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Hungerford massacre
Michael Ryan in 1986, photographed while working for Hungerford businessman Peter de Savary
LocationHungerford, England, United Kingdom
Coordinates51°25′N 1°31′W / 51.41°N 1.52°W / 51.41; -1.52
Date19 August 1987 (1987-08-19)
ca. 12:30 pm–ca. 5:00 pm
Attack typeMass murder, spree shooting, murder-suicide, massacre
Weapons
Deaths17 (including the perpetrator)
Injured15
PerpetratorMichael Robert Ryan
MotiveMental illness suspected

The Hungerford massacre was a series of random shootings in Hungerford, Berkshire and Wiltshire on 19 August 1987, when an unemployed man, Michael Robert Ryan, killed sixteen people, including his own mother, before committing suicide. The shootings, committed using a handgun and two semi-automatic rifles, occurred at several locations, including a college he had once attended. A police officer died in the incident, and many people were injured. No firm motive for the killings has ever been established. It remains one of the worst firearms atrocities in UK history.

A report was commissioned by the Home Secretary, Douglas Hurd. The Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988 was passed in the wake of the massacre, which bans the ownership of semi-automatic centre-fire rifles and restricts the use of shotguns with a capacity of more than three cartridges.

Perpetrator

The perpetrator of the Hungerford massacre was 27-year-old Michael Robert Ryan, an unemployed labourer and antiques dealer. He was born at Savernake Hospital in Marlborough, near Hungerford, on 18 May 1960. His father, Alfred Henry Ryan, was 55 years old when Michael was born. Alfred Ryan died in Swindon in May 1985 at the age of 80. At the time of the shooting, Ryan lived with his mother, Dorothy, a dinner lady at the local primary school. There was extensive press comment on this, suggesting the relationship was 'unhealthy' and that Ryan was "spoiled" by his mother. A Guardian headline described Ryan as a "mummy's boy".

In the days following the massacre, the British tabloid press was filled with stories about Ryan's life. Press biographies all stated that he had a near-obsessive fascination with firearms. The majority claimed that Ryan had possessed magazines about survival skills and firearms, Soldier of Fortune being frequently named. Press reports claimed that he was obsessed with the Rambo film First Blood, which was erroneously described as featuring events similar to the Hungerford massacre, when in fact there was no evidence that Ryan even owned a video recorder, let alone that he had seen the film. Sylvester Stallone stated "I carry the can for every lunatic in the world who goes crazy with a gun...but it wasn't Rambo who sent Michael Ryan mad. In fact Rambo is the opposite of people like Ryan. He is always up against stronger opposition and never shoots first. Murderers are always saying, "God told me to kill" or "Jesus ordered me to kill" – so should the rest of us stop praying? There are always sick people out there who will hang their illness on to your hook."

Ryan's true motives are unknown and it is unlikely that they will ever be known as Ryan killed himself and his mother, the only other person who knew him well. Dr John Hamilton of Broadmoor Hospital and Dr Jim Higgins, a consultant forensic psychiatrist for Mersey Regional Health Authority, both thought he was schizophrenic and psychotic. Hamilton stated "Ryan was most likely to be suffering from acute schizophrenia. He might have had a reason for doing what he did, but it was likely to be bizarre and peculiar to him." The local vicar the Reverend David Salt said on the first anniversary of the massacre "No one has ever explained why Michael Ryan did what he did. And that's because, in my opinion, it is not something that can be explained." Ryan's body was cremated at the Reading Crematorium on 3 September 1987, fifteen days after the massacre.

Licensed firearms ownership

Ryan had been issued a shotgun certificate in 1978, and on 11 December 1986 he was granted a firearms certificate covering the ownership of two pistols. He later applied to have the certificate amended to cover a third pistol, as he intended to sell one of the two he had acquired since the granting of the certificate (which was a Smith & Wesson .38-caliber revolver), and to buy two more. This was approved on 30 April 1987. On 14 July he applied for another variation, to cover two semi-automatic rifles, which was approved on 30 July. At the time of the massacre, he was in licensed possession of the following weapons:

Ryan used the Beretta pistol, and the Type 56 and M1 rifles, in the massacre. The CZ pistol was being repaired by a dealer at the time. The Type 56 was purchased from firearms dealer Mick Ranger.

Shootings

Savernake Forest

The first shooting occurred seven miles (11 km) to the west of Hungerford in Savernake Forest in Wiltshire, at 12:30 in the afternoon of 19 August. Susan Godfrey, 35, had come to the area with her two children; Hannah, 4, and James, 2 from Reading, Berkshire for a family picnic. Ryan approached them with his gun raised and forced Susan to place the children in her Nissan Micra. He then marched her into bushes at gunpoint and shot her thirteen times in the back with the Beretta pistol. Police were alerted to the scene after Godfrey's two children approached a lone pensioner, Myra Rose. Hannah told Rose that a "man in black has shot our mummy." Authorities were still responding when Ryan continued his massacre.

A4 petrol station

Ryan drove his silver Vauxhall Astra GTE from the forest along the A4 towards Hungerford, and stopped at a petrol station three miles (5 km) from the town. After waiting for a motorcyclist, Ian George, to depart from the garage, he began to pump petrol into his car before shooting at the cashier, Kakaub Dean, missing her. Ryan entered the store and again tried to shoot her at close range with his M1 carbine, but the rifle's magazine had fallen out, probably because he inadvertently hit the release mechanism. He then left and continued towards Hungerford. Meanwhile, George, having witnessed the attempted shooting of Dean, stopped in the village of Froxfield and placed the first emergency call to the police, reporting that he had seen an attempted armed robbery.

Hungerford

South View and Fairview Road

At around 12:45, Ryan was seen at his home in South View, Hungerford. He loaded his car with his weapons, and attempted to drive away, but the car would not start. He then fired five shots into the back of the car. Neighbours reported seeing him agitatedly moving between the house and the car before he returned indoors and shot his dog. Ryan then doused his home with the petrol he had bought earlier in the day and set his house alight. The fire subsequently destroyed three surrounding properties. Ryan then removed the three shotguns from the boot of his car and shot and killed husband and wife Roland and Sheila Mason, who were in the back garden of their house: Sheila was shot once in the head and Roland six times in the back.

Ryan walked towards the town's common, injuring two more people; Marjorie Jackson was shot as she watched Ryan from the window of her living room and 14-year-old Lisa Mildenhall was shot in both legs as she stood outside her home. Mildenhall later recalled that Ryan smiled at her before crouching and shooting. Jackson then pulled Dorothy Smith, 77 into her home as Smith rebuked Ryan for making noise. Jackson then telephoned George White, a colleague of her husband Ivor Jackson. She informed White that she had been injured. Her husband insisted on returning home and George White offered to drive him.

On the footpath towards the Common, Ryan encountered a family walking their dog. Upon seeing Ryan with his weapons, 51-year-old Kenneth Clements raised his arms in a gesture of surrender as his family climbed over a wall and ran to safety. Ryan ignored the gesture and killed Clements, who fell to the ground still clutching the lead of his dog.

Looping back to South View, Ryan fired 23 rounds at PC Roger Brereton, a police officer who had just arrived at the scene in response to reports of gunfire. Brereton was hit four times: his car veered and crashed into a telephone pole. He died sitting in his patrol car, radioing to his colleagues that he had been shot. Ryan next turned his weapons on Linda Chapman and her teenage daughter, Alison, who had turned onto South View moments after Brereton was shot. Ryan fired 11 bullets from his semi-automatic into their Volvo 360; the bullets travelled through the bonnet of the car, hitting Alison in her right thigh. Ryan also shot through the windscreen, hitting Linda in the left shoulder. As Ryan reloaded his weapons, Linda reversed the car, exited South View and drove to the local doctor's, crashing into a tree outside the surgery. A bullet was subsequently found lodged at the base of Alison's spine; during a subsequent operation to remove it, surgeons decided that the risk of paralysis was too great, and the bullet was left in place.

After the Chapmans had driven away from South View, George White's Toyota Crown drove towards Ryan; Ivor Jackson was in the passenger seat. Ryan opened fire with his Type 56, leaving White dead and Ivor Jackson severely injured. White's Toyota crashed into the rear of PC Brereton's police car. Jackson feigned death and hoped that Ryan would not move in for a closer look.

Ryan moved along Fairview Road, killing Abdul Rahman Khan who was mowing his lawn. Further along the road he wounded his next door neighbour, Alan Lepetit, who had helped build Ryan's gun display unit. He then shot at an ambulance which had just arrived, shattering the window and injuring paramedic Hazel Haslett, who sped away before Ryan was able to fire at her again.

A crowd had now gathered, and Ryan shot at windows and at people who appeared on the street. Ryan's mother, Dorothy, then drove into South View and was confronted by her burning house, her armed son, and dead and injured strewn along the street. Ivor Jackson, who had been shot four times, was still slumped in White's Toyota. He heard Dorothy Ryan open the door of White's Toyota and say, "Oh, Ivor..." before attempting in vain to reason with her son. Ryan shot her dead as she raised her arms and pleaded with him not to shoot. Ryan then wounded Betty Tolladay, who had stepped out of her house to admonish Ryan for making noise, as she had assumed he was shooting at paper targets in the woods. He then ran towards Hungerford Common.

The police were now informed of the situation but the evacuation plan was not fully effective. Ryan's movements were tracked via police helicopter almost an hour after he set his home alight, but this was hampered by media helicopters and journalists responding to reports of the attacks. A single police officer, who observed Ryan, recommended that armed police be used, as the weapons he saw were beyond the capabilities of Hungerford police station's meagre firearms locker.

Hungerford Common and town centre

On Hungerford Common, Ryan went on to shoot and kill young father-of-two, Francis Butler, as he walked his dog, and shot at, but missed, teenager Andrew Cadle, who sped away on his bicycle. Local cabbie Marcus Barnard slowed down his Peugeot 309 as Ryan crossed in front of him. Ryan shot him with the Type 56, causing a massive injury to his head and killing him. Barnard had been redirected towards the Common by a police diversion as communication between ground forces and the police helicopter remained sporadic. Ann Honeybone was slightly injured by a bullet as she drove down Priory Avenue. Ryan then shot at John Storms, an ambulance repairman had parked on Priory Avenue. Hit in the face, Storms crouched below the dashboard of his vehicle. He heard Ryan fire twice more at his van and felt the vehicle shake, but he was not hit again. A local builder named Bob Barclay ran from his nearby house and dragged Storms out of his van and into the safety of his home. Ryan then walked towards the town centre of Hungerford, where police were attempting to evacuate the public. During this, Ryan killed 67-year-old Douglas Wainwright and injured his wife Kathleen in their car. Kathleen Wainwright would later say that her husband hit the brakes as soon as the windscreen shattered. Ryan fired eight rounds into the Wainwrights' Datsun Bluebird, hitting Douglas in the head and Kathleen in the chest and hand. Kathleen, seeing that her husband was dead and that Ryan was approaching the car whilst reloading, unbuckled her seatbelt and ran. The pair were visiting their son, a policeman on the Hungerford force. Coincidentally, Constable Wainwright had signed Ryan's request to extend his firearm certificate only weeks earlier. Next was Kevin Lance, who was shot in the upper arm as he drove his Ford Transit along Tarrant's Hill.

Further up Priory Avenue, a 51-year-old handyman named Eric Vardy and his passenger, Steven Ball, drove into Ryan's path while travelling to a job in Vardy's Leyland Sherpa. Ball later recalled that he saw a young man (Kevin Lance) clutching his arm and running into a narrow side street. As Ball focused on Lance, Ryan shattered the windscreen with a burst of bullets. Vardy was hit twice in the neck and upper torso and crashed his van into a wall. Eric Vardy would later die of shock and haemorrhage from his neck wound. Ball suffered no serious injuries.

Throughout his movements, Ryan had also opened fire on a number of other people, some of whom were grazed or walking wounded. Many of these minor casualties were not counted in the eventual total.

At around 13:30, Ryan crossed Orchard Park Close into Priory Road, firing a single round at a passing red Renault 5. This shot fatally wounded the driver, 22-year-old Sandra Hill. A passing soldier, Carl Harries, rushed to Hill's car and attempted in vain to apply first aid, but Hill died in his arms.

After shooting Hill, Ryan shot his way into a house further down Priory Road and killed the occupants: Jack and Myrtle Gibbs. Jack Gibbs was killed instantly as he attempted to shield his wheelchair-bound wife, Myrtle, from Ryan with his own body. Myrtle succumbed to her injuries two days later. Ryan also fired shots into neighbouring houses from the Gibbs' house, injuring Michael Jennings at 62 Priory Road and Myra Geater at 71 Priory Road. Ryan continued down Priory Road where he spotted 34-year-old Ian Playle, who was returning from a shopping trip with his wife and two young children in their Ford Sierra. Playle crashed into a stationary car after being shot in the neck by Ryan. His wife and children were unhurt. Carl Harries again rushed over to administer first aid, but Playle's wound proved to be fatal as he died in an Oxford hospital two days later.

After shooting and injuring 66 year old George Noon in his garden, Ryan broke into the John O'Gaunt Community Technology College.

Suicide

Ryan barricaded himself in a classroom in the John O'Gaunt Community Technology College, where he had previously been a pupil. It was closed and empty for the summer holidays. Police surrounded the building and found a number of ground-staff and two children who had seen Ryan enter. They offered guidance to the police on how to enter, and of hiding places. Ryan shot at circling helicopters and waved what appeared to be an unpinned grenade through the window, though reports differ whether Ryan had one. Police attempted negotiations to coax Ryan out of the school, but these attempts failed. He refused to leave before knowing what happened to his mother, saying that her death was "a mistake". At 18:52, Ryan committed suicide by shooting himself in the head with the Beretta pistol. One of the statements Ryan made towards the end of the negotiations was widely reported: "Hungerford must be a bit of a mess. I wish I had stayed in bed."

Police response

Hungerford was policed by two sergeants and twelve constables, and on the morning of 19 August 1987 the duty cover for the section consisted of one sergeant, two patrol constables and one station duty officer.

A number of factors hampered the police response:

  • The telephone exchange could not handle the number of 999 calls made by witnesses.
  • The Thames Valley firearms squad were training 40 miles away.
  • The police helicopter was in for repair, though it was eventually deployed.
  • Only two phone lines were in operation at the local police station which was undergoing renovation.

Official Report

A report on this incident (the "Hungerford Report") was commissioned by the Home Secretary, Douglas Hurd, from the Chief Constable of Thames Valley Police, Colin Smith. The Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988 was passed in the wake of the massacre, which bans the ownership of semi-automatic centre-fire rifles and restricts the use of shotguns with a capacity of more than three cartridges (in magazine plus the breech). Ryan's collection of weapons had been legally licensed, according to the Hungerford Report.

Notoriety

The Hungerford massacre remains, along with the 1989 Monkseaton shootings, the 1996 Dunblane school massacre, and the 2010 Cumbria shootings, one of the worst criminal atrocities involving firearms to occur in the United Kingdom.

Cultural references

  • The Seers' debut single, Lightning Strikes, was about the Hungerford massacre.
  • The song "In These Times" by The Fall, from the 1988 album The Frenz Experiment contains the line 'Man down South, he did go out, he did kill fifteen', which is almost certainly a reference to the Hungerford Massacre.
  • J. G. Ballard's novel Running Wild centres on the fictitious Richard Greville, a Deputy Psychiatric Advisor with the Metropolitan Police Service who authored "an unpopular minority report on the Hungerford killings" and is sent to investigate mass murder in a gated community. Ballard professed an interest in the Hungerford massacre and other "pointless crimes" such as that in Dunblane and the murder of Jill Dando.
  • One Bloody Afternoon by Jeremy Josephs is a non-fiction description of all the events of the afternoon, describing each killing.
  • The Hungerford massacre inspired Christopher Priest's 1998 novel The Extremes.
  • "Sulk", the penultimate track on Radiohead's album The Bends, was written as a response to the massacre.
  • Chris Bowsher, founding member of the band Radical Dance Faction, was a witness to the events and wrote "Hungerford Poem" which appears on the band's early album Hot on the Wire.
  • Spoof rap group Goldie Lookin Chain mentioned the killer in their song, "Guns Don't Kill People, Rappers Do", a satire on the supposed links between gangsta rap and gun crime as reported in the press: 'Like Michael Ryan, about to snap, guns don't kill people, it's just rap'.
  • Marvel Comics mentioned the Hungerford massacre as background for their fictional mutant antihero Pete Wisdom, stating that his mother was one of the victims.
  • The Smiths were due to release the single "Stop Me If You Think You've Heard This One Before" around the time of the massacre. However, the song was later prevented from being released because it coincidentally contained the line "...and plan a mass murder". However, Morrissey later allegedly touched on the subject of Hungerford with the song "Michael's Bones" included on My Early Burglary Years.
  • The BBC showed a documentary on the Hungerford Massacre on 7 December 2004.
  • The 1988 LP by Jack Ketch & The Crowmen (A Billy Childish project on Hangman Records) called Brimfull of Hate featured a track called "The Ryan Factor".
  • The sonnet "In the Greenwood" by Clive Wilmer remembers the tragedy and one of Ryan's victims.
  • The 2013 Channel 4 drama series Southcliffe follows the events and personal repercussions of a mass shooting in the fictional town of Southcliffe, the events and location of which contain very strong similarities with the Hungerford massacre.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Hungerford Massacre". Jeremyjosephs.com. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  2. Jeremy Josephs. Hungerford – One Man's Massacre. Retrieved 28 October 2005.
  3. – Errol Mason (1993). "Critical Factors in Firearms Control" (PDF). Australian Institute of Criminology. p. 209. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
  4. Panorama: Violence on Television (BBC One, 15 February 1988)
  5. ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20060104044543/http://www.jeremyjosephs.com/hunger.htm#if
  6. ^ Barnett, Antony (27 April 2003). "Exposed: Global dealer in death". The Guardian. London.
  7. ^ The Hungerford Report – Shooting Incidents At Hungerford On 19 August 1987, Chief Constable of Thames Valley Police Colin Smith to Home Secretary Douglas Hurd. Retrieved 24 August 2007.
  8. Mass Murderers, p. 169 ISBN 0-7835-0004-1
  9. Courtroom Television Network (2005). Michael Ryan – The Hungerford UK Mass Murderer. Retrieved 28 October 2005.
  10. ^ "The Crimes – Michael Ryan and the Hungerford Massacre on Crime and Investigation Network". Crimeandinvestigation.co.uk. 19 August 1987. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  11. Parry, Gareth (20 August 1987). "Gunman in combat gear kills himself after 14 die in shooting spree". The Guardian. London.
  12. Mass Murderers ISBN 0-7835-0004-1 p172
  13. Mass Murderers ISBN 0-7835-0004-1 p. 172
  14. ^ "Michael Ryan, the Hungerford UK Mass Murderer – Whatever Moves – Crime Library on". Trutv.com. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  15. ^ Grice, Elizabeth (7 December 2004). "Ryan shot at me, then at my mother". London: The Telegraph.
  16. How I Survived the Hungerford Massacre – Sky The Magazine – August 2007
  17. Mass Murderers ISBN 0-7835-0004-1 p173
  18. ^ "Michael Ryan, the Hungerford UK Mass Murderer – Ryans Rampage – Crime Library on". Trutv.com. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  19. Mass Murderers ISBN 0-7835-0004-1 p 174
  20. Mass Murderers ISBN 0-7835-0004-1 p. 178
  21. ^ "Hungerford Report Ryan Police August Pistol 1987 Station". Economicexpert.com. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  22. Mass Murderers ISBN 0-7835-0004-1 p 169
  23. Mass Murderers ISBN 0-7835-0004-1 p. 179
  24. Mass Murderers ISBN 0-7835-0004-1 p. 179-180
  25. Mass Murderers ISBN 0-7835-0004-1 p179
  26. Mass Murderers ISBN 0-7835-0004-1 p180
  27. Courtenay-Smith, Natasha (10 August 2007). "Haunted by Hungerford". Daily Mail. London.
  28. http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19870822&id=-RI1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=yKULAAAAIBAJ&pg=4112,5222288
  29. Mass Murderers ISBN 0-7835-0004-1 p184
  30. Michael Ryan – The Hungerford UK Mass Murderer. Retrieved 28 October 2005.
  31. The Hungerford Report – Shooting Incidents At Hungerford On 19 August 1987, Chief Constable of Thames Valley Police Colin Smith to Home Secretary Douglas Hurd. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  32. Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988 (c. 45). Retrieved 21 July 2007.
  33. – Cultural Studies, edited by Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, Paula Treichler (1991), p220. Google Print. ISBN 0-415-90345-9 (accessed 28 October 2005). Also available in print from Routledge (UK).
  34. – Mac Randall (1 September 2004). Exit Music: The Radiohead Story, 119. Google Print. ISBN 1-84449-183-8 (accessed 28 October 2005). Also available in print from Omnibus Press.
  35. http://songmeanings.com/m/songs/view/51300/
  36. http://crox.blogspot.com/2004_12_01_archive.html

Sources

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