took responsibility for the execution of informers, insubordinates, deserters and spies in the revolutionary army. He personally executed Eutimio Guerra, a suspected Batista informant, with a single shot from his .32 pistol.
Within months, Guevara rose to the highest rank, Comandante (Major), in the revolutionary army. His march on Santa Clara, Cuba in late 1958, where his column derailed an armored train filled with Batista's troops and took over the city, was the final straw that forced Batista to flee the country. Che recorded the two years spent in overthrowing Batista's regime in a detailed account entitled Pasajes de la Guerra revolucionaria (English translation, Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War, 1968), first published in 1963.
Revolutionary government
After Castro's troops entered the capital of Havana on January 2, 1959, a new socialist government was established. Shortly thereafter, Guevara became a Cuban citizen and divorced his Peruvian wife, Hilda Gedea, by whom he had one daughter. Later, he married a member of Castro's army, Aleida March. The couple would have four children together.
Guevara became as prominent in the new government as he had been in the revolutionary army. After serving as the military commander of the La Cabana fort, Guevara became an official at the National Institute of Agrarian Reform, president of the National Bank of Cuba, and Minister of Industries. In this capacity, Guevara faced the challenge of adapting Cuba's capitalistic agrarian economy into a socialistic industrial economy. After negotiating a trade agreement with the Soviet Union in 1960, Guevara represented Cuba on many commercial missions and delegations to Soviet-aligned nations in Africa and Asia after the United States imposed an embargo on the nation.
In 1959, Che Guevara was appointed commander of the La Cabana Fortress prison. During his term as commander of the fortress from 1959-1963, he oversaw the executions of hundreds of political prisoners and regime opponents(estimates range from 500 to 1700). Many individuals imprisoned at La Cabana, such as poet and human rights activist Armando Valladares, allege that Guevara took particular and personal interest in the interrogation, torture, and execution of some prisoners. Guevara would later write: "To send men to the firing squad, judicial proof is unnecessary. These procedures are an archaic bourgeois detail. This is a revolution! And a revolutionary must become a cold killing machine motivated by pure hate. We must create the pedagogy of The Wall!"
Guevara helped guide the Castro regime on its leftward and pro-Communist path. An active participant in the economic and social reforms brought about by Castro's government, he became known in the West for his outspoken opposition to all forms of imperialism and neocolonialism and for his fiery attacks on U.S. foreign policy in Africa, Asia, and especially Latin America.
During this period, he defined Cuba's policies and his own views in many speeches, articles, letters, and essays, the most important of which are two books on guerrilla warfare. El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba (1965; Man and Socialism in Cuba, 1967) is an examination of Cuba's new brand of socialism and Communist ideology. His highly influential manual on guerrilla strategy and tactics (English translation, Guerrilla Warfare, 1961) advocated peasant-based revolutionary movements in the developing countries.
Prior to the Cuban Missile Crisis, Guevara was part of a Cuban delegation to Moscow in early 1962 with Raúl Castro where he endorsed the planned placement of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. Guevara believed that the placement of Soviet missiles would protect Cuba from any direct military action against it from the United States. Jon Lee Anderson reports that after the crisis Guevara told Sam Russell, a British correspondent for the socialist Daily Worker, that if the missiles had been under Cuban control, they would have fired them off.
Che's book, Guerrilla Warfare, was seen for a time as the definitive philosophy for fighting irregular wars. Guevara believed that a small group (foco) of guerrillas, by violently targeting the government, could actively foment revolutionary feelings among the general populace, so that it was not necessary to build broad organizations and advance the revolutionary struggle in measured steps before launching armed insurrection. However, the failure of his "Cuban Style" revolution in Bolivia was thought to have been due to his lack of grassroots support in Bolivia, and hence this strategy is now thought by some to be ineffective.
Congo
He persuaded Castro to back him in the first, covert Cuban involvement in Africa. Guevara desired to first work with the Lumumbaist Simba movement in the former Belgian Congo (later Zaire and currently the Democratic Republic of the Congo).
In 1964, Guevara was assisted for a time in the former Belgian Congo by guerrilla leader Laurent Kabila, who helped Lumumba supporters lead a revolt that was eventually suppressed in 1965 by the Congolese army. (In 1960 Kabila became a youth leader in a political party allied to Congo's first post-independence prime minister, the Marxist-Maoist Patrice Lumumba. Lumumba was deposed in 1961 and later killed.) Che Guevara dismissed Kabila as insignificant. "Nothing leads me to believe he is the man of the hour," Che Guevara wrote.
Che was only 35 at that time and had never had any formal military training. His asthma prevented him from going in to military service in Argentina, a fact of which he was proud, given his opposition to the government. He had the experiences of the Cuban revolution, including his successful march on Santa Clara, Cuba in late 1958, which was central to Batista finally being overthrown by Castro's forces. U.S. Army Special Forces advisors working with the Congolese army were able to monitor Che's communications, arrange to ambush the rebels and the Cubans whenever they attempted to attack, and interdict Guevara's supply lines. Guevara proved unable to supplant the native Simba leadership, and in fact was forced to place his troops under Simba command. Late that same year, ill, humiliated and with only a few survivors of the force he had brought into the country, Guevara left the Congo.
Disappearance from Cuba
After April 1965 Che dropped out of public life and then vanished altogether. Guevara was not seen in public after his return to Havana on March 14 from a three-month tour of the People's Republic of China, the United Arab Republic (Egypt), Algeria, Ghana, and Congo-Brazzaville. The whereabouts of the Argentine-born Marxist who was regarded as second in power to Castro himself, was the great mystery of 1965 in Cuba.
His disappearance was variously attributed to the relative failure of the industrialization scheme he had advocated while minister of industry, to pressure exerted on Castro by Soviet officials disapproving of Che's pro-Chinese Communist outlook as the Sino-Soviet Split grew more pronounced, and to serious differences between Che and the Cuban leadership regarding Cuba's economic development and ideological line.
Che's pro-Chinese orientation was increasingly problematic for Cuba as the Cuban economy became more and more dependent on the Soviet Union. Since the early days of the Cuban revolution Guevara had been considered an advocate of a Chinese strategy in Latin America and the originator of a plan for swift industrialization of Cuba. According to Western observers of the Cuban situation, the fact that Guevara was opposed to Soviet recommendations apparently accepted by Castro in order to improve his relations with Moscow might have been the reason for his disappearance.
Indeed, by this point Che had grown more skeptical of the Soviet Union. He saw the Northern hemisphere of the world, led by both the Soviet Union and the United States, as the exploiter of the Southern hemisphere. But he strongly supported the Vietnamese Revolution, although North Vietnam maintained a pro-Soviet posture, and urged his comrades in South America to create "many Vietnams."
Pressed by international speculations on Guevara's fate, Castro said on June 16 that the people would be informed about Guevara when Guevara himself wished to let them know. Numerous rumors about his disappearance spread both inside and outside Cuba.
On October 3 of that year, Castro revealed an undated letter purportedly written to him by Guevara some months earlier in which Guevara reaffirmed his enduring solidarity with the Cuban Revolution but stated his intention to leave Cuba to fight abroad for the cause of the revolution. He explained that "other nations are calling for the help of my modest efforts" and that, having "always identified with the world outcome of our Revolution," he had decided to go and fight as a guerrilla in different parts of the world. In the letter Guevara announced his resignation from all his positions in the government, in the party, and in the Army, and renounced his Cuban citizenship, which had been granted to him in 1959 in recognition of his efforts on behalf of the revolution.
During an interview with four foreign correspondents on November 1, Castro remarked that he knew where Guevara was but that he would not disclose the place, and added, denying reports that his former comrade-in-arms was dead, that "he is in the best of health." Despite Castro's assurances the fate of Guevara remained a mystery at the end of 1965. Che's movements and whereabouts remained a secret for the next two years.
Bolivia
Speculation continued during the year as to the whereabouts of the former Minister of Industry and Director of the National Bank. In a speech at the May Day rally in Havana, the Acting Minister of the armed forces, Maj. Juan Almeida, announced that Guevara was "serving the revolution somewhere in Latin America." The persistent reports that he was assisting the guerrillas in Bolivia were ultimately proved true.
A parcel of jungle land in Nancahazu was purchased by native Bolivian Communists and turned over to him for use as a training area. The evidence suggests that this training was more hazardous than combat to Guevara and the Cubans accompanying him. Little was accomplished in the way of building a guerrilla army. On learning of his presence in Bolivia, President René Barrientos is alleged to have expressed the desire to see Che's head displayed on a pike in downtown La Paz. He ordered the Bolivian Army to hunt Guevara and his followers down.
Che's guerrillas, numbering about 120, were well equipped and scored a number of early successes in difficult terrain in the mountainous Camiri region of the country against Bolivian regulars. In September, however, the Army managed to eliminate two guerrilla groups, reportedly killing one of the leaders.
Guevara's hope of fomenting revolution in Bolivia appears to have been predicated upon a number of misconceptions. He had expected to deal only with an oppressive national government. However, there was a U.S. presence in Bolivia. After the U.S. government learned of his location, CIA operatives were sent into Bolivia to aid the anti-insurrection effort. He had expected to deal with a poorly trained and equipped national army. Instead, the Bolivian Army was being trained by U.S. Army Special Forces advisors, including a recently organized elite battalion of Rangers trained in jungle warfare. Guevara had also not received the expected assistance and cooperation from the local dissidents when he undertook his journey. Moreover, Bolivia's Moscow-oriented Communist Party did not aid him in the insurrection.
Guevara and his associates found themselves hamstrung in Bolivia by the American aid and military trainers to the Bolivian government and a lack of assistance from his allies. In addition, the CIA also helped anti-Castro Cuban exiles to set up interrogation houses for those Bolivians thought to be assisting Che Guevara and/or his guerillas, which were often used for torture of these individuals.
The Bolivians were notified of the location of Guevara's guerilla encampment by a deserter. On October 8, the encampment was encircled and Che was captured while leading a patrol in the vicinity of La Higuera. His surrender was offered after being wounded in the legs and having his rifle destroyed by a bullet. According to soldiers present at the capture, during the skirmish as soldiers approached Guevara he shouted, "Do not shoot! I am Che Guevara and worth more to you alive than dead." Barrientos ordered his execution immediately upon being informed of Guevara's capture. Guevara was executed; he was taken to an old schoolhouse and bound by his hands to a board. Supposedly, Che Guevara did have some last words before his death; he allegedly said to his executioner, "I know you are here to kill me. Shoot, coward, you are only going to kill a man." He was shot in the heart.
A CIA agent and veteran of the US invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs, Felix Rodriguez headed the hunt for Guevara in Bolivia. After hearing of Guevara's capture Rodriguez relayed the information to the CIA. Although Rodriguez despised Guevara for Guevara’s involvement in the execution of several of his own family members, he noted how bravely Guevara accepted his fate after his initial cowardice. After the execution, Rodriguez took Che's Rolex watch, often proudly showing it to reporters during the ensuing years. Rodriguez had removed his hands to send to different parts of the world to verify his identity.
A side issue connected with the guerrillas was the arrest and trial of Regis Debray. In the summer government forces captured Debray, a young French Marxist theoretician and writer, and accused him of collaborating with the guerrillas. Debray claimed that he had merely been acting as a reporter, and that Che, who had mysteriously disappeared several years earlier, was leading the guerrillas.
As Debray's trial—which had become an international cause celebre—was beginning in early October, Bolivian authorities on October 11 reported that Guevara had been shot and killed in an engagement with government forces on October 9. The former Cuban leader's body was publicly displayed and photographed, and fingerprints were offered as proof of identification.
On October 15 Castro admitted that the death had occurred and proclaimed three days of public mourning throughout Cuba. The death of Guevara was regarded as a severe blow to the socialist revolutionary movements throughout Latin America.
In 1997, the skeletal remains of Guevara's body were exhumed, positively identified by DNA matching and returned to Cuba, where he is revered as a heroic revolutionary leader. On the 12 July 1997 Guevara's remains were buried with full military honours in the city of Santa Clara, in the province of Las Villas, where Guevara won the decisive battle of the Cuban Revolution.
The Bolivian Diary
Also removed was Guevara's diary, which outlined the guerrilla war being fought in Bolivia. It tells of the group being forced to begin operations due to discovery by the Bolivian Army, the eventual split of the group, and the general failure of the guerrillas. It shows the split between Guevara and the Bolivian Communist Party that resulted in Guevara having significantly fewer soldiers than originally anticipated. It shows that Guevara had a great deal of difficulty recruiting from the local populace, due mainly to the fact that the guerrilla group had learned Quechua and not the local language. As the campaign drew to an unexpected close, Guevara became increasingly ill. He suffered from asthma, and most of his last offensives were carried out to obtain medicine.
The Bolivian Diary was quickly and crudely translated by Ramparts magazine and circulated around the world. Fidel Castro has denied involvement with this.
Hero cult
While pictures of the dead Che Guevara were being circulated and the circumstances of his death were being debated, Che's legend began to spread. Demonstrations in protest against his assassination occurred throughout the world, and articles, tributes, and poems were written about his life and death.
Even liberal elements that felt little sympathy with Che's Communist ideals during his lifetime expressed admiration for his spirit of self-sacrifice. He is singled out from other revolutionaries by many young people in the West because he rejected a comfortable bourgeois background to fight for those who were deprived of political power and economic stability. And when he gained power in Cuba, he gave up all the trappings of privilege and power in Cuba in order to return to the revolutionary battlefield and ultimately, to die.
In the late 1960s, he became a popular icon for revolution and youthful political ideals in Western culture. A dramatic photograph of Che taken by photographer Alberto Korda in 1961 (see Che Guevara (photo)) soon became one of the century's most recognizable images, and the portrait was simplified and reproduced on a vast array of merchandise, such as T-shirts, posters, and baseball caps. Che's reputation even extended into theatre, where he is depicted as the narrator in the musical Evita who becomes disillusioned with Eva Peron and her dictator husband, Juan Domingo Peron, whom Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber portray as increasingly corrupt and tyrannical. This is creative license, as Guevara's only interaction with Eva Peron was to write her a facetious letter in his youth, asking for a Jeep.
An intellectual and a thinker, Che believed in putting his theories into action. Called "the most complete human being of our age" by the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, Che's supporters believe he may yet prove to be the most important thinker and activist in Latin America since Simón Bolívar, leader of the South American independence movement and hero to subsequent generations of nationalists throughout Latin America.
Movies and actors who have portrayed Che Guevara:
- El 'Che' Guevara - Francisco Rabal (1968)
- Che! - Omar Sharif
- Hasta la victoria siempre - Alfredo Vasco (1999)
- Motorcycle diaries - Gael Garcia Bernal (2004)
- Che: The Movie - Benicio Del Toro (2006)
Quotes
- “I know what you have come for, I am ready. Know this now, you are killing a man.” - just before he was shot and killed
- “In a revolution, one triumphs or dies.” - farewell letter to Fidel Castro; dated April 1, 1965
- “The great lesson of the guerrillas' invincibility is taking hold among the masses of the dispossessed. The galvanization of the national spirit; the preparation for more difficult tasks, for resistance to more violent repression. Hate as a factor in the struggle, intransigent hatred for the enemy that takes one beyond the natural limitations of a human being and converts one into an effective, violent, selective, cold, killing machine. Our soldiers must be like that; a people without hate cannot triumph over a brutal enemy.” - message to the Tricontinental; 1967
- “At the risk of seeming ridiculous, let me say that the true revolutionary is guided by a great feeling of love.”
- “I am not a liberator. Liberators do not exist. The people liberate themselves.”
More quotes at Wikiquote page for Ernesto 'Che' Guevara
Writings by Che Guevara
- The Diary of Che Guevara, Amereon Ltd,
- The Motorcycle Diaries: Notes on a Latin American Journey, Perennial Press, ISBN 0007182228.
- Back on the Road: A Journey to Central America (Harvill Panther S.), The Harvill Press, Paperback - July 4, 2002, ISBN 0802139426.
- The African Dream: The Diaries of the Revolutionary War in the Congo, Grove Press, Paperback - October 1, 2001
- Bolivian Diary, Pimlico, Paperback May 21, 2000, ISBN: 0712664572
- Guerrilla Warfare, Souvenir Press Ltd, Paperback - October 2003, ISBN 0285636804.
- Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War, Monthly Review Press, Paperback - March 1, 1998
- Che Guevara Speaks, Pathfinder, Paperback - April 30, 2000
- Che Guevara Talks to Young People, Pathfinder, Paperback - February 2000
- Che Guevara Reader: Writings on Guerrilla Warfare, Politics and History, Ocean Press, Paperback - September 3, 2003
- Critical Notes on Political Economy, Ocean Press, Paperback - October 30, 2003
- Our America and Theirs, Ocean Press (AU), Paperback - March 2005, ISBN 1876175818.
- Manifesto: Three Classic Essays on How to Change the World, Consortium, Paperback - June 1, 2004
- Socialism and Man in Cuba: Also Fidel Castro on the Twentieth Anniversary of Guevara's Death, Monad, Paperback - October 1, 1988
Writings about Che Guevara
- Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, Jon Lee Anderson, Bantam Press, ISBN 0553406647.
- The Che Guevara Reader, Collection of Guevara works edited by David Deutschmann, Ocean Press, ISBN 1876175699.
- Guevara, Also Known as Che, Paco Ignacio Taibo 2, Saint Martin's Press, ISBN 0312206526.
- Guerrilla Warfare Ernesto Guevara and Thomas M. Davis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln Public Relations. June 1985.
Related topics
External links
- The Che Guevara internet archive - contains written works, pictures, and speeches
- Che Lives (includes a very active discussion forum)
- A site dedicated to Che Guevara, including a discussion area
- Che Guevara
- El-Comandante.com - including biography, photographs, and texts of Che Guevara
- Moreorless.au.com - Che Guevara Hero File
- Che Guevara: Symbol of Struggle by Tony Saunois
- The Death of Che Guevara: Declassified