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Nambaryn Enkhbayar (Template:Lang-mn; born June 1, 1958) is a Mongolian political figure. He served as the Prime Minister in 2000-2004, the Speaker of the Parliament in 2004-2005 and the President of Mongolia in 2005-2009. He is the first person to have held all of top three positions in Mongolian government. He was the chairman of former communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party in 1997-2005.
Early life and education
Nambaryn Enkhbayar was born on 1 June 1958 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. He finished a secondary school in 1975, and earned an undergraduate degree majoring in literature and language studies from Maxim Gorky Literature Institute in Moscow, Russia in 1980. He studied at an English language and literature course at Leeds University in the United Kingdom in 1985-1986. Enkhbayar became the chairman of the Association of Mongolian Writers in 1990. Enkhbayar holds an English language proficiency certificate from Cambridge University and he has translated into Mongolian many works by important Russian and English authors, including Leo Tolstoy, Charles Dickens, Aldous Huxley, and Virginia Woolf.He also has released his own eleven-volume book, eight-volume book /2005/, The Great Mongolia /2007/ and The Peoples' support is stronger than position /2012/. He holds honorary doctorate degrees from a number of universities, and is a well-known translator and columnist. He is married to Onongiin Tsolmon in 1987 and they have four children.
Legislative career
In 1992, as a member of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party(MPRP) Enkhbayar was elected to the State Great Khural (Mongolian Parliament). Mongolia voted to retain former communist MPRP during its first venture into democratic elections, and Enkhbayar was appointed to serve as the country's Minister of Culture. He held that post until 1996, when the Democratic Party ousted the MPRP in the parliamentary elections that year. In 1996 Enkhbayar became the secretary general of the MPRP and led the opposition MPRP group in the Parliament. In 1997 he was elected as the chairman of the MPRP. In 2000, Enkhbayar held onto his seat in the Mongolian parliament, where he held the title of minority leader, and shepherded the party through a triumphant return to the office in 2000, in a landslide election, winning 72 out of 76 seats. Under his leadership, MPRP became a member of the Socialist International, an international Institution of 162 political parties and organisations from all continents. With the MPRP in control of the Great Hural once again, Enkhbayar became the country's Prime Minister.He embarked on an ambitious plan to improve the infrastructure and encourage foreign direct investment. These included the new Millennium Road, the first to traverse Mongolia's 600,000 square-mile territory from east to west, and an agreement with a Canadian group to begin gold mining. The economy had revived through these reforms with GDP increasing by 4% in 2002, and reaching 10% growth rate in 2004. He became the President of Mongolia on June 24, 2005 after winning the May 2005 elections. He is the first person in the history of Mongolia who has occupied all three seats in the government. Under his 10 years of service, Mongolia had transformed from one of the most underdeveloped countries in central Asia, to one of the fastest growing economies in the world attracting the interest of various investors and companies. He was the one who reformed his party, Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party (currently Mongolian People’s Party) and directed it towards a democratic, liberal shift, which secured peacefulness of Mongolia’s transition from communism to capitalism. Enkhbayar was a member and then a leader of the MPRP (Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party) since 1992. He was also supportive of the idea of socially beneficial foreign direct investment, attempting to prevent exploitation of Mongolia’s natural resources and trying to secure a deal which would be beneficial for the Mongolian people. During his term as a President, Enkhbayar welcomed the Dalai Lama on August, 2006, when the Dalai Lama visited Mongolia and stayed at Enkhbayar’s residence.
Prime Minister
In 1999, the country was hit by one of its infamous zud spells, when summer draught and cold weather blizzards resulted in severe food shortages and loss of thousands of livestock. The government responded poorly to the disaster and the MPRP received an unexpected boost from the climatological disaster. Enkhbayar's leading MPRP won 2000 parliamentary elections winning 72 out of 76 seats. The MPRP controlling the parliament, Enkhbayar became the country's Prime Minister. He initiated an ambitious Millennium Road project to connect Mongolian territory from east to west. The road to connect Mongolia to Asian highway was never completed. On Christmas Day of December 25, 2003, Robert Friedland, owner of Ivanhoe Mines-Canada based company received a phone call from "Enkhbayar, who was asking for a spare USD50 million by the next day, to pay Mongolia’s debt to the former USSR before the New Year...As a businessman with an eye for a bargain, he was ready to provide the USD50 million within the next 24 hours in exchange for an exploitation license for Oyu Tolgoi." The secret deal went through and without tender bids Enkhbayar's government gave a 100% exploitation license of Mongolia's Oyu Tolgoi-the biggest copper and gold deposit available in the world-to Ivanhoe Mines company in December 2003. The Russian Federation wrote off 97% of former USSR loans to Mongolia, which was estimated to amount to US$ 11.3 billion on December 31, 2003. For the three percent payment "Russians claimed they received USD200 million out of USD250 million... There were a group of corrupt officials on both the Mongolian and Russian sides, who pocketed this money. Then Prime Minister of Russia Kasyanov, dubbed “Misha ten percent”, could not provide a credible explanation for this case, and apparently this was the very foundation from which President Putin started his investigations (in Russia.)" This was the first time since the 1920s that Mongolia did not owe debt to its northern neighbor, while it was controversial debt due to Mongolia being a raw material supplier to Soviet Union pricing the materials almost free for former USSR. Thanks to international exposure of Mongolia's vast mineral resources, the economy experienced 10% real GDP growth in 2004.
Speaker of Parliament
In 2004, MPRP lost to Motherland Democratic Coalition-a coalition of Democratic Party and Motherland Party. Due to election result where none of the coalition and the MPRP became the enough majority to hold the government, grand coalition government was formed and Enkhbayar became the Speaker of the Parliament and served on this post in 2004-2005.
President
He won 2005 presidential election and became the Mongolian President. He welcomed U.S. President George W. Bush who paid an official visit to Mongolia. It was the first U.S president's visit to the country. Mongolia received US$ 285 million aid from the United States' Millennium Challenge Compact (MCC) which United States President George W.Bush signed with Enkhbayar in 2007.
New political party establishment
In 2010 Enkhbayar established a political party and named it Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. The party received approval to use the previous name of the Mongolian People's Party from the Supreme Court of Mongolia on 26 June 2011. Enkhbayar became the chairman of his established party.
Sports
Enkhbayar climbed the highest peak in Mongolia, Mt.Khuiten with mountaineers of Mongolian Mountaineering Federation and Nepal Mountaineering Association on 23 June 2011.
Religion
Enkhbayar became a follower of Tibetan Buddhism when Mongolia was still under communist rule. He translated several Buddhist texts into Mongolian language.
Notes
- "Nambaryn Enkhbayar". britannica.com. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- "Enkhbayar, Nambaryn". Undestnii tsahim ov akademi(National Digital Heritage Academy) (in Mongolian). Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- "Nambaryn Enkhbayar, President of Mongolia". Columbia University World Leaders Forum. 24 October 2007. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
- ^ "Nambaryn Enkhbayar". notablebiographies.com. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- "Nambaryn Enkhbayar, former President of Mongolia". lenta.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- Siurua and Swift, H. and J. (2002). "Famine Avoided Despite Drought and 'Zud' in Mongolia". ENN. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- "Parliamentary Chamber: Ulsyn Ikh Khural. Elections held in 2000". ipu.org. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- ^ "Spider web-6". news.mn. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- "Reference Facts: Oyu Tolgoi Project" (PDF). Ivanhoe Mines Mongolia. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- Jeffries, Ian (2007). Mongolia: A Guide to Economic and Political Developments. Routledge. p. 66. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- Kotkin and Elleman, Stephen and Bruce A. (1999). Mongolia in the Twentieth Century: Landlocked Cosmpolitan. M.E.Sharpe Inc. p. 282. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- "Mongolia Country Report". Global Finance. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- "US President Bush visits Mongolia". Xinhua News Agency. 21 November 2005. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- "President Bush and President Enkhbayar of Mongolia Sign the Millennium Challenge Corporation Compact". whitehouse.gov. 22 October 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- Supreme Court of Mongolia
- "Former MPRP is reborn and former President named chairman". Business-Mongolia.com. 2 February 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- Karki, Niraj (October 2011). "From Mt. Everest to Mt. Khuiten". ECS Nepal. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
- "Mongolian President Enkhbayar's Spiritual Outlook". buddhistchannel.tv. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
| Party political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded byBüdragchaagiin Dash-Yondon | General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Party 1996–1997 |
Succeeded byNatsagiin Bagabandi |
| Preceded byNatsagiin Bagabandi | General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Party 1997–2005 |
Succeeded byMiyeegombyn Enkhbold |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded byRinchinnyamyn Amarjargal | Prime Minister of Mongolia 2000–2004 |
Succeeded byTsakhiagiin Elbegdorj |
| Preceded byNatsagiin Bagabandi | President of Mongolia 2005–2009 |
Succeeded byTsakhiagiin Elbegdorj |
| Leaders of the Mongolian People's Party | |
|---|---|
| 1921–1990 | |
| 1990–present | |
| Italics indicate acting officeholders | |
| Prime ministers of Mongolia (List) | |
|---|---|
 Bogd Khanate of Mongolia(1911–1924) | |
 Mongolian People's Republic(1924–1992) | |
 Mongolia(1992–present) | |
| |
| Heads of state of Mongolia (List) | |
|---|---|
| Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911–1924) | |
| Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992) | |
| Mongolia (1992–present) | |
| |
- Alumni of the University of Leeds
- Mongolian Buddhists
- Mongolian expatriates in the Soviet Union
- Mongolian expatriates in the United Kingdom
- Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party politicians
- People from Ulan Bator
- Presidents of Mongolia
- Prime Ministers of Mongolia
- Speakers of the State Great Khural
- 1958 births
- Living people