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Revision as of 03:49, 12 June 2006 by AvgJoe (talk | contribs) (fixed this article again, after being outraged at seeing National Icehockey League mentioned on TV)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)The major professional sports leagues are those professional sports leagues with the largest fan bases and television audiences (and therefore, the largest revenues and player salaries).
North American leagues
- Major League Baseball (30 clubs as of 2006, formally founded in 1920 though constituent leagues began cooperation in 1903). MLB is divided into the American League (founded in 1901) and the National League (founded in 1876). The two are effectively merged on an organizational level.
- The National Basketball Association (30 clubs as of 2006, founded in 1946). The NBA partially absorbed the rival American Basketball Association in 1976.
- The National Football League (32 clubs as of 2006, founded in 1920). The NFL partially absorbed the All-America Football Conference in 1949 and merged with the American Football League in 1970.
Since the three leagues listed above are those listed as the major leagues, the sports they play (baseball, basketball, American football) are often referred to as the three major professional sports or even just the major sports by North Americans.
The three major leagues combine for revenues that are hundreds of times greater than all other U.S. professional team sports leagues combined. The best players can become cultural icons to tens of millions of Americans because the leagues enjoy a dominant place in American popular culture.
In terms of overall league revenue, the NFL, MLB and the NBA rank as the three most lucrative sports leagues in the world (in that order).
Traits of the major North American leagues
Franchise stability
All three major leagues exhibit the stability of most of their franchises. No team from any of the three leagues has collapsed outright in decades, although Major League Baseball considered shutting down two franchises after the 2001 season. Although all three major leagues have had at least one franchise relocate to another city in the last decade, relocation of teams is generally uncommon compared to other leagues. It should be noted that all three major leagues have had frequent franchise collapses and relocations in their early histories, but these events ceased occurring with regularity by the time the leagues reached "major" status.
The major sports leagues in the United States are unique compared to foreign sports in that there is no promotion and relegation system. The same teams compete in the leagues each year. The worst teams are not relegated each year to a second tier league, to be replaced by the best teams from the second tier league. One could even argue the worst teams are rewarded for their futility, as the worst teams receive a higher position in the following year's draft for new players, which in football and basketball, usually consists of players who have played the sport in college. A notable result of the "closed shop" aspect of the major leagues is that the franchises have average book values that are considerably more than those of foreign sports.
The last of the "big four" to fold outright were the original Baltimore Bullets in 1955, while the last team to cease operations were the Cleveland Barons (formerly the Oakland Seals), which were merged into the Minnesota North Stars organization in 1978, two years after moving to Ohio from California. However, this merger was officially dissolved in 1991 and the Seals/Barons franchise returned to the Bay Area, resuming independent operations as the San Jose Sharks. The last NFL team to fold were the Dallas Texans in 1952 and no MLB team has folded since 1899, when four National League teams ceased to exist.
The three leagues all expanded within the last decade and currently have either 30 or, in the case of the NFL, 32 teams. The newest major league team is the Charlotte Bobcats, who joined the NBA in 2004. The newest NFL team is the Houston Texans, who became the NFL's 32nd team in 2002 after the NFL was unable to find a viable ownership group and stadium plan in Los Angeles. The newest MLB teams are the Arizona Diamondbacks and Tampa Bay Devil Rays, who joined the NL and AL respectively in 1998.
Recent expansion franchises have commanded huge entry fees, which are generally held to represent the price the new team must pay to gain its share of the existing teams' often guaranteed revenue streams. The Houston Texans paid an unprecedented $700 million to join the NFL. By comparison, the Charlotte Bobcats paid $300 million to join the NBA. The Diamondbacks and Devil Rays paid $130 million each to join MLB.
Many sports analysts and owners believe that 30 is the optimal number of teams for a major league, thus future expansion is by no means certain. The NFL is still anxious to return to Los Angeles (see below) but many believe that NFL officials would privately prefer to re-locate an existing team in order to avoid altering its current eight four-team division alignment. Even if expansion franchises could continue to command huge fees, as more teams join the leagues the owners' share of the fees is constantly reduced. Even if large markets remain without a team, a point could still be reached where one-time expansion revenues are offset by chronic stresses such as a drain on the talent pool (which could have a noticeable impact on the quality of play and thus start turning off fans) and saturation of the national television market (if the leagues are unable to negotiate higher fees from the television networks, then additional teams will simply cause the existing television revenue to be split into smaller shares).
Franchise locations
Major leagues tend to have franchises only in the largest cities and most heavily-populated market areas, with nearly all franchises in metropolitan areas of at least one million and with most in metro areas having populations over two million. This typically means at least one franchise (and often two) in each of the New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles areas. There are two major exceptions: The NFL has not had a franchise in L.A. since 1995 and the Green Bay Packers survive in professional sports' smallest metropolitan area (less than 300,000) thanks to a unique community ownership, and their proximity to the larger Milwaukee area, not to mention the loyalty of their fanbase. The Packers are also the last remaining link to the NFL's small-town Midwest roots. Many such teams existed in the NFL before 1934; since then, only the Packers remain.
The Utah Jazz are located in the smallest television market of any U.S. team (the Green Bay Packers' television market includes the much larger city of Milwaukee 120 miles to its south). They relocated during a turbulent period in NBA history and have enjoyed strong support from a very large geographical area devoid of other major sport teams. Utah is also the least populous state with a team.
Through the first half of the 20th century, an era without practical air travel, almost all major league teams were concentrated in the northeastern quarter of the United States. No MLB teams existed south or west of St. Louis, the NFL was confined to the Great Lakes and the Northeast, the NBA spanned from the Quad Cities to Boston while the NHL remained confined to six cities in the Northeast, Great Lakes and eastern Canada. As travel and settlement patterns changed, so did the geography of professional sports. The first west coast professional team was the Los Angeles Rams, which moved from Cleveland in 1946. The San Francisco 49ers began the same year, and joined the NFL in 1950. Baseball would not extend west until 1958 in the controversial move of both New York-based National League franchises. The NBA would follow in 1960 with the move of the Minneapolis Lakers to Los Angeles.
One of the largest metropolitan areas without a franchise is Las Vegas. Despite the area's explosive growth, all three leagues are wary of placing a team there due to the city's legal gambling industry and association with sports betting. In the U.S. especially, as contrasted with Europe, for a professional sports organization to have any association, real or perceived, with gambling has been taboo ever since the 1919 World Series scandal. Also, it is also worth noting that Las Vegas is still a smaller telvision market than Salt Lake City, Utah, and Nevada is not yet as populous as Utah.
Ownership restrictions
All three major leagues have strict rules regarding who may own a team, and also place some restrictions on what other sort of activities the owners may engage in. To prevent the perception of being in a conflict of interest, the major leagues generally do not allow anyone to own a stake in more than one franchise. There was one recent exception to this rule - after being blocked in their bid to eliminate or "contract" two franchises in 2001, Major League Baseball purchased the Montreal Expos from its owners. Although MLB eventually re-located the team to Washington, D.C., the franchise (now known as the Nationals) remained owned by the other 29 MLB clubs. In May 2006, the team was sold to a local group lead by Theodore N. Lerner.
All three leagues grant some sort of territorial exclusivity to their owners, precluding the addition of another team in the same area unless the current team's owners consent, which is generally obtained in exchange for compensation and/or residual rights regarding the new franchise. For example, to obtain the consent of Baltimore Orioles owner Peter Angelos to place an MLB team in Washington (which is about 35 miles from Oriole Park at Camden Yards), a deal was struck under the terms of which television and radio broadcast rights to Nationals games are handled by the Orioles franchise, who formed a new network (the Mid-Atlantic Sports Network) to produce and distribute the games for both franchises on local affiliates and cable/satellite systems.
Some leagues, such as the NFL have even stronger ownership restrictions. The NFL currently forbids large ownership groups or publicly-traded corporations from purchasing NFL teams. This policy allows the league office to deal with individual owners instead of boards of directors, although the Packers' ownership group was grandfathered into the current policy. The NFL also forbids its majority owners from owning any sports teams (except for soccer teams) in other NFL cities, and prohibits owners from investing in casinos or being otherwise involved in gambling operations. (NFL owners may freely own soccer teams without league restrictions because Lamar Hunt won a court challenge stemming from his investment in the old North American Soccer League. Hunt currently owns 3 teams in Major League Soccer, one based in Kansas City - where he owns the Chiefs - and also teams in Dallas and Columbus.)
Regarding territorial rights, the main concern for many team owners has become television revenue although the possibility of reduced ticket sales remains a concern for some teams. Because the National Football League shares all of its television revenue equally, and most of its teams sell out their stadiums with little difficulty, some NFL owners have actually been seen as being less reluctant to share their territories. For example, the return of the NFL to Baltimore in 1996 attracted no serious opposition from the Washington Redskins organization.
Weathering challenges from rival leagues
All of the majors have bested at least one rival league formed with the intention of being just as "big" as the established league, often by signing away star players and by locating franchises in cities that were already part of the existing league. In many cases, the major leagues have absorbed the most successful franchises from its failing rival, or merged outright with it.
- Major League Baseball withstood the challenge of the Federal League in 1914 and prevented the Continental League from getting off the ground in the early 1960s by awarding franchises to some of the proposed CL cities.
- The NBA withstood the challenge of the American Basketball Association in the 1960s and 70s, absorbed four of its most successful franchises (Denver Nuggets, Indiana Pacers, New York Nets, and San Antonio Spurs) and adopted several of the ABA's rule variations, most notably the three point shot.
- The NFL has fought off the most rivals throughout the years. There were four unrelated American Football Leagues: 1926, 1936, 1940, and 1960-1970. The last of the four would merge with the NFL, while the others lasted just one season each. There was also the rival All-America Football Conference of 1946-1949, the World Football League of 1974-1975, the United States Football League of 1982-1985, the Canadian Football League's American franchises of 1993-1995 and the XFL of 2001. All told, 13 of the NFL's current 32 franchises were absorbed from a rival league — all 10 AFL franchises of the 1960s, the Cleveland Browns and San Francisco 49ers from the AAFC, and the St. Louis Rams (originally based in Cleveland and later relocated to Los Angeles) of the 1936 AFL. Another three NFL franchises have been added or moved to USFL cities since the USFL's demise in 1986, these being Phoenix, Jacksonville and Baltimore.
Minor league systems
All the major leagues are distinguished from the minor league systems they utilize to develop and train personnel.
- The vast majority of MLB players are developed through the minor league baseball system. Prospective players traditionally were drafted or (before the first MLB draft in 1965) signed to a contract with a MLB team directly after high school and then assigned to the appropriate minor league level for development. With the growth of college baseball in the past few decades, more and more players opt to play at the collegiate level and delay entry into the MLB draft. Individual teams' large scouting staffs have given way to smaller staffs and subscriptions to commercial player scouting services. Entering the majors directly from high school or college is almost unknown; most of the few that have were quickly reassigned to the minors after disastrous MLB debuts.
- College and high school basketball produce most of the NBA's talent, though minimum age rules have ended the NBA's practice of drafting players directly from high school beginning in 2006. The NBA D-League supplies the NBA to an extent, though NBA teams more frequently recruit talent from European and Latin American professional leagues.
- Semi-pro football and minor leagues such as the Continental Football League once flourished up to the 1950s, but today the source for almost all NFL players is college football. The NFL does maintain its own six-team minor league, NFL Europe, which also serves the dual purpose of introducing the game of American football in European markets. NFL teams also recruit a number of players from indoor leagues, and occasionally signs players from the Canadian Football League.
Television exposure
All three of the major sports have had television contracts with at least one of the original "big three" U.S. broadcast television networks (CBS, NBC, and ABC) since those networks' early years, indicative of the sports' widespread appeal since their inception. Regular season games, as well as important contests such as championship and all-star games are often televised in prime time. In the last generation, fast-growing cable and satellite networks have taken a larger chunk of the major sports' pie. The four major sports now have entire sports networks dedicated just to each of them (such as the NFL Network).
Comparing the sizes of television contracts, the NFL is by far the largest (reportedly $2.2 billion US for the 2001 season), with the NBA and MLB second and third ($500 million and $479 million respectively).
High player salaries
The average annual salary for players in the three major leagues is about $2.9 million in 2004, although player salaries can range from $300,000 for backup players to $20 million for superstars.
- NBA players have the highest average player salaries of the four leagues at $4.9 million; however, their teams also have the smallest rosters.
- The NFL has the highest average team payroll and a salary cap that will exceed $100 million for the first time under the new collective bargaining agreement with the NFL's players union. However, NFL payrolls distributed among rosters that are far larger than the other three leagues, making their players among the lowest paid on the average at $1.3 million (although this average is likely to increase under the new CBA).
- MLB is in the middle at about $2.5 million per player.
Dominance of the respective sports
One other trait that each of the three leagues share is that they are the premier competitions of their respective sport on the world stage.
There are thriving professional baseball and basketball leagues around the world but none are in a position to challenge their North American counterparts for dominance on or off the playing surface. Major League Baseball is increasingly luring away the stars from the Japanese leagues, and the National Basketball Association frequently recruits talent from professional leagues in Europe and Latin America.
The perceived lack of competition from the rest of the world has contributed to the long-standing but controversial practice of the American media dubbing the champions of MLB, the NBA and the NFL the world champions.
If the popularity of baseball and basketball keeps growing in various countries outside of the United States, some think that the NBA and MLB may begin to place franchises in foreign markets (other than Canada, where the NBA and MLB each already have a franchise in Toronto). The popularity of baseball in Southeast Asia and Central America is growing, along with the talent of prospective players from the regions. Meanwhile, the popularity of basketball has grown to be the second highest in the world (following soccer).
However, one major detractor against foreign expansion by MLB or the NBA is that the sports in question enjoy much of their popularity in relatively poor countries that would probably be unable to financially support a sports franchise using the American model. The only clear exception to this would be the popularity of baseball in Japan, but well-established baseball leagues already exist in that country.
Recently talks about NBA franchises being located in Europe have intensified. For logistical reasons it would be necessary to have between two and four teams in Europe, so that visiting teams can have a "European Swing." Possible cities for such expansion include London, Paris, Barcelona, Madrid, and Rome. However, as of 2006, NBA expansion to Europe is looking less likely, mainly because of increasing cooperation between the NBA and ULEB, the body that organizes the Euroleague for top European clubs. In 2005, the two bodies agreed to organize a summer competition featuring four NBA teams and four Euroleague clubs, with the first competition to take place in 2006.
The NFL has the least international exposure of the Big Four. The NFL has attempted to promote its game worldwide by promoting NFL Europe (although that has largely failed outside Germany) and holding a regular season game in Mexico City.