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Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda)

Violent typhoon (JMA scale)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Typhoon Haiyan approaching the Philippines on November 7, 2013
Formed	November 3, 2013 (2013-11-03)
Dissipated	November 11, 2013 (2013-11-11)
Highest winds	10-minute sustained: 230 km/h (145 mph) 1-minute sustained: 315 km/h (195 mph)
Lowest pressure	895 hPa (mbar); 26.43 inHg
Fatalities	963+ confirmed
Damage	$6.8 million (2013 USD) (Preliminary total)
Areas affected	Chuuk, Yap, Palau, Philippines, Vietnam, Southern China
Part of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Haiyan (international designation: 1330, JTWC designation: 31W, PAGASA name: Yolanda) is unofficially the strongest recorded tropical cyclone to make landfall, with wind speeds up to 195 miles per hour (314 km/h). The thirtieth named storm, thirteenth typhoon, and fifth super-typhoon of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season, Haiyan originated as an area of low pressure east-southeast of Pohnpei in the western Pacific Ocean on November 2. Tracking generally westward, the disturbance steadily developed within an environment of light wind shear and warm sea surface temperatures, becoming a tropical depression early the following day.

After becoming a tropical storm and attaining the name Haiyan at 0000 UTC on November 4, the system began a period of rapid intensification that brought it to typhoon intensity by 1800 UTC on November 5. With an expanding and deepening central dense overcast and clear eye visible on satellite, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) upgraded Haiyan to a super typhoon—a typhoon in which maximum sustained winds attain or exceed 240 km/h (150 mph)—early on November 6. After entering PAGASA's region of responsibility, the JTWC upgraded Haiyan to a Category 5 equivalent on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale.

Steered by a subtropical ridge to the cyclone's north, the eye of Haiyan passed over the northern portion of Palau, where extensive wind damage was observed. Thereafter, it continued to intensify; at 1200 UTC on November 7, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) upgraded the storm's maximum ten-minute sustained winds to 235 km/h (145 mph), the highest in relation to the cyclone. At 1800 UTC, the JTWC estimated the system's one-minute sustained winds to 315 km/h (195 mph), unofficially making Haiyan the fourth most intense tropical cyclone ever observed. Several hours later, the eye of the cyclone made its first landfall in the Philippines at Guiuan, Eastern Samar, without any change in intensity; if verified, this would make Haiyan the strongest tropical cyclone to make a landfall on record, surpassing the old record of 305 km/h (190 mph) set by Hurricane Camille in 1969.

On November 8, the cyclone entered the South China Sea and was downgraded to a Category 4 typhoon by the JTWC. Readings indicated that Typhoon Haiyan dropped to Category 3 as it traversed the South China Sea, with gusts of up to 210 km/h (130 mph) and 1-minute sustained winds of up to 190 km/h (120 mph).

The cyclone caused devastation in the Philippines, particularly on Samar Island and Leyte, where the governor estimated that at least 10,000 people may have died in the city of Tacloban alone.

U MAD

Preparations

Micronesia and Palau

Upon JTWC’s declaration of Tropical Depression 31W on November 3, a tropical storm warning was issued for Chuuk Lagoon, Losap, and Poluwat in the Federated States of Micronesia. Further west, Faraulep, Satawal, and Woleai, were placed under a typhoon watch while Fananu and Ulul were placed under a tropical storm watch. The following day, the tropical storm warning expanded to include Satawal while a typhoon warning was issued for Woleai. Much of Yap State while the islands of Koror and Kayangel in Palau were placed under a typhoon watch later on November 4. The government issued a mandatory evacuation for Kayangel, and although most residents ignored the warning, they all survived the storm. As Haiyan progressed westward, the easternmost advisories were gradually discontinued. As Haiyan intensified into a typhoon on November 5, warnings were raised across Palau and Yap State. Government offices in Melekeok were used as an evacuation building for Palau. Despite mandatory evacuation orders, most residents on Kayangel remained on the island and rode out the typhoon.

Philippines

Shortly before Typhoon Haiyan entered the Philippine area of responsibility on November 6, PAGASA raised Public Storm Warning Signal (PSWS) #1, the lowest of four levels, for much of the Visayas and Mindanao. As the storm continued to approach the country, warnings expanded into Luzon and increased in severity for eastern areas. By the evening of November 7, PSWS #4, the highest level of warning which indicates winds in excess of 185 km/h (115 mph) are expected, was raised for Biliran Island, Eastern Samar, Leyte, northern Cebu, Samar, and Southern Leyte. Through November 8, the coverage of PSWS #4 continued to expand, with areas in southern Luzon being included.

Officials placed police officers in the Bicol Region ahead of the storm. In the provinces of Samar and Leyte, classes were canceled, and residents in flood- and landslide-prone areas were required to evacuate. Some of the storm-threatened areas were affected by an earlier earthquake in Bohol. The Philippine President requested the military to deploy planes and helicopters to the region expected to be affected. As Haiyan was moving very fast, PAGASA issued warnings at different levels to about 60 of the 80 provinces, including the capital Metro Manila. The International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated, providing for widespread charitable satellite coverage.

Vietnam

As of November 9 the storm was heading to Vietnam, where sustained wind speeds at landfall were forecast to be in the region of 120–130 km/h (75–80 mph), with gusts up to 185 km/h (115 mph). 200,000 people were being evacuated in central Vietnam. Schools were being closed and people living in low-lying coastal areas moved to typhoon shelters on higher ground. Shipping was ordered back to port. Some 170,000 soldiers were mobilised to provide emergency relief. Shortly before, central Vietnam had suffered widespread damage from typhoons Wutip and Nari, but Haiyan was expected to be at least twice as powerful, and likely to cause much damage, particularly to houses to which makeshift repairs were made after the earlier typhoons.

Approximately 600,000 people were evacuated ahead of Haiyan's arrival in Vietnam; however, there were complaints by many that the warnings came too late. On the small island of Cồn Cỏ, all residents were relocated to underground shelters with enough supplies for several days. Hundreds of flights were canceled across the country while schools were closed on November 11.

China

The State Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters hoisted a level three emergency response in the provinces of Hainan and Guangdong as well as Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Chinese authorities urged these provinces to be vigilant and prepared for Typhoon Haiyan's potential impact. All fishing vessels were urged to return to ports by noon on November 9.

Hong Kong

Under the combined effects of Haiyan and strong easterlies brought by the subtropical ridge, strong winds have been recorded in Hong Kong since 9th November, 2013. The Hong Kong Observatory has issued the Strong Monsoon Signal at 19:10 HKT on 9th November, 2013, and is still in place as on 11th November. One person was swept away under 3 meter waves off Lower Cheung Sha Beach, Lantau Island.

Impact

Micronesia and Palau

On Kayangel in Palau, a high storm surge damaged several houses, while strong winds downed trees. Despite residents' refusal to evacuate, no fatalities or major injuries took place on the island. Helicopters were flown to the island to survey damage and provide relief supplies. The government planned to evacuate those who were left homeless from the island. Koror, Babeldaob and Kayangel each lost access to water and power. In Koror, winds reaching as high as 120 km/h (75 mph) blew out rooftops and downed trees and power lines. A causeway linking an offshore hospital to the main island was temporarily shut down after being inundated by water. On the northern end of Babeldaob, Haiyan damaged schools and buildings. Lying closest to Haiyan at the time of the typhoon's passage, Kayangel was flooded in its entirety, and all homes were destroyed. Though no people were killed there, 69 others were displaced by the storm.

Philippines

In Surigao City, 281.9 mm (11.10 in) of rainfall was recorded, much of which fell in under 12 hours.

Haiyan made its initial landfall in Guiuan, Eastern Samar at 20:45 UTC on November 7, 2013, with preliminarily estimated sustained wind speeds between 147 and 195 miles-per-hour. PAGASA also recorded that Haiyan made landfall on the Visayas region six times. Storm surges were also recorded in many places. In the island of Leyte and Samar, PAGASA measured 5–6 meter (15–19 ft) waves.

As of 10 November 2013, 151 deaths had been confirmed by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC). However, an official in Samar reported a death toll of 300.

In Tacloban, Leyte, the terminal building of Tacloban Airport was destroyed by a 5.2 m (17 ft) storm surge up to the height of the second story. Along the airport, a storm surge of 4 m (13 ft) was estimated. Waves of 4.6 m (15 ft) were also estimated. There was widespread devastation from the storm surge, with many buildings being destroyed, trees knocked over or broken, and cars piled up. The low-lying areas on the eastern side of Tacloban city had been most badly affected, with the low-lying populated areas near the coast completely washed away. Flooding also extended for one kilometer inland on the east coast of the province. Preliminary estimates were that more than 1,000 people had died in Tacloban city within Leyte province, with 200 more than in Samar province. 70 to 80% of the province of Leyte has been destroyed, and the governor estimates there are at least 10,000 people dead. As national government authorities started to enter the devastated areas on November 9, the Philippine Daily Inquirer reported that the Philippine Red Cross feared a death toll of around 1,200. On the western coast of Samar the storm surge was not so significant.

Throughout Tacloban City, widespread looting took place in the days following Haiyan's passage. In some instances, relief trucks were attacked and had food stolen in the city. Two of the city's malls and numerous grocery stores were subjected to looting. A fuel depot in the city was guarded by armed police while 200 additional officers were dispatched to assist. President Benigno Aquino III considered declaring martial law in hopes of restoring order. "The looting began on the Saturday," said Mr Kita, who at one point took a shift guarding the entrance to the XYZ Hotel. "You could hear gunshots last night, with some regularity, unfortunately." Lovella said she believed the police, fearing they were losing control, organised groups of looters to bring some control to the situation, because people were taking everything anyway. "People are going crazy to get food," Lovella said. "They're taking absolutely everything and reselling it on the streets. There's nothing left in the shops."

Most families in Samar and Leyte have lost some family members or relatives; families are coming in from outlying provinces looking for relatives that may have been washed away, especially children. Speaking from Samar island, Aya Lowe, who drove to Tacloban from Manila to assess the damage, said the roads in and out of the city were at a standstill. "We came across the main bridge towards Tacloban and there was just a huge traffic jam to come in or out," she said. "There were people coming in on mopeds and families trying to find their loved ones, and people coming out with boxes of shampoo and mayonnaise and random stuff." However, government aid eventually arrived into Tacloban city.

Although wind speeds were extreme, the major cause of damage and loss of life appears to have been storm surge. The major focus of devastation appears to have been on the east coast of Samar and Leyte, with a particular focus on Tacloban, because of its location between Samar and Leyte, and the large population in low lying areas. Philippine Interior Secretary Mar Roxas said the scale of the relief operation that was now required was overwhelming, with some places described as a wasteland of mud and debris; "From a helicopter, you can see the extent of devastation. From the shore and moving a kilometre inland, there are no structures standing. It was like a tsunami,". The devastation in Tacloban has been described by journalists on the ground as "off the scale, and apocalyptic". Tacloban has been completely flattened, where not a single building seems to have survived. "The devastation is ... I don't have the words for it," Interior Secretary Mar Roxas said. "It's really horrific. It's a great human tragedy.".

Sebastian Rhodes Stampa, head of a UN disaster assessment co-ordination team, said there was "destruction on a massive scale" in Tacloban. "There are cars thrown like tumbleweed and the streets are strewn with debris. The last time I saw something of this scale was in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean tsunami." There is little communication in the city, and no mobile phone coverage. Up the east coast of the Leyte there are numerous towns and villages that are completely cut off without any assistance. Large parts of Leyte and Samar are without power and may have no power for a month.

TACLOBAN is now a toxic city of the dead, according to Australian Mark Kita, who was with his fiance, Lovella Montecina, in a hotel when Typhoon Haiyan hit at its most furious. "We went downstairs and while waiting for our breakfast the storm surge came in, pushed in the windows and came up to the second floor. The building lost roofing and glass, but the shanties along the coast were all destroyed. In that one area alone they're saying there's 1000 dead." After the storm struck they walked together 10km from the hotel to her parents' house, past scenes of unimaginable destruction, with the corpses of people and animals lining the streets. "They were picking up bodies in trucks. There's a stench throughout a lot of the city," Mr Kita said.

The storm crossed the Visayas region for almost a day, causing widespread flooding. In Cebu and Iloilo, struck by an earthquake two weeks before, cities were also severely devastated. During the morning of November 8, media stations across the country were able to broadcast live the destruction of Haiyan. However, before afternoon, all communications on the Visayas region failed. The Presidential Communications Department of President Benigno Aquino III had difficulty contacting Interior and Local Government Secretary Mar Roxas and Defense Secretary Voltaire Gazmin in Iloilo to plan relief. Widespread power interruptions, landslides and flash floods were also reported. Major roads were blocked by trees, and impassable. 453 domestic and international airline flights were canceled. Some airports were also closed on November 8 and 9. Ferries were affected. Relief and rescue efforts were underway by November 9, but some places remained isolated and out of communication due to severe damage.

China, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Hong Kong

Twenty-six people were swept out to sea at New Taipei, Taiwan by heavy seas credited to Haiyan. Eighteen were rescued but eight died.

A cargo ship broke from its moorings at Sanya, Hainan, China on November 8; the crew of six are listed as missing.

In neighbouring Vietnam, Haiyan made landfall as a severe tropical storm and produced widespread heavy rain. At least ten people were reported killed, mostly by accidents and health complications during preparation works in central provinces affected by the outer bands of the storm.

A 18-year-old, Hazad Rangzeb, was missing at Lower Cheung Sha Beach on the island of Lantau, New Territories, Hong Kong, on 9th November, 2013.

Aftermath

The United Nations said it was going to increase critical relief operations as a result of the "devastation." Its Manila office issued a statement that read: "Access remains a key challenge as some areas are still cut off from relief operations. Unknown numbers of survivors do not have basic necessities such as food, water and medicines and remain inaccessible for relief operations, as roads, airports and bridges were destroyed or covered in wreckage." By November 10, United States President Barack Obama pledged aid to the Philippines. Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel ordered Pacific Command to deploy vessels to the region and aircraft for search-and-rescue missions as well as to deliver relief supplies. The United Nations also began relief operations by this time; however, the severe damage to infrastructure hampered efforts to distribute supplies.

Canada has announced $5 million in immediate aid, as well as matching any contributions Canadians make until December 8th. Britain has offered a support package worth more than $10 million, the EU $4.2 million, and Australia $10 million. Germany is transporting 23 tons of aid as well as supplying rescue teams. Doctors Without Borders is sending 200 tons of aid, New Zealand has committed $1.78 million, Taiwan $200,000, and Singapore $40,000.

The Chief Executive of Hong Kong expressed his deepest sympathies. There is call to postpone the proposed economic sanctions upon the Philippines as a result of the poor handling of the Manila hostage crisis three years before.

See also

• Typhoons in the Philippines
  • Typhoon Angela (Rosing; 1995) – swept through the Philippines at an intensity similar to Haiyan
  • Typhoon Mike (Ruping; 1990) – one of the worst typhoons in Central Philippine history
  • Typhoon Bopha (Pablo; 2012) – most destructive Philippine typhoon
  • Tropical Storm Thelma (Uring; 1991) – deadliest Philippine tropical cyclone
• Typhoon Tip – strongest tropical cyclone based on pressure in recorded history

Notes

1. Total damages figure includes agriculture, infrastructure, casualties, etc. damages.

References

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External links

• Tropical Cyclone Information of TY 1330 (Haiyan) from the Japan Meteorological Agency
• Tropical Cyclone Information from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center
• General information of Typhoon 201330 (Haiyan) from Digital Typhoon
• Super Typhoon Haiyan from the CIMSS Satellite Blog
• Animated sequence from the Hong Kong Observatory
• Compilation of satellite imagery and mapping products, pre- and post-disaster from UN-SPIDER

v t e Tropical cyclones of the 2013 Pacific typhoon season
Timeline
	STSSonamu TDBising TSShanshan TDTD TSYagi TDTD TSLeepi TSBebinca STSRumbia VSTYSoulik TSCimaron TDTD STSJebi TSMangkhut VITYUtor TDTD TD13W STSTrami STSPewa TSUnala TD03C STSKong-rey TDTD TDTD TSYutu STSToraji TYMan-yi TD18W VITYUsagi STSPabuk TDTD TDTD TYWutip TSSepat TYFitow VSTYDanas TDTD TDPhailin TYNari VSTYWipha VITYFrancisco TD27W VITYLekima TYKrosa TDWilma VITYHaiyan (history) TSPodul TDTD TDLehar TD33W
Category

• Current events from November 2013
• 2013 in Palau
• 2013 in the Federated States of Micronesia
• 2013 Pacific typhoon season
• Typhoons in Palau
• Typhoons in the Federated States of Micronesia
• Typhoons in the Philippines (2013)
• 2013 in China
• 2013 in Taiwan
• 2013 in Vietnam
• Typhoons in China
• Typhoons in Taiwan
• Typhoons in Vietnam