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Syrian Civil War
Part of the Arab Spring and spillover of the Iraqi insurgency
Clockwise from top left: Destroyed vehicles in Aleppo; refugee camp on the Turkish border; artillery firing on Homs; victims of the Ghouta chemical attack. (For a war map of the current situation, see here)
Date 15 March 2011 (2011-03-15) – present (13 years, 9 months, 1 week and 2 days) Location Syria (with spillovers in neighboring countries) Status Ongoing
Belligerents
Government Armed Forces NDF Ba'ath Brigades PLA  Iran Quds Force Basij Pro-government Hezbollah Al-Abbas brigade Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq PFLP–GC Others Armament Support:  Russia  Iraq	Opposition Islamic Front Free Syrian Army SRF Al-Nusra Front Islamic State of Iraq (until 2014) Others Armament Support:  Qatar  Saudi Arabia  Turkey  United States  Libya Intervention (against Islamic State)  United States  Saudi Arabia  Qatar  Jordan  Bahrain  UAE	2013–14:  Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant See: IS campaign
Syrian Kurdistan (Rojava) YPG Jabhat al-Akrad Others Armament Support:  Iraqi Kurdistan See: Kurdistan conflict		2014–present:  Islamic State
Commanders and leaders
Bashar al-Assad(President of Syria, Commander-in-Chief) Maher al-Assad(Commander of the 4th Armoured Division) Fahd Jassem al-Freij(Minister of Defense) Dawoud Rajiha †(Former Minister of Defense) Assef Shawkat †(Deputy Minister of Defense) Ali Abdullah Ayyoub(Chief of Staff of the SAA) Issam Hallaq(Chief of Staff of the Air Force) Ghassan Ismail(General of the Air Force Intelligence Unit) Mohammad al-Shaar (WIA)(Minister of Interior) Hassan Nasrallah(Secretary General of Hezbollah) Qasem Soleimani(Commander of Quds Force) Ahmed Jibril(Secretary General of PFLP-GC) Salih Muslim Muhammad(Leader of the Democratic Union Party) Sipan Hemo(Commander of the People's Protection Units)	Abdul-Ilah al-Bashir(Chief of Staff of the FSA) Salim Idris(Former Chief of Staff of the FSA; dismissed) Riad al-Asaad (WIA)(Former Chief of Staff of the FSA; dismissed) Mustafa Al-Sheikh(Former head of the FSA's Military Council; dismissed) Jamal Maarouf(Leader of Syria Revolutionaries Front) Ahmed Issa al-Sheikh(Leader of the Islamic Front) Abu Omar Hureitan(Deputy Leader of the Islamic Front) Zahran Alloush (WIA)(Head of military operations of the Islamic Front) Hassan Aboud †(Head of the political bureau of the Islamic Front) Abdul Qader Saleh †(Former top Commander of Al-Tawhid Brigade) Abu Mohammad al-Golani (WIA)(Leader of Al-Nusra Front)	Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi(Caliph of the Islamic State) Abu Omar al-Shishani(Field Commander) Abu Mohammad al-Adnani(Spokesperson) Abu Muslim al-Turkmani(Deputy, Iraq) Abu Ali al-Anbari(Deputy, Syria) Abu Bakr al-Iraqi ("Haji Bakr") †(Commander) Abu Ayman al-Iraqi(Commander)
Strength
Syrian Armed Forces: 178,000–250,000 General Security Directorate: 8,000 National Defence Force: 80,000 Hezbollah: 8,000–10,000 Ba'ath Brigades: 7,000 al-Abbas brigade: 10,000 (8,000 Iraqis) Iran: 500–1,000 Popular Protection Units (YPG): 10,000–35,000 Jabhat al-Akrad: 7,000	Free Syrian Army: 40,000–50,000 Islamic Front: 40,000–70,000 Ahfad al-Rasul Brigade: 7,000–9,000 Asala wa al-Tanmiya Front: 13,000 Army of Mujahedeen: 5,000–12,000 Al-Nusra Front: 5,000–6,000	Islamic State: 31,000-50,000
Casualties and losses
Syrian government 40,438–75,000 soldiers and policemen killed 25,927–40,000 militiamen killed 1,000 government officials killed 7,000 soldiers and militiamen and 2,000 supporters captured Hezbollah 561 killed Other non-Syrian fighters 1,854 killed	Syrian rebels: 49,699–115,000 At least 3,000 rebels killed fighting the Islamic State (as of June 2014) 979 protesters killed 25,500 opposition fighters and supporters captured or missing	Islamic State: Unknown, at least 2,200 killed in battles against the opposition as of June 2014
Kurds: At least 597 fighters killed (see here) 58,805–74,143 (2,680 foreign) civilian deaths documented by opposition 52 other foreign soldiers killed 180,215 deaths overall documented by SOHR* 260,215 killed overall (SOHR estimate)* 191,369 killed overall (end of April 2014 UN estimate)* 130,000 captured or missing overall 4.5 million (UN, Sep 2013) – 5.1 million (iDMC, Sep 2013) internally displaced 3,000,000 refugees (by November 2013) *Numbers include foreign fighters from both sides, as well as foreign civilians

References

1. Saeed Kamali Dehghan (28 May 2012). "Syrian army being aided by Iranian forces". The Guardian.
2. Daftari, Lisa (28 August 2012). "Iranian general admits 'fighting every aspect of a war' in defending Syria's Assad". Fox News.
3. Filkins, Dexter. "Qassem Suleimani, the Middle East's Most Powerful Operative". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
4. Iran boosts support to Syria, Telegraph, 21 Feb 2014
5. "Lebanon dragged in as Hezbollah joins Syria war". Reuters. 26 April 2013.
6. "Syrian war widens Sunni-Shia schism as foreign jihadis join fight for shrines". The Guardian. 4 June 2013.
7. "Syria rebels clash with army, Palestinian fighters". Agence France-Presse. 31 October 2012.
8. Richard Galpin (10 January 2012). "Russian arms shipments bolster Syria's embattled Assad". BBC News. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
9. "Russian military presence in Syria poses challenge to US-led intervention". The Guardian, 23 December 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
10. "It looks like Iraq has joined Assad's side in the Syrian war". Business Insider. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
11. Six Islamist factions unite in largest Syria rebel merger
12. "Syrian rebels tout a fighting force the US can work with". Christian Science Monitor. 2014-03-25. Retrieved 2014-03-31.
13. "The Free Syrian Army" (PDF). Institute for the Study of War.
14. "Islamic Extremists Infiltrate Syrian Opposition". Voice of America. 21 September 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
15. Roula Khalaf and Abigail Fielding-Smith (17 May 2013). "How Qatar seized control of the Syrian revolution". Financial Times. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
16. El Deeb, Sarah (20 June 2013). "Rivalries complicate arms pipeline to Syria rebels". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
17. Hassan (1 October 2013). "The Army of Islam Is Winning in Syria". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
18. Vatan, 8 September 2013, 'Türkiye El Nusra'ya ağır silahlar gönderdi'
19. "U.S. weapons reaching Syrian rebels". Washington Post. September 11, 2013.
20. Sherlock, Ruth. "Libya's new rulers offer weapons to Syrian rebels". The Telegraph. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
21. Phil Stewart; Tom Perry (September 23, 2014). "U.S. and Arab allies launch first strikes on militants in Syria". Reuters. Retrieved September 28, 2014. Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Jordan, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates participated in or supported the strikes against Islamic State targets, U.S. Central Command said.
22. "New front opens in Syria as rebels say al Qaeda attack means war". Reuters. 12 July 2013.
23. "Syrian rebels launch fierce offensive against al Qaeda fighters". Reuters. 4 January 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
24. Wiser, Daniel. "Syrian Kurds Fight ISIL, Assad, With Little Help From United States". The Washington Free Beacon. Retrieved 29 September 2014. The YPG also recently formed an alliance with the Free Syrian Army (FSA), another rebel group battling both ISIL and Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.
25. Wood, Josh (6 February 2013). "Syria's Kurds try to balance security and alliances". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
26. http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/kurdish-arab-rebel-alliance-may-be-key-to-obama-s-syrian-strategy
27. "Free Syrian Army fires military chief". Al Jazeera English. 16 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
28. "U.N. withdraws staffers as violence rages in Syria". Edition.cnn.com. 25 May 2013.
29. Mroue, Bassem; Suzan Fraser (2012-12-08). "Syria Rebels Create New Unified Military Command". Huffington Post. AP. Archived from the original on 2012-12-08. Retrieved 2012-12-08. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
30. "FSA alliance pushes back against Islamic Front". The Daily Star. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
31. ^ "Leading Syrian rebel groups form new Islamic Front". BBC. 22 November 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
32. "Missile blast wounds Syrian rebel commander: activists". Reuters. 20 February 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2013.
33. Reports: Bombing Kills Head of Syrian Rebel Group
34. Top Syrian rebel commander dies from wounds (Reuters), 18 November 2013
35. "Al-Nusra leader injured by regime bombardment". Facebook.com. Retrieved 2013-05-16.
36. "U.S. Condemns Terrorist Attacks in Iraq and Pledges to Help Combat al Qaeda". United States Department of State. 10 August 2013.
37. "The Anatomy of ISIS". CNN. 22 September 2014.
38. "Top ISIS Leaders are Revealed". Alarabiya. 13 February 2014.
39. "Syria military strength detail". Global Fire Power. 27 March 2014.
40. "As Syria war enters fourth year, regime eyes victory". Times. 11 March 2014.
41. "Syria's diminished security forces". AFP. 28 August 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
42. ISIS’ Iraq offensive could trigger Hezbollah to fill gap left in Syria Daily Star, 16 June 2014
43. ^ From Qusair to Yabrud: Shiite foreign fighters in Syria
44. "«كتائب البعث» إلى شوارع دمشق". Al Akhbar. 14 January 2014.
45. Aron Lund (13 January 2014). "The Baath Battalions Move Into Damascus". Carnegie Endowment.
46. Syrian war widens Sunni-Shia schism as foreign jihadis join fight for shrines retrieved 5 June 2013
47. Shiite Militias Decamping From Syria to Fight in Iraq
48. ^ "Syria crisis: Guide to armed and political opposition". BBC. 13 December 2013.
49. "Kurdish militia has 35,000 fighters: spokesman". The Daily Star. 27 December 2013.
50. Mutlu Civiroglu (11 August 2013). "Kurdish Commander: Jihadi Groups in Syria Have Hijacked FSA". Rudaw.
51. Cockburn, Patrick (11 December 2013). "West suspends aid for Islamist rebels in Syria, underlining their disillusionment with those forces opposed to President Bashar al-Assad". The Independent.
52. Front to Back
53. "Factbox: Syria's rebel groups". Reuters. 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
54. "Al Qaida rebels leave mass grave behind as they desert base in Syria". McClatchy. 6 January 2014. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
55. "Why Is Jabhat al-Nusra No Longer Useful to Turkey?". U.S News. 11 June 2014.
56. "Islamic State fighter estimate triples - CIA". BBC. 12 September 2014.
57. "NGO: Islamic State has 50,000 members in Syria". NOW News. 19 August 2014. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |title= at position 23 (help)
58. "Islamic State 'has 50,000 fighters in Syria'". Al Jazeera. 19 August 2014.
59. ^ "More than 260 thousand killed and killed and been killed since the start of the revolution". Retrieved 21 August 2014.
60. ^ More than 110 dead, thousands of regime forces during the 41 months
61. "David Cameron Offers 'Safe Passage' For Syria's Bashar Al-Assad, But Not To Britain (PICTURES)". Huffington Post. 6 November 2012.
62. With SOHR already stating that the number of government and rebel fatalities is evenly divided and an upper estimate of pro-government fatalities to be 115,000, a higher figure of rebels killed can be estimated to be 115,000 as well. This would be in line with SOHR's estimate that the number of combatant dead being double the documented number
63. ^ "Thousands were killed during clashes with the Islamic State". Syrian Observatory for Human Rights. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
64. "Syria: Opposition, almost 11,500 civilians killed". Ansamed.ansa.it. 2010-01-03. Retrieved 2013-08-27.
65. "Violations Documenting Center". Violations Documenting Center. 21 August 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
66. "With more than 191,000 dead in Syria, U.N. rights chief slams global 'paralysis'".
67. "Syria's Meltdown Requires a U.S.-Led Response". Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 22 March 2013.
68. "Syrian Refugees in Lebanon," The New York Times, September 5, 2013: UN says: 6.5 million displaced, of whom 2 million fled out of the country
69. "Syria: A full-scale displacement and humanitarian crisis with no solutions in sight"., iDMC, Sep 2013: 5.1 million internally displaced ("forced to flee their homes because their lives were at danger, but did not cross international borders")
70. "Dispatch: Syria's Internally Displaced Depend on Handouts"., UN, Feb 2013: 2.5 million internally displaced
71. "Syrian refugees top three million mark: UN". SBS News. AAP. 2013-11-29. Retrieved 2014-01-03.

• Syrian Civil War
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