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Talk:Circumcision and HIV

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Things look messy

So I happen to be going through this page, specifically the Observational Studies section, and I'm surprised by how many of the articles are poorly represented. For instance, most of the studies seem to be on high-risk African-based studies, but not all of them specify this in the body. Now I have no history with this topic, but is the "African-based" thing just a given? Should I have been assuming that these studies are mostly done in high risk areas to begin with? I only ask because I was confused while reading through the text and I'm sure others would be as well. I've since followed the citations and looked up many of the articles, so it is a bit more clear. But should this section maybe be subdivided into the different types of studies? Like, an African-based section, one for the General population studies, and one for cross studies? Just my brief look through some of the articles tells me that the results of the studies seem to vary a lot. Cheers! Ibanez Guy (talk) 18:40, 9 June 2013 (UTC)

There is tremendous variation in the southern African studies with some showing that the circumcised got HIIV more than the uncut. Conversely the big study was stopped for exactly the opposite result early on ethical grounds. There seems to be a big push to promote circumcision as a partial solution to HIV epidemics in Africa. Some other studies have shown that risk behaviour increases for the cut as some cut men think they have gained a sort of universal immunity and behave accordingly. There is a danger in extrapolating these results to other populations where HIV rates can be higher amongst circumcised too. It may be that some high risk multiple partner groups also have a cosmetic or aesthetic fondness for the cut and so any protective effect it may achieve may be masked in these cases. I agree with your suggestion of regionalizing results --— ⦿⨦⨀Tumadoireacht /Stalk 19:40, 9 June 2013 (UTC)
Thanks for your input! I've now gone through all of the studies in that section and looked at the findings in a bit more detail (for those still accessible). While it is difficult to have a complete picture for every study, many of the comments in this article are misleading or very incomplete (especially with regards to geographic regions). Some of the parsing of the paragraphs also suggests connections between studies that aren't really there. Maybe we should start with a basic updating of the information for each study and then go from there. I'll try to sort something out and suggest it here before I change anything. Anyone else have any thoughts on how to make things more clear? Cheers! Ibanez Guy (talk) 21:08, 9 June 2013 (UTC)
I'd agree that this article is long overdue for an overhaul. At this point, only secondary sources should be used to support statements of fact about the scientific consensus regarding the effect of circumcision on HIV transmission. This is an extremely well-studied field and primary sources should not be cited at all. They may be interesting for a historical overview but still need to be used within the context of secondary sources, the history of circumcision and HIV is now very well-documented in secondary sources. To start, as with any other medical intervention, you should make use of resources like PubMed, the TRIP database, and up-to-date texts from medical libraries. The Misplaced Pages guideline governing the sourcing for medical content is WP:MEDRS so all the sourcing updates need to be compliant with that guideline. Zad68 02:15, 10 June 2013 (UTC)
To help get you started: There's lots and lots out there discussing the use of circumcision as part of an HIV management program in Africa. Here's the central repository of information on it from the World Health Organization: link. Here's a recent review article on the use of circumcision within a larger program for HIV management: PMID 23257232, published in The Lancet, one of the most prestigious medical journals around. The full article text is available here. Here's another review article along the same lines, discussing PEPFAR: PMID 22797745, full free text available via PMC; here's a related review PMID 22797743.

Outside of Africa: Here's a review discussing reasons to promote neonatal circumcision in Thailand: PMID 23431830. Here's a review arguing against neonatal circumcision in the particular localities of Australia and New Zealand: PMID 21973253. Here's a rebuttal review countering the arguments of advocates against the practice in developed countries: PMID 22452415.

Hope these are helpful! Zad68 02:52, 10 June 2013 (UTC)

Sourcing review

Here's a review of the current status of the sourcing of this article. There are a lot of problems with the sourcing, hope this is useful for cleaning up the article. Zad68 16:30, 9 January 2014 (UTC)

Sources table

In this table:

  • Source lists the source as cited in the article
  • Seems WP:RS? means, "Does this source appear to meet WP:RS for reliable sourcing?"
  • Use OK? means, is the source used appropriately in the article? For the review, a few selected sources will be spot-checked to ensure they aren't plagiarized and support the article content. ? indicates the source was not spot-checked.
  • Notes will summarize problems found and what needs to be done to fix them
Source Seems WP:RS? Use OK? Notes
<ref>{{cite journal | last=Szabo | first=R. | coauthors=R.V. Short | year=2000 | month=June | title=How does male circumcision protect against HIV infection? | journal=BMJ | volume=320 | issue=7249 | pages=1592–1594 | id= | url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/320/7249/1592? | accessdate= | quote= | doi=10.1136/bmj.320.7249.1592 | pmid=10845974 | pmc=1127372 }}</ref> ? ? PMID 10845974: Review
<ref name="VanHoweHIVmeta">{{cite journal | last= Van Howe | first=R.S. | authorlink= | coauthors= | year= 1999 | month= January | title=Circumcision and HIV infection: review of the literature and meta-analysis | journal=International Journal of STD's and AIDS | volume=10 | issue= | pages=8–16 | id= | doi=10.1258/0956462991913015 | url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/vanhowe4/ | accessdate= 2008-09-23 | quote=Thirty-five articles and a number of abstracts have been published in the medical literature looking at the relationship between male circumcision and HIV infection. Study designs have included geographical analysis, studies of high-risk patients, partner studies and random population surveys. Most of the studies have been conducted in Africa. A meta-analysis was performed on the 29 published articles where data were available. When the raw data are combined, a man with a circumcised penis is at greater risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV than a man with a non-circumcised penis (odds ratio (OR)=1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.01-1.12). Based on the studies published to date, recommending routine circumcision as a prophylactic measure to prevent HIV infection in Africa, or elsewhere, is scientifically unfounded.}}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite journal | last= O'Farrell | first=R.S. | authorlink= | coauthors=M. Egger | year=2000 | month= March | title=Circumcision in men and the prevention of HIV infection: a 'meta-analysis' revisited | journal=International Journal of STD's and AIDS | volume=11 | issue=3 | pages=137–142 | id= | doi=10.1258/0956462001915480 | pmid=10726934 | accessdate= 2008-09-25 | quote=The results from this re-analysis thus support the contention that male circumcision may offer protection against HIV infection, particularly in high-risk groups where genital ulcers and other STDs 'drive' the HIV epidemic. A systematic review is required to clarify this issue. Such a review should be based on an extensive search for relevant studies, published and unpublished, and should include a careful assessment of the design and methodological quality of studies. Much emphasis should be given to the exploration of possible sources of heterogeneity. In view of the continued high prevalence and incidence of HIV in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the question of whether circumcision could contribute to prevent infections is of great importance, and a sound systematic review of the available evidence should be performed without delay. }}</ref> ? ? PMID 10726934: Comment
<ref name="Siegfriedmeta">{{cite journal | last=Siegfried | first=N | authorlink= | coauthors=M Muller, J Volmink, J Deeks, M Egger, N Low, H Weiss, S Walker, P Williamson | year= 2003 | editor1-last=Siegfried | month= July | editor1-first=Nandi | title=Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men | journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume= | issue= 3 | pages=CD003362 | id=CD003362 | doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003362 | url=http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003362/frame.html | accessdate= 2007-12-27 | quote=We found insufficient evidence to support an interventional effect of male circumcision on HIV acquisition in heterosexual men. The results from existing observational studies show a strong epidemiological association between male circumcision and prevention of HIV, especially among high-risk groups. However, observational studies are inherently limited by confounding which is unlikely to be fully adjusted for. In the light of forthcoming results from RCTs, the value of IPD analysis of the included studies is doubtful. The results of these trials will need to be carefully considered before circumcision is implemented as a public health intervention for prevention of sexually transmitted HIV. | pmid=12917962|}}</ref> ? ? PMID 12917962: Review
<ref>{{cite journal | last=Weiss | first=HA | authorlink= | coauthors=Quigley MA, Hayes RJ. | date=Oct 20, 2000 | title=Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | journal= Aids. 2000 | volume=14 | issue=15 | pages=2361–70 | id= | accessdate= 2007-12-27 | quote=Male circumcision is associated with a significantly reduced risk of HIV infection among men in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly those at high risk of HIV. These results suggest that consideration should be given to the acceptability and feasibility of providing safe services for male circumcision as an additional HIV prevention strategy in areas of Africa where men are not traditionally circumcised. | pmid=11089625 | doi=10.1097/00002030-200010200-00018}}</ref> ? ? PMID 11089625: Meta-Analysis, Review
<ref name ="ANRS">{{cite journal | last = Auvert | first = B. | coauthors = D. Taljaard, E. Lagarde, J. Sobngwi-Tambekou, R. Sitta and A. Puren | year = 2005 | month = November | title = Randomized, Controlled Intervention Trial of Male Circumcision for Reduction of HIV Infection Risk: The ANRS 1265 Trial | journal = PLoS Medicine | volume = 2 | issue = 11 | pages = 1112–1122 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020298 | pmid = 16231970 | url = http://medicine.plosjournals.org/archive/1549-1676/2/11/pdf/10.1371_journal.pmed.0020298-S.pdf | format=PDF| quote = There were 20 HIV infections (incidence rate = 0.85 per 100 person-years) in the intervention group and 49 (2.1 per 100 person-years) in the control group, corresponding to an RR of 0.40 (95% CI: 0.24%-0.68%; p < 0.001). This RR corresponds to a protection of 60% (95% CI: 32%-76%). | accessdate = | pmc = 1262556}}</ref> ? ? PMID 16231970: Randomized Controlled Trial
<ref name="baileyrct">{{cite journal | last = Bailey | first = Robert C. | coauthors = Stephen Moses, Corette B Parker, Kawango Agot, Ian Maclean, John N Krieger, Carolyn F M Williams, Richard T Campbell, Jeckoniah O Ndinya-Achola | date = February 24, 2007 | title = Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomised controlled trial | journal = ] | volume = 369 | issue = 9562 | pages = 643–656 | publisher = ] | location = London | pmid = 17321310 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60312-2 | oclc = 1755507 | url = http://download.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/0140-6736/PIIS0140673607603122.pdf | format = PDF (free registration required) | accessdate = 2008-09-04 | quote = The two year HIV incidence was 2.1% (95% CI 1.2-3.0) in the circumcision group and 4.2% (3.0-5.4) in the control group (p=0.0065); the relative risk of HIV infection in circumcised men was 0.47 (0.28-0.78), which corresponds to a reduction in the risk of acquiring an HIV infection of 53% (22-72).}}</ref> ? ? PMID 17321310: Randomized Controlled Trial
<ref>{{cite journal | last=Gray | first=R.H. | authorlink= | coauthors=''et al.'' | year=2007 | month=February | title=Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised trial | journal=Lancet | volume=369 | issue=9562 | pages=657–666 | pmid=17321311 | url= | accessdate= | quote=In the modified intention-to-treat analysis, HIV incidence over 24 months was 0.66 cases per 100 person-years in the intervention group and 1.33 cases per 100 person-years in the control group (estimated efficacy of intervention 51%, 95% CI 16-72; p=0.006). The as-treated efficacy was 55% (95% CI 22-75; p=0.002); efficacy from the Kaplan-Meier time-to-HIV-detection as-treated analysis was 60% (30-77; p=0.003). | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60313-4 }}</ref> ? ? PMID 17321311: Randomized Controlled Trial
<ref>{{cite journal |author= E.Mills |coauthors= C.Cooper, A.Anema, G.Guyatt |year=2008 |month=July |title=Male circumcision for the prevention of heterosexually acquired HIV infection: a meta-analysis of randomized trials involving 11050 men |journal=HIV Medicine |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=332–335 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00596.x |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120747249/abstract |accessdate=2008-08-24 |quote= |pmid= 18705758 | }}</ref> ? ? PMID 18705758: Meta-Analysis, Review
<ref name="WHO_GTPDSA">{{cite web | url = http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241596169_eng.pdf | title = Male circumcision: Global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability | accessdate = 2009-03-04 | year = 2007 | publisher = ] | format=PDF}}</ref> ? ?
<ref name="WHO_C_R">{{cite journal | title = New Data on Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention: Policy and Programme Implications | publisher = ] | date = March 28, 2007 | url = http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/MCrecommendations_en.pdf | format = PDF | id = | accessdate = 2007-08-13}}</ref> ? ?
<ref name="WHOpr0307">{{cite web |title=WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention |publisher=World Health Organisation |month=March |year=2007 |url=http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news68/en/index.html}}</ref> ? ?
<ref name="CDC_2008">{{cite web |title=Male Circumcision and Risk for HIV Transmission and Other Health Conditions: Implications for the United States |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |year=2008 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/circumcision.htm}}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0008422|title=The Effects of Circumcision on the Penis Microbiome|year=2010|editor1-last=Bereswill|editor1-first=Stefan|last1=Price|first1=Lance B.|last2=Liu|first2=Cindy M.|last3=Johnson|first3=Kristine E.|last4=Aziz|first4=Maliha|last5=Lau|first5=Matthew K.|last6=Bowers|first6=Jolene|last7=Ravel|first7=Jacques|last8=Keim|first8=Paul S.|last9=Serwadda|first9=David|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=5|pages=e8422|pmid=20066050|issue=1|pmc=2798966}}</ref> ? ? PMID 20066050: (unspecified, possibly primary)
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=circumcision-penis-microbiome-hiv-infection|title=Clean-Cut: Study Finds Circumcision Helps Prevent HIV and Other Infections|accessdate=2011-04-27}}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100106003617.htm|title=Why Circumcised Men Are Less Likely to Become Infected With HIV: Changes in Bacteria Within Penis Microbiome|accessdate=2011-04-27}}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.medpagetoday.com/25106|title=CROI: HIV Protection Lasts After Circumcision|accessdate=2011-04-27}}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite journal | journal=JAMA | title=Circumcision Status and Risk of HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Men Who Have Sex With Men | author=Millett GA, Flores SA, Marks G, et al. | year=2008 | volume=300 | issue=14 | pages=1674–1684 | url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/300/14/1674 | doi=10.1001/jama.300.14.1674 | pmid=18840841|}}</ref> ? ? PMID 18840841: Meta-Analysis, Review
<ref>{{cite journal |last=Carael |first=M. |coauthors=P.H. Van de Perre, P.H. Lepage, S. Allen, F. Nsengumuremyi, C. Van Goethem, M. Ntahorutaba, D. Nzaramba, N. Clumeck |year=1988 |month=June |title=Human immunodeficiency virus transmission among heterosexual couples in Central Africa. |journal=AIDS |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=201–205 |pmid=3134914 |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> ? ? PMID 3134914: (unspecified, possibly primary)
<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grosskurth |first=H. |coauthors=F. Mosha, J. Todd, K. Senkoro, J. Newell, A. Klokke, J. Changalucha, B. West, P. Mayaud, A. Gavyole A, ''et al.'' |year=1995 |month=August |title=A community trial of the impact of improved sexually transmitted disease treatment on the HIV epidemic in rural Tanzania: 2. Baseline survey results. |journal=AIDS |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=927–934 |pmid=7576329 |url= |accessdate= |quote= |doi=10.1097/00002030-199508000-00015 }}</ref> ? ? PMID 7576329: Clinical Trial, Randomized Controlled Trial
<ref>{{cite journal |last=Barongo |first=L.R. |coauthors=M.W. Borgdorff, F.F. Mosha, A. Nicoll, H. Grosskurth, K.P. Senkoro, J.N. Newell, J. Changalucha, A.H. Klokke, J.Z. Killewo JZ, ''et al.'' |year=1992 |month=December |title=The epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in urban areas, roadside settlements and rural villages in Mwanza Region, Tanzania. |journal=AIDS |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=1521–1528 |pmid=1492935 |url= |accessdate= |quote= |doi=10.1097/00002030-199212000-00016 }}</ref> ? ? PMID 1492935: Comparative Study
<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mills |first=J. |coauthors=N. Siegfried |year=2006 |month=October |title=Cautious optimism for new HIV/AIDS prevention strategies. |journal=Lancet |volume=368 |issue=9543 |pages=1236 |pmid=17027724 |url= |accessdate= |quote= "The inferences drawn from the only completed randomised controlled trial (RCT) of circumcision could be weak because the trial stopped early. In a systematic review of RCTs stopped early for benefit, such RCTs were found to overestimate treatment effects. When trials with events fewer than the median number (n=66) were compared with those with event numbers above the median, the odds ratio for a magnitude of effect greater than the median was 28 (95% CI 11--73). The circumcision trial recorded 69 events, and is therefore at risk of serious effect overestimation. We therefore advocate an impartial meta-analysis of individual patients' data from this and other trials underway before further feasibility studies are done. |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69513-5 }}</ref> ? ? PMID 17027724: Letter
<ref>{{cite web | last = Alcena | first = Valiere | title = AIDS in Third World countries | work = response to "Randomized, Controlled Intervention Trial of Male Circumcision for Reduction of HIV Infection Risk: The ANRS 1265 Trial" | publisher = PLos Medicine | date = 2006-10-16 | url = http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=read-response&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020298#r1326 | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2008-08-24 }}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite journal | last = Alcena | first = Valiere | title = AIDS in Third World countries | journal = New York State Journal of Medicine | volume = 86 | issue = 8 | pages = 446 | year = 1986 | month = August | url = http://www.popline.org/docs/057476 | doi = | id =kenya | accessdate =2008-08-24 }} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}.</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1056/NEJM198610303151818 |last=Fink |first=Aaron J. |authorlink=Aaron J. Fink |year=1986 |month=October |title=A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=315 |issue=18 |pages=1167|pmid=3762636 |accessdate=2008-08-24 |quote= }}</ref> ? ? PMID 3762636: Letter
<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cameron |first=DW |authorlink= |coauthors=Simonsen JN, D'Costa LJ, Ronald AR, Maitha GM, Gakinya MN, Cheang M, Ndinya-Achola JO, Piot P, Brunham RC, et al. |year=1989 |month=August |title=Female to male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: risk factors for seroconversion in men. |journal=Lancet |volume=2 |issue=8660 |pages=403–7 |pmid= 2569597 |url= |accessdate= |quote= |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90589-8 }}</ref> ? ? PMID 2569597: (unspecified, possibly primary)
<ref name ="Szabo">{{cite journal | last = Szabo | first = Robert | coauthors = Roger V. Short | year = 2000 | month = June | title = How does male circumcision protect against HIV infection? | journal = BMJ | volume = 320 | issue = 7249 | pages = 1592–1594 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.320.7249.1592 | pmid = 10845974 | url = http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/reprint/320/7249/1592 | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-07-09 | pmc = 1127372}}</ref> ? ? PMID 10845974: Review
<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ndozi | first = | coauthors = | year = 1995 | month = April | title = The East African AIDS epidemic and the absence of male circumcision: what is the link? Using circumcision to prevent HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: the view of an African | journal = Health Transition Review | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 97–117 | doi = | pmid = | url = http://htc.anu.edu.au/pdfs/Forum5_1.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2008-10-18}}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite journal |author=O'Farrell N, Egger M |title=Circumcision in men and the prevention of HIV infection: a 'meta-analysis' revisited |journal=Int J STD AIDS |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=137–42 |year=2000 |month=March |pmid=10726934 |url=http://ijsa.rsmjournals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10726934 |quote=The results from this re-analysis thus support the contention that male circumcision may offer protection against HIV infection, particularly in high-risk groups where genital ulcers and other STDs 'drive' the HIV epidemic. A systematic review is required to clarify this issue. Such a review should be based on an extensive search for relevant studies, published and unpublished, and should include a careful assessment of the design and methodological quality of studies. Much emphasis should be given to the exploration of possible sources of heterogeneity. In view of the continued high prevalence and incidence of HIV in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the question of whether circumcision could contribute to prevent infections is of great importance, and a sound systematic review of the available evidence should be performed without delay. |doi=10.1258/0956462001915480}}</ref> ? ? PMID 10726934: Comment
<ref>{{cite journal |author=Moses S, Nagelkerke NJ, Blanchard J |title=Analysis of the scientific literature on male circumcision and risk for HIV infection |journal=International journal of STD & AIDS |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=626–8 |year=1999 |month=September |pmid=10492434 |doi= 10.1258/0956462991914681|url=http://ijsa.rsmjournals.com/cgi/reprint/10/9/626?ijkey=a1ca8d961969d1a6970456a1a43f7ac7aa24304a&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha | format= PDF}}</ref> ? ? PMID 10492434: Comment, Letter
<ref name=Weiss2000>{{cite journal | last = Weiss | first = H.A. | coauthors= Quigley M.A., Hayes R.J. | year = 2000 | month = October | title = Male circumcision and risk of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = AIDS | volume = 14 | issue = 15 | pages = 2361–70 | pmid = 11089625 | url = http://www.aidsonline.com/pt/re/aids/pdfhandler.00002030-200010200-00018.pdf;jsessionid=L57hvrjhsS0JsXGZmmHZ2gpTTbZ7x5wqJh2CTXFDpNvpC8rNxmL1!949623904!181195628!8091!-1 | format = PDF | accessdate = 2008-09-25 | doi = 10.1097/00002030-200010200-00018}}</ref> ? ? PMID 11089625: Meta-Analysis, Review
<ref>{{cite conference | last = USAID/AIDSMark | title = Conference Report | booktitle = Program and Policy Implications For HIV Prevention and Reproductive Health | pages = 1–48 | publisher = USAID/AIDSMark | date = 18–19 September 2002 | location = Washington, DC | url = http://www.psi.org/resources/pubs/male-circ.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2008-10-04 | id =}}</ref> ? ?
<ref name="Siegfried2003">{{cite journal |author=Siegfried N, Muller M, Volmink J, ''et al'' |editor1-last=Siegfried |editor1-first=Nandi |title=Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men |journal=Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) |volume= |issue=3 |pages=CD003362 |year=2003 |pmid=12917962 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003362 |url=}}</ref> ? ? PMID 12917962: Review
<ref>{{cite journal |author=Siegfried N, Muller M, Deeks J, ''et al'' |title=HIV and male circumcision--a systematic review with assessment of the quality of studies |journal=The Lancet infectious diseases |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=165–73 |year=2005 |month=March |pmid=15766651 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)01309-5 |url=}}</ref> ? ? PMID 15766651: Review
<ref>{{cite conference | first = Noah | last = Kiwanuka | authorlink = | coauthors = Gray R., Sewankambo N.K., Serwadda D., Wawer M., Li C. | title = International Conference AIDS. | booktitle = Religion, behaviours, and circumcision as determinants of HIV dynamics in rural Uganda | pages = | publisher = | date = 7–12 July 1996 | location = ], ] | url = http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f=102221633.html | accessdate = 2008-09-25 | id =}}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite journal | author=Kelly R, Kiwanuka N, Wawer MJ, ''et al'' |title=Age of male circumcision and risk of prevalent HIV infection in rural Uganda |journal=AIDS |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=399–405 |year=1999 |month=February |pmid=10199231 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0269-9370&volume=13&issue=3&spage=399 | doi=10.1097/00002030-199902250-00013}}</ref> ? ? PMID 10199231: (unspecified, possibly primary)
<ref>{{cite journal | last = Buvé | first = Anne | coauthors= M. Laga, E. Van Dyck, W. Janssens, L. Heyndricks; S. Anagonou ; M. Laourou; L. Kanhonou; Evina Akam, M. de Loenzien ; S-C. Abega ; Zekeng ; J. Chege ; V Kimani, J Olenja ; M Kahindo; F. Kaona, R Musonda, T. Sukwa ; N. Rutenberg ; B Auvert, E Lagarde ; B Ferry, N Lydié ; R. Hayes, L Morison, H Weiss, J. Glynn ; N.J. Robinson ; M. Caraël | year = 1999 | month = September | title = Differences in HIV spread in four sub-Saharan African cities | journal = UNAIDS | volume = | issue = | pages = UNAIDS fact sheet | pmid = | url = http://data.unaids.org/Publications/IRC-pub03/lusaka99_en.html | accessdate = 2008-09-25 | nopp = true}}</ref> ? ?
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<ref>{{cite journal | author=Bailey RC, Neema S, Othieno R |title=Sexual behaviors and other HIV risk factors in circumcised and uncircumcised men in Uganda |journal=] |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=294–301 |year=1999 |month=November |pmid=10770351 |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1525-4135&volume=22&issue=3&spage=294}}</ref> ? ? PMID 10770351: (unspecified, possibly primary)
<ref>{{cite journal | last = Bonner | first = Kate | year = 2001 | month = November | title = Male circumcision as an HIV control strategy: not a 'natural condom'. | journal = Reproductive health matters | volume = 9 | issue = 18 | pages = 143–155 | doi = 10.1016/S0968-8080(01)90101-6 | pmid = 11765391 | format=PDF| accessdate = 2008-10-08}}</ref> ? ? PMID 11765391: Review
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<ref>{{cite journal | last = Marck | first = Jeff | coauthors= | year = 1997 | title = Aspects of male circumcision in subequatorial African culture history | journal = Health Transition Review | volume = 7 | issue = Supplement | pages = 337–60 | pmid = 10173099 | url = http://htc.anu.edu.au/pdfs/Marck1.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2008-10-16}}</ref> ? ? PMID 10173099: Review
<ref>{{cite journal | last = | first = | coauthors= | year = 2007 | title = Male circumcision: global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability | journal = Who/Unaids | volume = | issue = | pages = | pmid = | url = http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241596169_eng.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2008-10-16}}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite journal | last = | first = | coauthors= | year = 2008 | title = Towards Universal access: Scaling up priority HIV/AIDS interventions in the health sector | journal = Who/Unaids/Unicef | volume = | issue = | pages = 75 | pmid = | url = http://www.unicef.org/aids/files/towards_universal_access_report_2008.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2008-10-16}}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite journal | last = Kebaabetswe | first = P. | coauthors= S. Lockman, S. Mogwe, R. Mandevu, I Thior, M Essex, R. L. Shapiro | year = 2003 | month = | title = Male circumcision: an acceptable strategy for HIV prevention in Botswana | journal = Sexually Transmitted Infections | volume = 79 | issue = 3 | pages = 214–219 | pmid = 12794204 | accessdate = 2008-09-25 | doi = 10.1136/sti.79.3.214 | pmc = 1744675}}</ref> ? ? PMID 12794204: Multicenter Study
<ref>{{cite journal | last = Boyle | first = G. J. | coauthors= | year = 2003 | month = November | title = Issues associated with the introduction of circumcision into a non-circumcising society | journal = Sexually transmitted infections | volume = 79 | issue = 5 | pages = 427–428 | pmid = 14573850 | doi = 10.1136/sti.79.5.427 | url = http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/boyle-sti/ | format = | pmc = 1744753}}</ref> ? ? PMID 14573850: Comment, Letter
<ref>{{cite conference | first = Robert C. | last = Bailey | authorlink = | coauthors = Opeya C.J., Ayieko B.O., Kawango A., Onyango M.O, Moses S, Ndinya-Achola J.O., Krieger J.N. | title = International Conference AIDS | booktitle = Adult male circumcision in Kenya: safety and patient satisfaction | pages = | publisher = | date = 11–16 July 2004 | location = Bangkok | url = http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f=102282470.html | accessdate = 2008-09-25 | id =}}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aids2004.org/ |title=15th International AIDS Conference, 2004, Bangkok,Thailand |accessdate=2008-09-25 |work= |publisher= |date=11–14 July 2004 }}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite conference |first=C.A. |last=Connolly |authorlink= |coauthors=O. Shisana, L. Simbayi, M. Colvin |title=15th International AIDS Conference |booktitle=HIV and circumcision in South Africa. |pages= |publisher= |date=11–16 July 2004 |location= ], ] |url=http://www.aegis.com/conferences/iac/2004/MoPeC3491.html |accessdate= |id= }}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite conference |first=A.G. |last=Thomas |authorlink= |coauthors=, L.N. Bakhireva, S.K. Brodine, R.A. Shaffer|title=15th International AIDS Conference |booktitle=Prevalence of male circumcision and its association with HIV and sexually transmitted infections in a U.S. navy population |pages= |publisher= |date=11–16 July 2004 |location= ], ] |url=http://www.aegis.com/conferences/iac/2004/TuPeC4861.html |accessdate= |id= }}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite journal | author=Reynolds SJ, Shepherd ME, Risbud AR, ''et al'' |title=Male circumcision and risk of HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted infections in India |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9414 |pages=1039–40 |year=2004 |month=March |pmid=15051285 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15840-6 }}</ref> ? ? PMID 15051285: (unspecified, possibly primary)
<ref>{{cite journal | author=Baeten JM, Richardson BA, Lavreys L, ''et al'' |title=Female-to-male infectivity of HIV-1 among circumcised and uncircumcised Kenyan men |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=191 |issue=4 |pages=546–53 |year=2005 |month=February |pmid=15655778 |doi=10.1086/427656 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/427656}}</ref> ? ? PMID 15655778: (unspecified, possibly primary)
<ref>{{cite conference |first=Thomas C. |last=Quinn |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al'' |title=Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections |booktitle=Review shows male circumcision protects female partners from HIV and other STDs |pages= |publisher= |date=5–9 February 2006 |location= ], ] |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-02/jhmi-rsm020306.php |accessdate= |id= }}</ref> ? ?
<ref name ="Newell">{{cite journal | last = Newell | first = Marie-Lousie | coauthors = Till Bärnighausen | date = February 24, 2007 | title = Male circumcision to cut HIV risk in the general population | journal = ] | volume = 369 | issue = 9562 | pages = 617–619 | pmid = 17321292 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60288-8 | url = http://download.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/0140-6736/PIIS0140673607602888.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2007-04-01}}</ref> ? ? PMID 17321292: Comment
<ref>{{cite web | url = http://apha.confex.com/apha/134am/techprogram/paper_136814.htm | title = Risk behaviors and patterns of HIV seroprevalence in countries with generalized epidemics: Results from the Demographic and Health Surveys | accessdate = 2008-10-08 | year = 2006 | publisher = APHA Scientific Session and Event Listing}}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite conference | first = A. | last = Way | coauthors = V. Mishra, R. Hong, K. Johnson | title = AIDS 2006 - XVI International AIDS Conference | booktitle = Is male circumcision protective of HIV infection? | pages = | publisher = International Aids Society | date = 7–12 July 2006 | location = ], ] | url = http://www.iasociety.org/Default.aspx?pageId=11&abstractId=2197431 | accessdate = 2008-10-08}}</ref> ? ?
<ref name ="Garenne">{{cite journal | last = Garenne | first = Michel | year = 2006 | month = January | title = Male Circumcision and HIV Control in Africa | journal = ] | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = e78 | pmid = 16435906 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030078 | url = http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030078 | accessdate = 2007-04-01 | pmc = 1360650}}</ref> ? ? PMID 16435906: Comment, Letter
<ref>{{cite journal | last = Halperin | first = Daniel | year = 2007 | month = June | title = Male Circumcision Matters (as One Part of an Integrated HIV Prevention Response) | journal = ] | volume = | issue = | pages = | pmid = | doi = | url = http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?inReplyTo=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F723&root=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fannotation%2F723 | accessdate = 2008-09-25}}</ref> ? ?
<ref name ="PROSTITUTION">{{cite journal | last = Talbott | first = John R. | year = 2007 | month = June | title = Size Matters: The Number of Prostitutes and the Global HIV/AIDS Pandemic | journal = ] | volume = 2 | editor1-first = Cesar | issue = 6 | pages = e543 | editor1-last = Ugarte-Gil | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0000543 | url = http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.000054 | accessdate = 2007-07-09 | last2 = Ugarte-Gil | first2 = Cesar | pmid = 17579715 | pmc = 1891093 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070927194947/http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.000054 |archivedate = 2007-09-27}}</ref> ? ? PMID 17579715: (unspecified, possibly primary)
<ref>{{cite journal |title=Circumcision for HIV needs follow-up |author=Butler, D; Odling-Smee, L |journal=Nature |year=2007 |month=June |volume=447 |pages=1040–1 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v447/n7148/box/4471040a_BX1.html |doi=10.1038/4471040a |pmid=17597727 |issue=7148}}</ref> ? ? PMID 17597727: News
<ref name ="CSAI_99">{{cite web | year = 1999 | month = December | url = http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/no-index/about-ama/13585.shtml | title = Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (I-99):Neonatal Circumcision | work = 1999 AMA Interim Meeting: Summaries and Recommendations of Council on Scientific Affairs Reports | pages = 17 | publisher = ] | accessdate = 2006-06-13}}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite journal | last = Brewer | first= Devon | year = 2007| month= February | title = Male and Female Circumcision Associated with Prevalent HIV Infection in Virgins and Adolescents in Kenya, Lesotho, and Tanzania | journal = Annals of Epidemiology | volume = 17 | issue = 3 |pages=217–26 |url=http://www.annalsofepidemiology.org/article/PIIS1047279706002651/abstract | doi = 10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.10.010 | pmid = 17320788 | last2 = Potterat | first2 = JJ | last3 = Roberts Jr | first3 = JM | last4 = Brody | first4 = S}}</ref> ? ? PMID 17320788: (unspecified, possibly primary)
<ref>{{cite journal | last = Van Howe | first = Robert | coauthors= J. Steven Svoboda, Frederick M. Hodges, | year = 2005 | month = November | title = HIV infection and circumcision: cutting through the hyperbole | journal = Journal of the royal society for the promotion of health | volume = 125 | issue = 6 | pages = 259–65 | pmid = 16353456 | doi = 10.1177/146642400512500607 | url = http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/vanhowe2005a/ | quote = We contend that the rush to intervene has little to do with preventing HIV infection in Africa and may have more to do with a conscious and/or unconscious impulse to help perpetuate and promote the practice in North America. There is ample indirect evidence to support this contention.}}</ref> ? ? PMID 16353456: Historical Article
<ref>{{cite journal | last = Connolly | first = Catherine | coauthors = Leickness C. Simbayi, Rebecca Shanmugam, Ayanda Nqeketo | month = October | year = 2008 | title = Male circumcision and its relationship to HIV infection in South Africa: Results of a national survey in 2002 | journal = ] | volume = 98 | issue = 10 | pages = 789–94 | pmid = | doi = | url = http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/viewFile/254/2144 | format = PDF}}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite journal | last = Sidler | first = D. | coauthors = J. Smith, H. Rode | date = 29 September 2008 | title = Neonatal circumcision does not reduce HIV/AIDS infection rates | journal = South African medical journal | volume = 8 | issue = 10 | pages = 762–766 | pmid = | doi = | url = http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/viewFile/1811/2152 | format = PDF}}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite journal | last = Boiley | first = MC | coauthors = K Desai1, B Masse2, A Gumel3 | month = October | year = 2008 | title = Incremental role of male circumcision on a generalised HIV epidemic through its protective effect against other sexually transmitted infections: from efficacy to effectiveness to population-level impact | journal = Sexually Transmitted Infections | volume = 84 | issue = Supplement 2 | pages = ii28–34 | doi = 10.1136/sti.2008.030346 | url = http://sti.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/84/Suppl_2/ii28 | format = | pmid=18799489|}}</ref> ? ? PMID 18799489: (unspecified, possibly primary)
<ref>{{cite journal | last = Millett | first = G.A. | coauthors = Ding H., Lauby J., Flores S., Stueve A., Bingham T., Carballo-Dieguez A., Murrill C., Liu K.L., Wheeler D., Liau A., Marks G. | year = 2007 | month = December | title = Circumcision status and HIV infection among Black and Latino men who have sex with men in 3 US cities | journal = Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes | volume = 46 | issue = 5 | pages = 643–50 | pmid = 18043319 | url = http://www.jaids.org/pt/re/jaids/abstract.00126334-200712150-00017.htm;jsessionid=Lb9TQkjvDPZQYf0xc27xyTDQNBfjDQGC6mqwRpmzHJFXb2yk1GyQ!1455807198!181195628!8091!-1 | accessdate = 2007-07-09 | doi = 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31815b834d}}</ref> ? ? PMID 18043319: (unspecified, possibly primary)
<ref>{{cite journal | last = Lagarde | first = Emmanuel | coauthors= Dirk Taljaard, Puren Adrian, Reathe Rain-Taljaard, Bertran Auvert | year = 2003 | month = January | title = Acceptability of male circumcision as a tool for preventing HIV infection in a highly infected community in South Africa | journal = AIDS | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 89–95 | pmid = 12478073 | issn = 0269-9370 | url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=14470835 | format = | accessdate = 2008-09-25 | doi = 10.1097/00002030-200301030-00012}}</ref> ? ? PMID 12478073: (unspecified, possibly primary)
<ref name=millett>{{cite journal |author=Millett GA, Flores SA, Marks G, Reed JB, Herbst JH |title=Circumcision status and risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men: a meta-analysis |journal=JAMA |volume=300 |issue=14 |pages=1674–84 |year=2008 |month=October |pmid=18840841 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.14.1674 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/300/14/1674}}</ref> ? ? PMID 18840841: Meta-Analysis, Review
<ref name=vermund>{{cite journal |author=Vermund SH, Qian HZ |title=Circumcision and HIV prevention among men who have sex with men: no final word |journal=JAMA |volume=300 |issue=14 |pages=1698–700 |year=2008 |month=October |pmid=18840846 |doi=10.1001/jama.300.14.1698 |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/300/14/1698}}</ref> ? ? PMID 18840846: Comment, Editorial
<ref name=NIAIDQA>{{cite web | url = http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/QA/AMC12_QA.htm | title = NIAID QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Sponsored Adult Male Circumcision Trials in Kenya and Uganda | accessdate = 2008-07-11 | date = December 13, 2006 | publisher = National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (]0}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> ? ?
<ref>http://www.phru.co.za/pdf/circumcision/pitfalls.pdf</ref> ? ?
<ref name ="ANRS">{{cite journal | last = Auvert | first = Bertran | coauthors = Dirk Taljaard, Emmanuel Lagarde, Joëlle Sobngwi-Tambekou, Rémi Sitta, Adrian Puren | year = 2005 | month = November | title = Randomized, Controlled Intervention Trial of Male Circumcision for Reduction of HIV Infection Risk: The ANRS 1265 Trial | journal = PLoS Medicine | volume = 2 | issue = 11 | pages = 1112–22 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020298 | pmid = 16231970 | url = http://medicine.plosjournals.org/archive/1549-1676/2/11/pdf/10.1371_journal.pmed.0020298-S.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-07-09 | pmc = 1262556}}</ref> ? ? PMID 16231970: Randomized Controlled Trial
<ref name ="PLoS_7_06">{{cite journal | last = Williams | first = Brian G. | authorlink = | coauthors = James O. Lloyd-Smith, Eleanor Gouws, Catherine Hankins, Wayne M. Getz, John Hargrove, Isabelle de Zoysa, Christopher Dye, Bertran Auvert | year = 2006 | month = July | title = The Potential Impact of Male Circumcision on HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa | journal = ] | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = e262 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030262 | pmid = 16822094 | url = http://medicine.plosjournals.org/archive/1549-1676/3/7/pdf/10.1371_journal.pmed.0030262-p-L.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-07-13 | pmc = 1489185}}</ref> ? ? PMID 16822094: (unspecified, possibly primary)
<ref>{{cite journal | coauthors = Edward Mills, Nandi Siegfried | year = 2006 | month = October | title = Cautious optimism for new HIV/AIDS prevention strategies | journal = Lancet | volume = 368 | issue = 9543 | pages = 1236 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69513-5 | pmid = 17027724 | url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673606695135/fulltext | format = | accessdate = 2008-09-18 | last1 = Mills | first1 = E}}</ref> ? ? PMID 17027724: Letter
<ref>http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=jl-11-03 Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention in Men in Rakai, Uganda: A Randomised Trial</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite web | url = http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=jl-11-03 | title = Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention in Men in Rakai, Uganda: A Randomised Trial | accessdate = 2008-07-11 | date = March 26, 2007 | publisher = UCSF Institute for Global Health Literature Digest}}</ref> ? ?
<ref name="baileyrct">{{cite journal | last = Bailey | first = Robert C | coauthors = Stephen Moses, Corette B Parker, Kawango Agot, Ian Maclean, John N Krieger, Carolyn F M Williams, Richard T Campbell, Jeckoniah O Ndinya-Achola | date = February 24, 2007 | title = Male circumcision for HIV prevention in young men in Kisumu, Kenya: a randomised controlled trial | journal = ] | volume = 369 | issue = 9562 | pages = 643–656 | pmid = 17321310 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60312-2 | url = http://download.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/0140-6736/PIIS0140673607603122.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2007-04-01}}</ref> ? ? PMID 17321310: Randomized Controlled Trial
<ref name="grayrct">{{cite journal | last = Gray | first = Ronald H | coauthors = Godfrey Kigozi, David Serwadda, Frederick Makumbi, Stephen Watya, Fred Nalugoda, Noah Kiwanuka, Lawrence H Moulton, Mohammad A Chaudhary, Michael Z Chen, Nelson K Sewankambo, Fred Wabwire-Mangen, Melanie C Bacon, Carolyn F M Williams, Pius Opendi, Steven J Reynolds, Oliver Laeyendecker, Thomas C Quinn, Maria J Wawer | date = February 24, 2007 | title = Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised trial | journal = ] | volume = 369 | issue = 9562 | pages = 657–66 | pmid = 17321311 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60313-4 | url = http://hssp.ph/pubdocs/HIV-Lancet%20-%20MC%20Uganda%2002.24.07.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2007-07-11}}</ref> ? ? PMID 17321311: Randomized Controlled Trial
<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn11481&feedId=online-news_rss20 | title = WHO hails circumcision as vital in HIV fight | accessdate = 2008-09-18 | date = March 28, 2007 | publisher = ]}}</ref> ? ?
<ref name="WHOsec">{{cite web | url = http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2007/s04/en/index.html | title = WHO and UNAIDS Secretariat welcome corroborating findings of trials assessing impact of male circumcision on HIV risk | accessdate = 2007-02-23 | date = February 23, 2007 | publisher = World Health Organization}}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2006/s18/en/index.html | title = Male circumcision reduces the risk of becoming infected with HIV, but does not provide complete protection | accessdate = 2006-07-20 | date = December 13, 2006 | publisher = World Health Organization}}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4371384.stm | title = Circumcision 'reduces HIV risk' | date = October 25, 2005 | publisher = BBC News}}</ref> ? ?
<ref name="Dowsett2007">{{cite journal |last=Dowsett |first=G.W. |coauthors=M. Couch |year=2007 |month=May |title=Male circumcision and HIV prevention: is there really enough of the right kind of evidence? |journal=Reproductive Health Matters |volume=15 |issue=29 |pages= 33–44 |pmid=17512372 |url=http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0968-8080/PIIS0968808007293024.pdf | format= PDF |accessdate= |quote= |doi=10.1016/S0968-8080(07)29302-4 }}</ref> ? ? PMID 17512372: (unspecified, possibly primary)
<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.aidsmap.com/en/news/3CBF12A3-A1AC-4A0E-A79C-54FC6EF93E28.asp | author = Virginia Differding | title = Women may be at heightened risk of HIV infection immediately after male partner is circumcised | accessdate = 2007-03-14 | date = March 12, 2007 | publisher = Aidsmap News}}</ref> ? ?
<ref>{{cite journal | last = Green | first = Lawrence W | coauthors = McAllister, Ryan G; Peterson, Kent W; Travis, John W | month = May | year = 2008 | title = Male circumcision is not the vacine we have been waiting for | journal = Future HIV therapy | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 193–199 | pmid = | doi = 10.2217/17469600.2.3.193 | url = http://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/pdf/10.2217/17469600.2.3.193 | format = PDF}}</ref> ? ?
<ref name="weiss2008">{{cite journal | author=Weiss HA, Halperin D, Bailey RC, Hayes RJ, Schmid G, Hankins CA | title=Male circumcision for HIV prevention: from evidence to action? | journal=AIDS | volume=22 | issue=5 | pages=567–74 | year=2008 | month=March | pmid=18316997 | doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f3f406 | url= http://www.aidsvaccineclearinghouse.org/pdf/MC/Weiss_AIDS_2008.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> ? ? PMID 18316997: Editorial, Review
<ref name="mills2008">{{cite journal | author=Mills E, Cooper C, Anema A, Guyatt G | title=Male circumcision for the prevention of heterosexually acquired HIV infection: a meta-analysis of randomized trials involving 11,050 men | journal=HIV Med. | volume=9 | issue=6 | pages=332–5 | year=2008 | month=July | pmid=18705758 | doi=10.1111/j.1468-1293.2008.00596.x | url=}}</ref> ? ? PMID 18705758: Meta-Analysis, Review
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<ref>{{cite journal |author=UNAIDS/WHO/SACEMA Expert Group on Modelling the Impact and Cost of Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention |title=Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention in High HIV Prevalence Settings: What Can Mathematical Modelling Contribute to Informed Decision Making? |journal=PLoS Med |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=e1000109 |url=http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1000109 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1000109 |pmid=19901974 |year=2009 |pmc=2731851}}</ref> ? ? PMID 19901974: Review
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