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A yogi is a practitioner of yoga. Yoga (/ˈjoʊɡə/; Sanskrit: योग, Listen) is a physical, mental, and spiritual practice or discipline, that aims to transform body and mind. The term denotes a variety of schools, practices and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism (including Vajrayana and Tibetan Buddhism) and Jainism, the best-known being Hatha yoga and Raja yoga. The term "yogi" is also used to refer specifically to Siddhas, and broadly to refer to ascetic practitioners of meditation to develop spiritual heights. The definition of yogi or siddhas may be nearly described as given in Chapter 2 verse 56 of Gita which tells ----
"duḥkheṣv anudvigna-manāḥ sukheṣu vigata-spṛhaḥ vīta-rāga-bhaya-krodhaḥ sthita-dhīr munir ucyate"
means---
"One who is not disturbed in mind even amidst the threefold miseries or elated when there is happiness, and who is free from attachment, fear and anger, is called a sage of steady mind."
Etymology
In the Classical Sanskrit of the Puranas, the word yogi (Sanskrit: masc yogī, योगी; fem yoginī) originally referred specifically to a male practitioner of yoga. In the same literature yoginī is the term used for female practitioners as well as for divine goddesses and enlightened mothers, all revered as aspects of the Divine Mother Devi without whom there would be no yogis. The two terms are still used with those meanings today, but the word yogi is also used generically to refer to both male and female practitioners of yoga and related meditative practices in Buddhism, Jainism, Taoism etc.
Hinduism
In Hinduism the term yogi refers to an adherent of yoga whose sole goal is to achieve moksha (liberation) although the methods of achieving such goal lies on the meaning of yoga.
According to Jacobsen, "Yoga has five principal meanings:
- Yoga as a disciplined method for attaining a goal;
- Yoga as techniques of controlling the body and the mind;
- Yoga as a name of one of the schools or systems of philosophy (darśana);
- Yoga in connection with other words, such as "hatha-, mantra-, and laya-," referring to traditions specialising in particular techniques of yoga;
- Yoga as the goal of Yoga practice."
According to David Gordon White, from the 5th century CE onward, the meanings of the term "yoga" became more or less fixed, but having various meanings:
- Yoga as an analysis of perception and cognition;
- Yoga as the rising and expansion of consciousness;
- Yoga as a path to omniscience;
- Yoga as a technique for entering into other bodies, generating multiple bodies, and the attainment of other supernatural accomplishments;
Textual references
The Shiva Samhita defines the yogi patel as someone who knows that the entire cosmos is situated within his own body, and the Yoga-Shikha-Upanishad text distinguishes two kinds of yogis:
- Those who pierce through the "sun" (surya) by means of the various yogic techniques and
- Those who access the door of the central conduit (sushumna-nadi) and drink the nectar. As to what this nectar is, all meditation lineages focus on self-mastery of essence, both spiritual and sexual.
The Yoga-Bhashya (400 CE, the oldest extant commentary on the Yoga-Sutra, offers the following fourfold classification of yogis:
- neophyte/beginner (prathama-kalpika)
- one who has reached the "honeyed level" (madhu-bhumika)
- the advanced practitioner who enjoys enlightenment (joginath, giri, goswami, etc.)
Yogi - Siddha
According to David White, the term yogi is also a pejorative term used by Hindu orthodoxy for a Siddha. According to White,
iddha means "realized, perfected one", a term generally applied to a practitioner (sādhaka, sadhu) who has, through his practice (sadhana), realized his dual goal of superhuman powers (siddhis, "realizations", "perfections") and bodily immortality (jivanmukti).
The term siddha has become a broad sectarian appellation, applying to Saiva-devotees in the Deccan (Mahesvara Siddhas), alchemists in Tamil Nadu (Sittars), a group of early Buddhist tantrikas from Bengal (Mahasiddha, Siddhacaryas), the alchemists of medieval India (Rasa Siddha), and a mainly north Indian group known as the Nath Siddhas. The Nath Siddhas are the only still existing representatives of the medieval Tantric tradition, which had disappeared due to its excesses. While the Nath Siddhas enjoyed persistent popular success, they attracted the scorn of the elite classes. According to White, the term yogi
...has, for at least eight hundred years, been an all-purpose term employed to designate those Saiva specialists whom orthodox Hindus have considered suspect, heterodox, and even heretical in their doctrine and practice.
According to White, the yoga as practiced by Saiva specialists is more closely identified in the eyes of those critics with black magic, sorcery and sexual perversions than with yoga in the conventional sense of the word.
Sexual abstention
Traditionally, yogic training involved deferring the tantric practices of sexual yoga/marriage until such time that sexual self-mastery had been established, whereupon sexual union is considered to be the ultimate yoga of Shiva and Shakti.
Brahmacarya for yogis, as stated in the Agni-Purana, embodies self-imposed abstention from sexual activity: fantasizing, glorifying the sex act or someone's sexual attraction, dalliance, sexual ogling, sexually flirtatious talk, the resolution to break one's vow, and consummation of sexual intercourse itself, with any being.
Married practitioners aspire likewise to abstain from unconscious/harmful sexual behavior, and to meditatively practice sexual yoga (as opposed to ego-centered sexual release) with their partner, but must practice aware chastity with regard to others.
Modern science now understands that such a code of sexual conduct is also organically assisted by neurochemical changes in brain states of intense meditators (reduced dopamine and increased oxytocin) that induce general relaxation and mental stability, and is not sheerly by willpower alone.
List of yogis
Further information: List of Hindu gurus and saints | This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Historical yogis and yoga gurus:
- Shiva
- Siddhartha Gautama Buddha
- Nigamananda Paramahansa (1880–1935)
- Mahavatar Babaji
- Sivananda Saraswati (1887–1963)
- Tirumalai Krishnamacharya (1888–1989)
- Malladihalli Sri Raghavendra Swamiji (1890–1996)
- Swami Narayanananda (1902–1988)
- Pranavananda Saraswathi (1908–1982)
- K. Pattabhi Jois (1915–2009)
- Chidananda Saraswati (1916–2008)
- Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar (1921–1990)
- Venkatesananda Saraswati (born 1921)
- Krishnananda Saraswati (1922–2001)
- Satyananda Saraswati (1923–2009)
- Vishnudevananda Saraswati (1927–1993)
- Swami Jyotirmayananda Saraswati
- Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)
- Jaggi Vasudev
- Niranjanananda Saraswati
- Paramahansa Satyaprajnananda
- Sadguru Hambir Baba
- Gagangiri Maharaj
- Sitaramdas Omkarnath
- Paramahansa Yogananda
- Bharat Bhushan (yogi)
- Baba Hari Dass (born 1923)
- Larry Schultz (1950-2011)
See also
Notes
- Compare Siddhartha Gautama, one of the names of the Buddha.
References
- ^ White 2012, p. 8.
- White 2011. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhite2011 (help)
- Chogyam Trungpa (2001) The Lion's Roar: An Introduction to Tantra. Shambhala. ISBN 1-57062-895-5
- Edmonton Patric 2007, pali and its sinificance p. 332
- Lama Yeshe (1998). The Bliss of Inner Fire. Wisdom Publications. pp. 135-141.
- Denise Lardner Carmody, John Carmody (1996), Serene Compassion. Oxford University Press US. p. 68.
- ^ Stuart Ray Sarbacker, Samādhi: The Numinous and Cessative in Indo-Tibetan Yoga. SUNY Press, 2005, pp. 1–2.
- Tattvarthasutra , see Manu Doshi (2007) Translation of Tattvarthasutra, Ahmedabad: Shrut Ratnakar p. 102
- ^ Zimmermann 2003, p. 4.
- ^ White 2012, p. 8-9.
- ^ Jacobsen, p. 4.
- ^ White 2011, p. 6. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhite2011 (help)
- White 2011, p. 7. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhite2011 (help)
- White 2011, p. 9. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhite2011 (help)
- White 2011, p. 10. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWhite2011 (help)
- International Yoga Bibliography, Howard R. Jarrell, 1981, p. 114
- Shambhala Encyclopedia of Yoga, p. 346
- Rosen 2012, p. 72.
- Shambhala Encyclopedia of Yoga, pg 343
- ^ White 2012, p. 2.
- ^ White 2012, p. 7.
- White 2012, p. 9.
- Tantra, The Path of Ecstasy, Georg Feurstein Ph.D., Shambhala Press, USA 1998
- Shambhala Encyclopedia of Yoga, p.62
- How God Changes Your Brain: Breakthrough Findings From A Leading Neuroscientist, by Andrew Newberg M.D., Ballantine Books, USA 2009
- Feuerstein, Georg (2001). The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice (Kindle ed.). Arizona, USA: Hohm Pr. p. Kindle Location 5720. ISBN 978-1890772185.
- Paramahamsa Prajnanananda (15 August 2006). My Time with the Master. Sai Towers Publishing. pp. 25–. ISBN 978-81-7899-055-2. Retrieved 18 March 2011.
- Benoy Gopal Ray (1965). Religious movements in modern Bengal. "He learnt and practices of Yog from Sumerudasji". Visva-Bharati. p. 101. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- Amulya Kumar Tripathy; P. C. Tripathy; Jayadeva (2006). The Gita Govinda of Sri Jayadev. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. pp. Yogiguru "Swami Nigamananda" Book Translators :Shri Durga Charan Mohanty. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- Jeevankalechi Sadhana
- Vishwavyapi Manavadharma Ashram
- "Iconic Bay Area Yoga Teacher Dies / Yoga Buzz / Yoga Blog / Yoga Journal". 2011-03-02. Retrieved 2011-04-13.
Sources
- Feuerstein, Georg (2000), The Shambhala Encyclopedia of Yoga, Shambhala Publications
- Rosen, Richard (2012), Original Yoga: Rediscovering Traditional Practices of Hatha Yoga, Shambhala Publications
- White, David Gordon (2012), The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India, University of Chicago Press
- Zimmermann, Marion (2003), A short introduction: The Tamil Siddhas and the Siddha medicine of Tamil Nadu, GRIN Verlag, p. 4, ISBN 9783638187411
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
External links
Yoga/Yoga Tales at Wikibooks
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