Misplaced Pages

Hong Kong

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by AnomieBOT (talk | contribs) at 18:19, 21 October 2015 (Dating maintenance tags: {{Clarify}}). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Revision as of 18:19, 21 October 2015 by AnomieBOT (talk | contribs) (Dating maintenance tags: {{Clarify}})(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff) This article is about Hong Kong as a special administrative region of China. For other uses, see Hong Kong (disambiguation). "HK" redirects here. For other uses, see HK (disambiguation).

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China中華人民共和國香港特別行政區
A flag with a white 5-petalled flower design on solid red background Flag A red circular emblem, with a white 5-petalled flower design in the centre, and surrounded by the words "Hong Kong" and "中華人民共和國香港特別行政區" Emblem
Anthem: "March of the Volunteers"

City flower
Bauhinia blakeana (洋紫荊)
Location of Hong Kong within ChinaLocation of Hong Kong
StatusSpecial administrative
region
Official languages
Recognised regional languagesCantonese, Patuá
Ethnic groups
  • 93.6% Chinese
  • 6.4% others
Religion
Demonym(s)
Sovereign statePeople's Republic of China
GovernmentSpecial administrative
region of China
• Chief Executive CY Leung
• Chief Secretary for Administration Carrie Lam
• Financial Secretary John Tsang
• Secretary for Justice Rimsky Yuen
LegislatureLegislative Council
History
• Treaty of Nanking 29 August 1842
• Convention of Peking 18 October 1860
• Second Convention of Peking 1 July 1898
• Japanese occupation 25 December 1941
to 15 August 1945
• Transfer of sovereignty
from the United Kingdom

1 July 1997
Area
• Total1,104 km (426 sq mi) (179th)
• Water (%)4.58 (50 km; 19 sq mi)
Population
• 2014 estimate7,234,800 (100th)
• Density6,544/km (16,948.9/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2015 estimate
• Total$412.300 billion (44th)
• Per capita$56,428 (10th)
GDP (nominal)2015 estimate
• Total$310.074 billion (36th)
• Per capita$42,437 (18th)
Gini (2007)43.4
medium inequality
HDI (2013)Steady 0.891
very high (15th)
CurrencyHong Kong dollar (HK$) (HKD)
Time zoneUTC+8
• Summer (DST)UTC+8 (not observed)
Date formatdd-mm-yyyy
yyyy年mm月dd日
Drives onleft
Calling code+852
ISO 3166 codeHK
Internet TLD.hk   .香港
  1. The political structure of SAR is a multi-party system.
Hong Kong
Chinese香港
Literal meaningFragrant Harbour
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinXiānggǎng
Wade–GilesHsiang-kang
IPA[ɕjáŋkàŋ]
Wu
Romanization Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 11) (help)
Hakka
RomanizationHionggong
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationHēunggóng
JyutpingHoenggong
IPA[hœ̂ːŋkɔ̌ːŋ]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJHiong-kang
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Traditional Chinese香港特別行政區 (香港特區)
Simplified Chinese香港特别行政区 (香港特区)
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinXiānggǎng Tèbié Xíngzhèngqū (or Xiānggǎng Tèqū)
Wade–GilesHsiang-kang T'e-piehHsin-cheng-ch'ü (or Hsiang-kang T'e-ch'ü)
Wu
Romanization Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 11) (help)
Hakka
RomanizationHionggong Tetpiet hangzinki
(or Hionggong Tetki)
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingHoenggong DakbitHangzing Keoi (or HoenggongDakkeoi)
Southern Min
Hokkien POJHiong-kang Te̍k-pia̍t Hêng-chèng-khu (or Hiong-kang Te̍k-khu)

Hong Kong (香港; 'Fragrant Harbour'), traditionally Hongkong, officially Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the southern coast of China at the Pearl River Estuary and the South China Sea. Hong Kong is known for its skyline and deep natural harbour. It has an area of 1104 km and shares its northern border with the Guangdong Province of Mainland China. With around 7.2 million Hongkongers of various nationalities, Hong Kong is one of the world's most densely populated metropolises.

After the First Opium War (1839–42), Hong Kong became a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island, followed by Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898. After it was occupied by Japan in the Second World War (1941–45), the British resumed control until 30 June 1997. As a result of negotiations between China and Britain, Hong Kong was transferred to the People's Republic of China under the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. The territory became a special administrative region of China with a high degree of autonomy on 1 July 1997 under the principle of one country, two systems.

In the late 1970s, Hong Kong became a major entrepôt in Asia-Pacific. The territory has developed into a major global trade hub and financial centre, and is regarded as a world city. The 45th-largest economy in the world, Hong Kong ranks top 10 in GDP (PPP) per capita, but also has the most severe income inequality among advanced economies. Hong Kong is one of the three most important financial centres alongside New York and London. The territory has a high Human Development Index and is ranked highly in the Global Competitiveness Report. It has been named the freest market economy by the Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom. The service economy, characterised by free trade and low taxation, has been regarded as one of the world's most laissez-faire economic policies, and the currency, the Hong Kong dollar, is the 13th most traded currency in the world. Hong Kong is a member of APEC, ADB, IMF, BIS, WTO, FIFA, and International Olympic Committee, as Hong Kong Basic Law authorizes the territory to develop relations with foreign states on its own in appropriate fields, including the economic, trade, financial and monetary, shipping, communications, tourism, cultural and sports fields.

Limited land created a dense infrastructure and the territory became a centre of modern architecture, and one of the world's most vertical cities. Hong Kong has a highly developed public transportation network covering 90 per cent of the population, the highest in the world, and relies on mass transit by road or rail. Air pollution remains a serious problem. Loose emissions standards have resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates. Nevertheless, Hongkongers enjoy the world's longest or second longest life expectancies.

Name

Night scene of Hong Kong.
"Hong Kong" in English and Chinese branded as "Asia's World City".

The name "Hong Kong" is an approximate phonetic rendering of the pronunciation of the spoken Cantonese or Hakka name 香港, meaning "Fragrant Harbour". Before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour (香港仔 Error: {{Transliteration}}: unrecognized language / script code: zh-latin (help), or Hionggongzai in Hong Kong Hakka, literally means "Little Hong Kong")—between Aberdeen Island and the south side of Hong Kong Island, which was one of the first points of contact between British sailors and local fishermen.

The reference to fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River, or to the incense from factories, lining the coast to the north of Kowloon, which was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before the development of the Victoria Harbour.

In 1842, the Treaty of Nanking was signed and the name, Hong Kong, was first recorded on official documents to encompass the entirety of the island.

The name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926. Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the single-word form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.

The full official name, after 1997, is "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China". This is the official title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law and the Hong Kong Government's website; however, "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" and "Hong Kong" are widely accepted.

Hong Kong has carried many nicknames: the most famous among those is the "Pearl of the Orient", which reflected the impressive night-view of the city's light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour. The territory is also known as "Asia's World City".

History

Main articles: History of Hong Kong and History of China

Pre-British Hong Kong

Main articles: Prehistoric Hong Kong and History of Hong Kong under Imperial China

Archaeological studies support human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area (now Hong Kong International Airport) from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago and on Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.

Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the earliest sites of human habitation in Hong Kong during the Paleolithic Period. It is believed that the Three Fathom Cove was a river-valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggested cultural differences from the Longshan culture of northern China and settlement by the Che people, prior to the migration of the Baiyue (Viets) to Hong Kong. Eight petroglyphs, which dated to the Shang dynasty in China, were discovered on the surrounding islands.

Ancient China

In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern Liangguang region and Vietnam) and incorporated the territory into imperial China for the first time. Modern Hong Kong was assigned to the Nanhai commandery (modern Nanhai District), near the commandery's capital city Panyu. In Qin dynasty, the territory was ruled by Panyu County(番禺縣) up till Jin Dynasty.

The area of Hong Kong was consolidated under the kingdom of Nanyue (Southern Viet), founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC after the collapse of the short-lived Qin dynasty. When the kingdom of Nanyue was conquered by the Han Dynasty in 111 BC, Hong Kong was assigned to the Jiaozhi commandery. Archaeological evidence indicates that the population increased and early salt production flourished in this time period. Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb on the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built during the Han dynasty.

Imperial China

Started from Jin dynasty to early period of Tang dynasty, the territory that now comprises Hong Kong was governed by Bao'an County (寶安縣). In Tang dynasty, the Guangdong region flourished as an international trading center. The Tuen Mun region in what is now Hong Kong's New Territories served as a port, naval base, salt production centre and later, base for the exploitation of pearls. Lantau Island was also a salt production centre, where the salt smugglers riots broke out against the government.

Under the Tang dynasty, the Guangdong (Canton) region flourished as a regional trading centre. In 736 AD, the first Emperor of Tang established a military stronghold in Tuen Mun in western Hong Kong to defend the coastal area of the region. The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 AD in the modern-day New Territories under the Northern Song dynasty. After their defeat by the Mongols, the Southern Song court briefly moved to modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site), before its final defeat at the Battle of Yamen.

From the mid-Tang dynasty to early Ming dynasty, the territory that now comprises Hong Kong was governed by Dongguan County (東莞縣/ 東官縣). In Ming dynasty, the area was governed by Xin'an County (新安縣) before it was colonized by the British government. The indigenous inhabitants of what is now Hong Kong are identified with several ethnicities, including Punti, Hakka, Tanka) and Hoklo.

The earliest European visitor on record was Jorge Álvares, a Portuguese explorer who arrived in 1513. Having founded an establishment in Macau by 1557, Portuguese merchants began trading in southern China. However, subsequent military clashes between China and Portugal led to the expulsion of all Portuguese merchants from the rest of China.

In the mid-16th century, the Haijin order (closed-door, isolation policy) was enforced and it strictly forbade all maritime activities in order to prevent contact from foreigners by sea. From 1661 to 1669, Hong Kong was directly affected by the Great Clearance of the Kangxi Emperor, who required the evacuation of coastal areas of Guangdong. About 16,000 people from Hong Kong and Bao'an County were forced to emigrate inland; 1,648 of those who evacuated were said to have returned after the evacuation was rescinded in 1669.

British Crown Colony: 1842-1941

Main articles: British Hong Kong and History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)

In 1839, the refusal of Qing authorities to support opium imports caused the outbreak of the First Opium War between the British Empire and the Qing Empire. Qing's defeat resulted in the occupation of Hong Kong Island by British forces on 20 January 1841. It was initially ceded under the Convention of Chuenpee, as part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan. While a dispute between high-ranking officials of both countries led to the failure of the treaty's ratification, on 29 August 1842, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Treaty of Nanking. The British officially established a Crown colony and founded the City of Victoria in the following year.

The population of Hong Kong Island was 7,450 when the Union Flag raised over Possession Point on 26 January 1841. It mostly consisted of Tanka fishermen and Hakka charcoal burners, whose settlements scattered along several coastal hamlets. In the 1850s, a large number of Chinese immigrants crossed the then-free border to escape from the Taiping Rebellion. Other natural disasters, such as flooding, typhoons and famine in mainland China would play a role in establishing Hong Kong as a place for safe shelter.

Further conflicts over the opium trade between Britain and Qing quickly escalated into the Second Opium War. Following the Anglo-French victory, the Crown Colony was expanded to include Kowloon Peninsula (south of Boundary Street) and Stonecutter's Island, both of which were ceded to the British in perpetuity under the Convention of Beijing in 1860.

In 1898, Britain obtained a 99-year lease from Qing under the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, in which Hong Kong obtained a 99-year lease of the Lantau Island, the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and over 200 other outlying islands.

Hong Kong soon became a major entrepôt thanks to its free port status, attracting new immigrants to settle from both China and Europe alike. The society, however, remained racially segregated and polarised under British colonial policies. Despite the rise of a British-educated Chinese upper-class by the late-19th century, race laws such as the Peak Reservation Ordinance prevented ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong from acquiring houses in reserved areas, such as the Victoria Peak. At this time, the majority of the Chinese population in Hong Kong had no political representation in the British colonial government. There were, however, a small number of Chinese elites whom the British governors relied on, such as Sir Kai Ho and Robert Hotung, who served as communicators and mediators between the government and local population.

Hong Kong filmed in 1937

Hong Kong continued to experience modest growth during the first half of the 20th century. The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's oldest higher education institute. While there was an exodus of 60,000 residents for fear of a German attack on the British colony during the First World War, Hong Kong remained peaceful. Its population increased from 530,000 in 1916 to 725,000 in 1925 and reached 1.6 million by 1941.

In 1925, Cecil Clementi became the 17th Governor of Hong Kong. Fluent in Cantonese and without a need for translator, Clementi introduced the first ethnic Chinese, Shouson Chow, into the Executive Council as an unofficial member. Under his tenure, Kai Tak Airport entered operation for the Royal Air Force (RAF) Hong Kong and several aviation clubs. In 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out when the Japanese Empire expanded its territories from northeastern China into the mainland proper. To safeguard Hong Kong as a freeport, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared the Crown Colony as a neutral zone.

Japanese occupation: 1941-45

Main article: Japanese occupation of Hong Kong
The Cenotaph in Hong Kong commemorates those who died in service in WWI and WWII.

As part of its military campaign in Southeast Asia during Second World War, the Japanese army moved south from Guangzhou of mainland China and attacked Hong Kong on 8 December 1941. The Battle of Hong Kong ended with the British and Canadian defenders surrendering control of Hong Kong to Japan on 25 December 1941 in what was regarded by locals as Black Christmas.

During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the Japanese army committed atrocities against civilians and POWs, such as the St. Stephen's College massacre. Local residents also suffered widespread food shortages, limited rationing and hyper-inflation arising from the forced exchange of currency from Hong Kong Dollars to Japanese military banknotes. The initial ratio of 2:1 was gradually devalued to 4:1 and ownership of Hong Kong Dollars was declared illegal and punishable by harsh torture. Due to starvation, mass executions, and forced deportation for slave labour to mainland China, the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945, when Britain resumed control of the colony on 30 August 1945.

Resumption of British rule and Industrialisation: 1945-97

Main articles: British Hong Kong, 1950s in Hong Kong, 1960s in Hong Kong, 1970s in Hong Kong, 1980s in Hong Kong, and 1990s in Hong Kong
Flag of British Hong Kong from 1959–1997

Hong Kong's population recovered quickly after the war, as a wave of skilled migrants from China flooded in for refuge from the Chinese Civil War. When the Communists gained control of mainland China in 1949, even more skilled migrants fled across the open border for fear of persecution. Many newcomers, especially those who had been based in the major port cities of Shanghai and Guangzhou, established corporations and small- to medium-sized businesses and shifted their base operations to British Hong Kong. The Chinese Communist Party's establishment of a socialist state in China on 1 October 1949 caused the British colonial government to reconsider Hong Kong's open border to mainland China. In 1951, a boundary zone was demarked as a buffer zone against potential military attacks from communist China. Border posts in the north of Hong Kong began operation in 1953 to regulate the movement of people and goods into and out of British Hong Kong.

Stamp with portrait of Queen Elizabeth II, 1953

In the 1950s, Hong Kong became the first of the Four Asian Tiger economies under rapid industrialisation driven by textile exports, manufacturing industries and re-exports of goods to China. As the population grew, with labour costs remaining low, living standards began to rise steadily. The construction of the Shek Kip Mei Estate in 1953 marked the beginning of the public housing estate programme to provide shelter for the less privileged and to cope with the influx of immigrants.

Under Sir Murray MacLehose, 25th Governor of Hong Kong (1971–82), a series of reforms improved the public services, environment, housing, welfare, education and infrastructure of Hong Kong. MacLehose was British Hong Kong's longest-serving governor and, by the end of his tenure, had become one of the most popular and well-known figures in the Crown Colony. MacLehose laid the foundation for Hong Kong to establish itself as a key global city in the 1980s and early 1990s.

A sky view of Hong Kong Island
Development of Hong Kong Island in 1986

To resolve traffic congestion and to provide a more reliable means of crossing the Victoria Harbour, a rapid transit railway system (metro), the MTR, was planned from the 1970s onwards. The Island Line (Hong Kong Island), Kwun Tong Line (Kowloon Peninsula and East Kowloon) and Tsuen Wan Line (Kowloon and urban New Territories) opened in the early 1980s.

Hong Kong's competitiveness in manufacturing gradually declined due to rising labour and property costs, as well as new development in southern China under the Open Door Policy introduced in 1978 which opened up China to foreign business. Nevertheless, towards the early 1990s, Hong Kong had established itself as a global financial centre along with London and New York, a regional hub for logistics and freight, one of the fastest-growing economies in Asia and the world's exemplar of Laissez-faire market policy.

The Hong Kong question

Facing the uncertain future of Hong Kong, Governor MacLehose raised the question in the late 1970s. In 1983, the United Kingdom reclassifed Hong Kong as a British Dependent Territory (now British Overseas Territory) when reorganising global territories of the British Empire. Talks and negotiations began with China and concluded with the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration. Both countries agreed to transfer Hong Kong's sovereignty to the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997, when Hong Kong would remain autonomous as a Special Administrative Region and be able to retain its free-market economy, British common law through the Hong Kong Basic Law, independent representation in international organisations (e.g. WTO and WHO), treaty arrangements and policy-making except foreign diplomacy and military defence. It stipulated that Hong Kong would retain its laws and be guaranteed a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after the transfer. The Hong Kong Basic Law, based on English law, would serve as the constitutional document after the transfer. It was ratified in 1990. Nevertheless, the expiry of the 1898 lease on the New Territories in 1997 created problems for business contracts, property leases and confidence among foreign investors.

Handover and Hong Kong SAR

Main articles: Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong and 2000s in Hong Kong

Transfer of sovereignty

Golden Bauhinia Square

On 1 July 1997, the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China took place, officially marking the end of Hong Kong's 156 years under British colonial governance. As the last Crown Colony of the United Kingdom, the loss of Hong Kong also represented the end of the British Empire. At the same time, Hong Kong switched its country of administration overnight to become China's first Special Administrative Region. Tung Chee-Hwa, a pro-Beijing business tycoon, was elected Hong Kong's first Chief Executive by a selected electorate of 800 in a televised ceremony.

Transition to Chinese rule

Soon after Hong Kong's reversion to China, the city suffered an economic double-blow from the Asian financial crisis and the pandemic of H5N1 bird flu; in December 1997, officials had to destroy 1.4 million chickens and ducks to contain the virus from spreading. Subsequently, mismanagement of Tung's housing policy disrupted the market supply, sent properties prices in Hong Kong tumbling and caused many homeowners to become bankrupt due to negative equity. In 2003, Hong Kong was gravely affected by the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The World Health Organization reported 1,755 infected and 299 deaths in Hong Kong. An estimated 380 million Hong Kong dollars (US$48.9 million) in contracts were lost as a result of the epidemic.

Distrust of the Communist Party of China remained strong in the initial years of Chinese rule. A legacy of the democratic reforms by Lord Chris Patten, China refused to recognise the legitimacy of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong after its 1994 direct election. The "Provisional" Legislative Council of Hong Kong (1997–99), which was unable to draft any new bills or authorise new legislation, completed its five-year term in 1999. The Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo) resumed its full function after the 1999 LegCo election.

Despite the unopposed re-election of Tung in July 2002, the government's attempt to complete legislation of the Basic Law's Article 23 (National Security) aroused strong suspicion among Hong Kong citizens. This was due to the Article granting the police force right of access to private property, under the reason of 'safeguarding national security', without court warrants. Coupled with years of economic hardships and deflation following the Asian Financial Crisis, a mass demonstration broke out on 1 July 2003. This hastened the resignations of two government ministers and, eventually, that of Tung on 10 March 2005.

Sir Donald Tsang, the then-Chief Secretary for Administration and ex-official of the British Hong Kong government, entered the 2005 election uncontested and was appointed by Beijing as the second Chief Executive of Hong Kong on 21 June 2005. Tsang also won a second term in office following the 2007 Chief Executive election under managed voting. In 2009, Hong Kong hosted the 5th East Asian Games, in which nine national teams competed. The Games were the first and largest international multi-sport event ever organised and hosted by the city. Major infrastructure and tourist projects also began under Sir Tsang's second term, including Hong Kong Disneyland, Ngong Ping 360 (for Tian Tan Buddha and Tseung Kwan O Line (new metro line) had their inaugurations and a new cultural complex, the West Kowloon Cultural District.

Overlook Hong Kong Island north coast, Victoria Harbour and Kowloon from Peak Tower at daytime.Overlook Hong Kong Island north coast, Victoria Harbour and Kowloon from middle section of Lugard Road at daytime.

Tensions with mainland China

Main article: Hong Kong–Mainland conflict

Since Hong Kong's reunification with China, there has been increasing social tension between Hong Kong residents and mainland Chinese due to cultural and linguistic differences, as well as accusations of unruly behaviour and spending habits of mainland Chinese visitors to the territory. A 2011 survey (with a sample base of 541) in Hong Kong shows that 17% respondents considered themselves as "Chinese citizens", while 38% considered themselves just "Hong Kong citizens".

In 2012 Chief Executive elections saw the Beijing backed candidate Leung Chun-Ying elected with 689 votes from a committee panel of 1,200 selected representatives, and assumed office on 1 July 2012.

Social conflicts also influenced the mass protests in 2014, primarily caused by the Chinese government's proposal on electoral reform. The debates over China's vision of granting Hong Kong full democracy have escalated into diplomatic rows between China and the United Kingdom.

Governance

Main articles: Politics of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Government, and Elections in Hong Kong
The grey dome and front gable of a granite neo-classical building, with a skyscraper in the background against a clear blue sky.
Opened in 1912, this granite neo-classical building in Central used to house the Supreme Court. It became the home to Legislative Council of Hong Kong (dubbed "Legco") from 1985 to 2011, spanning across the British and the Chinese rule. However, as the Legco has moved to a new complex in 2011, the building will revert to a judicial function, housing the Court of Final Appeal from 2015 onwards.

Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of autonomy, as its political and judicial systems operate independently from those of mainland China. In accordance with the Sino-British Joint Declaration, and the underlying principle of one country, two systems, Hong Kong has a "high degree of autonomy as a special administrative region in all areas except defence and foreign affairs". The declaration stipulates that the region maintain its capitalist economic system and guarantees the rights and freedoms of its people for at least 50 years after the 1997 handover. The guarantees over the territory's autonomy and the individual rights and freedoms are enshrined in the Hong Kong Basic Law, the territory's constitutional document, which outlines the system of governance of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, but which is subject to the interpretation of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC).

The primary pillars of government are the Executive Council, the civil service, the Legislative Council, and the Judiciary. The Executive Council is headed by the Chief Executive who is elected by the Election Committee and then appointed by the Central People's Government. The civil service is a politically neutral body that implements policies and provides government services, where public servants are appointed based on meritocracy. The Legislative Council has 70 members, 40 seats are directly elected by universal suffrage by permanent residents of Hong Kong according to five geographical constituencies and a District Council functional constituency. 30 seats from functional constituencies are directly elected by a smaller electorate, which consists of corporate bodies and persons from various stipulated functional sectors. The entire council is headed by the President of the Legislative Council who serves as the speaker. Judges are appointed by the Chief Executive on the recommendation of an independent commission.

The implementation of the Basic Law, including how and when the universal suffrage promised therein is to be achieved, has been a major issue of political debate since the transfer of sovereignty. In 2002, the government's proposed anti-subversion bill pursuant to Article 23 of the Basic Law, which required the enactment of laws prohibiting acts of treason and subversion against the Chinese government, was met with fierce opposition, and eventually shelved. Debate between pro-Beijing groups, which tend to support the Executive branch, and the Pan-democracy camp characterises Hong Kong's political scene, with the latter supporting a faster pace of democratisation, and the principle of one man, one vote.

In 2004 the government failed to gain pan-democrat support to pass its so-called "district council model" for political reform. In 2009, the government reissued the proposals as the "Consultation Document on the Methods for Selecting the Chief Executive and for Forming the LegCo in 2012". The document proposed the enlargement of the Election Committee, Hong Kong's electoral college, from 800 members to 1,200 in 2012 and expansion of the legislature from 60 to 70 seats. The ten new legislative seats would consist of five geographical constituency seats and five functional constituency seats, to be voted in by elected district council members from among themselves. The proposals were destined for rejection by pan-democrats once again, but a significant breakthrough occurred after the Central Government in Beijing accepted a counter-proposal by the Democratic Party. In particular, the Pan-democracy camp was split when the proposal to directly elect five newly created functional seats was not acceptable to two constituent parties. The Democratic Party sided with the government for the first time since the handover and passed the proposals with a vote of 46–12.

On 31 August 2014, China disapproved a full democracy in Hong Kong by ruling that three candidates could run for elections as leader in 2017, and they would be chosen by a nomination committee.

Legal system and judiciary

Main articles: Law of Hong Kong and Judiciary of Hong Kong
blindfolded lady with sword in right hand held vertically down to floor, and a set of balance scales in her left hand held neck high
Themis or Lady Justice, armed with sword and balance scales (Court of Final Appeal Building, Central, Hong Kong). She is the personification of justice balancing the scales of truth and fairness.

Hong Kong's legal system is completely independent from the legal system of mainland China. In contrast to mainland China's civil law system, Hong Kong continues to follow the English Common Law tradition established under British rule. The essence of English common law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying legal precedent (stare decisis) to the facts before them. For example, murder is a common law crime rather than one established by an Act of Parliament. Common law can be amended or repealed by Parliament; murder, for example, now carries a mandatory life sentence rather than the death penalty. According to Article 92 of the Basic Law, Hong Kong's courts may refer to decisions rendered by courts of other common law jurisdictions as precedents, and judges from other common law jurisdictions, most commonly England, Canada and Australia, are allowed to sit as non-permanent judges of the Court of Final Appeal.

Structurally, the court system consists of the Court of Final Appeal, the High Court, which is made up of the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance, and the District Court, which includes the Family Court. Other adjudicative bodies include the Lands Tribunal, the Magistrates' Courts, the Juvenile Court, the Coroner's Court, the Labour Tribunal, the Small Claims Tribunal, and the Obscene Articles Tribunal. Justices of the Court of Final Appeal are appointed by Hong Kong's Chief Executive. The Court of Final Appeal has the power of final adjudication with respect to the law of Hong Kong as well as the power of final interpretation over local laws including the power to strike down local ordinances on the grounds of inconsistency with the Basic Law.

The Department of Justice is responsible for handling legal matters for the government. Its responsibilities include providing legal advice, criminal prosecution, civil representation, legal and policy drafting and reform, and international legal co-operation between different jurisdictions. Apart from prosecuting criminal cases, lawyers of the Department of Justice act on behalf of the government in all civil and administrative lawsuits against the government. As protector of the public interest, the department may apply for judicial reviews and may intervene in any cases involving the greater public interest. The Basic Law protects the Department of Justice from any interference by the government when exercising its control over criminal prosecution.

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Hong Kong

Hong Kong continues to play an active role in the international arena and maintains close contact with its international partners. Under the Basic Law, Hong Kong is exclusively in charge of its external relations, whilst the Government of the People's Republic of China is responsible for its foreign affairs. According to the Basic Law, Hong Kong may on its own, using the name "Hong Kong, China", maintain and develop relations and conclude and implement agreements with foreign states and regions and relevant international organisations in the appropriate fields, including the economic, trade, financial and monetary, shipping, communications, tourism, cultural and sports fields.

As a separate customs territory, Hong Kong maintains and develops relations with foreign states and regions, and plays an active role in such international organisations as World Trade Organization (WTO), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), International Olympic Committee (IOC), and International Federation of Association Football (FIFA) in its own right under the name of Hong Kong, China. Under such special status, Hong Kong's international partners usually exercise particular policies to maintain relations with Hong Kong. Examples include United States-Hong Kong Policy Act.

There is a large foreign representation in Hong Kong, including 59 consulates-general, 62 consulates and 5 officially recognised international bodies, such as Office of European Union. Due to Hong Kong's unique status, some countries' consulates-general operate independently of their embassies in Beijing, the Chinese capital. For example, the US Consulate General to Hong Kong is not under the jurisdiction of the Embassy in Beijing, and reports directly to the US Department of State. The British Consulate-General also reports directly to the Foreign Office, instead of going through the British Embassy in Beijing.

Human rights

Main article: Human rights in Hong Kong

The Hong Kong government generally respects the human rights of its citizens. However, suffrage is not universal. There are restrictions on freedom of the press and freedom of assembly. 200,000 migrant workers cannot make complaints against their employers since they face deportation if dismissed from their jobs. A 2008 law against racial discrimination does not cover mainlanders, immigrants or migrant workers. The police have been accused of using heavy-handed tactics toward protesters in public rallies, and there is controversy regarding the extensive powers of the police. Covert surveillance is another major concern.

Hong Kong has a higher age-of-consent and harsher punishments for homosexual acts.

Internet censorship in Hong Kong operates under different principles and regulations from those of mainland China.

Regions and Districts

Main articles: List of cities and towns in Hong Kong and Districts of Hong Kong

Hong Kong consists of three regions: Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, and the New Territories. The regions are subdivided into 18 geographic districts, each represented by a district council which advises the government on local matters such as public facilities, community programmes, cultural activities, and environmental improvements.

There are a total of 541 district council seats, 412 of which are elected; the rest are appointed by the Chief Executive and 27 ex officio chairmen of rural committees. The Home Affairs Department communicates government policies and plans to the public through the district offices. Hong Kong has a unitary system of government; no local government has existed since the two municipal councils were abolished in 2000. As such there is no formal definition for its cities and towns.

Hong Kong IslandKowloonNew Territories18 Administrative Districts: 1. Islands, 2. Kwai Tsing, 3. North, 4. Sai Kung, 5. Sha Tin, 6. Tai Po, 7. Tsuen Wan, 8. Tuen Mun, 9. Yuen Long, 10. Kowloon City, 11. Kwun Tong, 12. Sham Shui Po, 13. Wong Tai Sin, 14. Yau Tsim Mong, 15. Central & Western, 16. Eastern, 17. Southern, 18. Wan Chai

Military

Main article: People's Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison
PLA Hong Kong Garrison arm badge

When China assumed sovereignty in July 1997, the British barracks were replaced by a garrison of the People's Liberation Army, comprising ground, naval, and air forces, who come under the command of the Chinese Central Military Commission.

The Basic Law of Hong Kong protects local civil affairs against any interference by the garrison; members of the garrison are subject to Hong Kong laws. The Hong Kong Government remains responsible for the maintenance of public order; however, it may ask the PRC government for assistance from the garrison in maintaining public order and in disaster relief. The PRC government is now responsible for the costs of maintaining the garrison.

In January 2015, Hong Kong Army Cadets Association was formed for Hong Kong children over 6 years old. The inauguration ceremony was held at a PLA naval base in Hong Kong; only pro-Beijing press was invited into the venue.

Geography and climate

Main articles: Geography of Hong Kong, Ecology of Hong Kong, and Climate of Hong Kong
Topographical satellite image with enhanced colours showing areas of vegetation and conurbation. Purple areas around the coasts indicate the areas of urban development
Areas of urban development and vegetation are visible in this false-colour satellite image.

Hong Kong is located on China's south coast, 60 km (37 mi) east of Macau on the opposite side of the Pearl River Delta. It is surrounded by the South China Sea on the east, south, and west, and borders the Guangdong city of Shenzhen to the north over the Shenzhen River. The territory's 1,104 km (426 sq mi) area consists of Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories, and over 200 offshore islands, of which the largest is Lantau Island. Of the total area, 1,054 km (407 sq mi) is land and 50 km (19 sq mi) is inland water. Hong Kong claims territorial waters to a distance of 3 nautical miles (5.6 km). Its land area makes Hong Kong the 179th largest inhabited territory in the world. In comparison to North American cities, Hong Kong is tiny yet heavily populated. An example could be the city Edmonton, with a metro population of about 1.4 Million, making the city considerably smaller in population than Hongkong's 7.4 Million. However, Edmonton's metro area totals nearly 10,000 km (3,900 sq mi) making the city almost ten times larger than Hong kong. Also, The Greater Los Angeles area is over 87,000 km (34,000 sq mi), and with 18 million residents, has an incredibly low density when compared to Hong Kong and is 79 times larger in area.

Higher-altitude areas of Hong Kong are often dominated by grassland: Lantau Island during the dry season.

As much of Hong Kong's terrain is hilly to mountainous with steep slopes, less than 25% of the territory's landmass is developed, and about 40% of the remaining land area is reserved as country parks and nature reserves. Low altitude vegetation in Hong Kong is dominated by secondary rainforests, as the primary forest was mostly cleared during the Second World War, and higher altitudes are dominated by grasslands. Most of the territory's urban development exists on Kowloon peninsula, along the northern edge of Hong Kong Island, and in scattered settlements throughout the New Territories. The highest elevation in the territory is at Tai Mo Shan, 957 metres (3,140 ft) above sea level. Hong Kong's long and irregular coast provides it with many bays, rivers and beaches. On 18 September 2011, UNESCO listed the Hong Kong National Geopark as part of its Global Geoparks Network. Hong Kong Geopark is made up of eight Geo-Areas distributed across the Sai Kung Volcanic Rock Region and Northeast New Territories Sedimentary Rock Region.

Despite Hong Kong's reputation of being intensely urbanised, the territory has tried to promote a green environment, and recent growing public concern has prompted the severe restriction of further land reclamation from Victoria Harbour. Awareness of the environment is growing as Hong Kong suffers from increasing pollution compounded by its geography and tall buildings. Approximately 80% of the city's smog originates from other parts of the Pearl River Delta.

Though it is situated just south of the Tropic of Cancer, Hong Kong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa). Summer is hot and humid with occasional showers and thunderstorms, and warm air coming from the southwest. Typhoons most often occur in summer. They sometimes result in flooding or landslides. Winters are mild and usually start sunny, becoming cloudier towards February; the occasional cold front brings strong, cooling winds from the north. The most temperate seasons are spring, which can be changeable, and autumn, which is generally sunny and dry. Hong Kong averages 1,948 hours of sunshine per year, while the highest and lowest ever recorded temperatures at the Hong Kong Observatory are 36.3 and 0.0 °C (97.3 and 32.0 °F), respectively. Template:Hong Kong weatherbox

Economy

Main article: Economy of Hong Kong
A brightly lit tall skyscraper at night
The Two International Finance Centre in Central, an integrated commercial development in Central

As one of the world's leading international financial centres, Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade. The currency, Hong Kong dollar, is the eighth most traded currency in the world as of 2010. Hong Kong was once described by Milton Friedman as the world's greatest experiment in laissez-faire capitalism, but has since instituted a regime of regulations including a minimum wage. It maintains a highly developed capitalist economy, ranked the freest in the world by the Index of Economic Freedom every year since 1995. It is an important centre for international finance and trade, with one of the greatest concentrations of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region, and is known as one of the Four Asian Tigers for its high growth rates and rapid development from the 1960s to the 1990s. Between 1961 and 1997 Hong Kong's gross domestic product grew 180 times while per-capita GDP increased 87 times over.

The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the seventh largest in the world and has a market capitalisation of US$2.3 trillion as of December 2009. In that year, Hong Kong raised 22 percent of worldwide initial public offering (IPO) capital, making it the largest centre of IPOs in the world and the easiest place to raise capital. The Hong Kong dollar has been pegged to the US dollar since 1983.

The Hong Kong Government has traditionally played a mostly passive role in the economy, with little by way of industrial policy and almost no import or export controls. Market forces and the private sector were allowed to determine practical development. Under the official policy of "positive non-interventionism", Hong Kong is often cited as an example of laissez-faire capitalism. Following the Second World War, Hong Kong industrialised rapidly as a manufacturing centre driven by exports, and then underwent a rapid transition to a service-based economy in the 1980s. Since then, it has grown to become a leading centre for management, financial, IT, business consultation and professional services.

Hong Kong matured to become a financial centre in the 1990s, but was greatly affected by the Asian financial crisis in 1998, and again in 2003 by the SARS outbreak. A revival of external and domestic demand has led to a strong recovery, as cost decreases strengthened the competitiveness of Hong Kong exports and a long deflationary period ended. Government intervention, initiated by the later colonial governments and continued since 1997, has steadily increased, with the introduction of export credit guarantees, a compulsory pension scheme, a minimum wage, anti-discrimination laws, and a state mortgage backer.

The territory has little arable land and few natural resources, so it imports most of its food and raw materials. Imports account for more than 90% of Hong Kong's food supply, including nearly all of the meat and rice available there. Agricultural activity—relatively unimportant to Hong Kong's economy and contributing just 0.1% of its GDP—primarily consists of growing premium food and flower varieties. Hong Kong is the world's eleventh largest trading entity, with the total value of imports and exports exceeding its gross domestic product. It is the world's largest re-export centre. Much of Hong Kong's exports consist of re-exports, which are products made outside of the territory, especially in mainland China, and distributed via Hong Kong. Its physical location has allowed the city to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure that includes the world's second busiest container port and the world's busiest airport for international cargo. Even before the transfer of sovereignty, Hong Kong had established extensive trade and investment ties with the mainland, which now enable it to serve as a point of entry for investment flowing into the mainland. At the end of 2007, there were 3.46 million people employed full-time, with the unemployment rate averaging 4.1% for the fourth straight year of decline. Hong Kong's economy is dominated by the service sector, which accounts for over 90% of its GDP, while industry constitutes 9%. Inflation was at 2.5% in 2007. Hong Kong's largest export markets are mainland China, the United States, and Japan.

As of 2010 Hong Kong is the eighth most expensive city for expatriates, falling from fifth position in the previous year. Hong Kong is ranked fourth in terms of the highest percentage of millionaire households, behind Switzerland, Qatar, and Singapore with 8.5 percent of all households owning at least one million US dollars. In 2011, Hong Kong was ranked second in the Ease of Doing Business Index, behind Singapore.

Hong Kong is ranked No. 1 in the world in the Crony Capitalism Index by the Economist.

In 2014, Hong Kong was the eleventh most popular destination for international tourists among countries and territories worldwide, with a total of 27.7 million visitors contributing a total of 38,376 US$ million in international tourism receipts.

Infrastructure

Main article: Transport in Hong Kong
A map of the Mass Transit Railway network.
The Mass Transit Railway has more than 150 stations in its network.
CityBus Alexander Dennis Enviro 400 10.5m-A double-decker in Hong Kong heading to Stanley
Hong Kong - Kowloon Star Ferry

Hong Kong's transportation network is highly developed. Over 90% of daily travels (11 million) are on public transport, the highest such percentage in the world. Payment can be made using the Octopus card, a stored value system introduced by the Mass Transit Railway (MTR), which is widely accepted on railways, buses and ferries, and accepted like cash at other outlets.

The city's main railway company (KCRC) was merged with MTR in 2007, creating a comprehensive rail network for the whole territory (also called MTR). The MTR rapid transit system has 152 stations which serve 3.4 million people a day. Hong Kong Tramways, which has served the territory since 1904, covers the northern parts of Hong Kong Island.

Hong Kong's bus service is franchised and run by private operators. Five privately owned companies provide franchised bus service across the territory, together operating more than 700 routes. The largest are Kowloon Motor Bus, providing 402 routes in Kowloon and New Territories, and Citybus, operating 154 routes on Hong Kong Island; both run cross-harbour services. Double-decker buses were introduced to Hong Kong in 1949, and are now almost exclusively used; single-decker buses remain in use for routes with lower demand or roads with lower load capacity. Public light buses serve most parts of Hong Kong, particularly areas where standard bus lines cannot reach or do not reach as frequently, quickly, or directly.

The Star Ferry service, founded in 1888, operates two lines across Victoria Harbour and provides scenic views of Hong Kong's skyline for its 53,000 daily passengers. It acquired iconic status following its use as a setting on The World of Suzie Wong. Travel writer Ryan Levitt considered the main Tsim Sha Tsui to Central route one of the most picturesque in the world. Other ferry services are provided by operators serving outlying islands, new towns, Macau, and cities in mainland China. Hong Kong is famous for its junks traversing the harbour, and small kai-to ferries that serve remote coastal settlements. The Port of Hong Kong is a busy deepwater port, specialising in container shipping.

Hong Kong Island's steep, hilly terrain was initially served by sedan chairs. The Peak Tram, the first public transport system in Hong Kong, has provided vertical rail transport between Central and Victoria Peak since 1888. In Central and Western district, there is an extensive system of escalators and moving pavements, including the longest outdoor covered escalator system in the world, the Mid-Levels escalator.

Hong Kong International Airport is a leading air passenger gateway and logistics hub in Asia and one of the world's busiest airports in terms of international passenger and cargo movement, serving more than 47 million passengers and handling 3.74 million tonnes (4.12 million tons) of cargo in 2007. It replaced the overcrowded Kai Tak Airport in Kowloon in 1998, and has been rated as the world's best airport in a number of surveys. Over 85 airlines operate at the two-terminal airport and it is the primary hub of Cathay Pacific, Dragonair, Air Hong Kong, Hong Kong Airlines, and Hong Kong Express.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Hong Kong
The Big Buddha, on Lantau Island, Hong Kong
The Wong Tai Sin Temple
Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Hong Kong

The territory's population in 2011 is 7.07 million, with an average annual growth rate of 0.6% over the previous 5 years. The current population of Hong Kong comprises 93.6% ethnic Chinese. A major part of Hong Kong's Cantonese-speaking majority originated from the neighbouring Guangdong province, from where many fled during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese Civil War, and the communist rule in China.

Residents from mainland China do not have the right of abode in Hong Kong, nor are they allowed to enter the territory freely. However, the influx of immigrants from mainland China, approximating 45,000 per year, is a significant contributor to its population growth – a daily quota of 150 Mainland Chinese with family ties in Hong Kong are granted a "one way permit". Life expectancy in Hong Kong is 79.16 years for males and 84.79 years for females as of 2009, making it the highest life expectancy in the world.

About 93.6% of the people of Hong Kong are of Chinese descent, the majority of whom are Taishanese, Chiu Chow, other Cantonese people, and Hakka. Hong Kong's Han majority originate mainly from the Guangzhou and Taishan regions in Guangdong province. The remaining 6.4% of the population is composed of non-ethnic Chinese. There is a South Asian population of Indians, Pakistanis and Nepalese; some Vietnamese refugees have become permanent residents of Hong Kong. There are also Britons, Americans, Canadians, Japanese, and Koreans working in the city's commercial and financial sector. In 2008, there were an estimate of 252,500 foreign domestic helpers from Indonesia and the Philippines working in Hong Kong.

Hong Kong's de facto official language is Cantonese, a variety of Chinese originating from Guangdong province to the north of Hong Kong. English is also an official language, and according to a 1996 by-census is spoken by 3.1 percent of the population as an everyday language and by 34.9 percent of the population as a second language. Signs displaying both Chinese and English are common throughout the territory. Since the 1997 Handover, an increase in immigrants from communist China and greater interaction with the mainland's economy have brought an increasing number of Mandarin speakers to Hong Kong.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Hong Kong

A majority of residents of Hong Kong have no religious affiliation, professing a form of agnosticism or atheism. According to the US Department of State 43 percent of the population practices some form of religion. Some figures put it higher, according to a Gallup poll, 64% of Hong Kong residents do not believe in any religion, and possibly 80% of Hong Kong claim no religion. In Hong Kong teaching evolution won out in curriculum dispute about whether to teach other explanations, and that creationism and intelligent design will form no part of the senior secondary biology curriculum.

Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of religious freedom, guaranteed by the Basic Law. Hong Kong's main religions are Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism; a local religious scholar in contact with major denominations estimates there are approximately 1.5 million Buddhists and Taoists. A Christian community of around 833,000 forms about 11.7% of the total population; Protestants forms a larger number than Roman Catholics at a rate of 4:3, although smaller Christian communities exist, including the Latter-day Saints and Jehovah's Witnesses. The Anglican and Roman Catholic churches each freely appoint their own bishops, unlike in mainland China. There are also Sikh, Muslim, Jewish, Hindu and Bahá'í communities. The practice of Falun Gong is tolerated.

Personal income

Statistically Hong Kong's income gap is the greatest in Asia Pacific. According to a report by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in 2008, Hong Kong's Gini coefficient, at 0.53, was the highest in Asia and "relatively high by international standards". However, the government has stressed that income disparity does not equate to worsening of the poverty situation, and that the Gini coefficient is not strictly comparable between regions. The government has named economic restructuring, changes in household sizes, and the increase of high-income jobs as factors that have skewed the Gini coefficient.

Education

Main article: Education in Hong Kong
3-storey red brick building with gabled roof adjacent to 7-storey modern building with flat roof.
University of Hong Kong

Hong Kong's education system used to roughly follow the system in England, although international systems exist. The government maintains a policy of "mother tongue instruction" (Chinese: 母語教學) in which the medium of instruction is Cantonese, with written Chinese and English, while some of the schools are using English as the teaching language. In secondary schools, 'biliterate and trilingual' proficiency is emphasised, and Mandarin-language education has been increasing. The Programme for International Student Assessment ranked Hong Kong's education system as the second best in the world.

Hong Kong's public schools are operated by the Education Bureau. The system features a non-compulsory three-year kindergarten, followed by a compulsory six-year primary education, a compulsory three-year junior secondary education, a non-compulsory two-year senior secondary education leading to the Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examinations and a two-year matriculation course leading to the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examinations. The New Senior Secondary academic structure and curriculum was implemented in September 2009, which provides for all students to receive three years of compulsory junior and three years of compulsory senior secondary education. Under the new curriculum, there is only one public examination, namely the Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education.

Most comprehensive schools in Hong Kong fall under three categories: the rarer public schools; the more common subsidised schools, including government aids-and-grant schools; and private schools, often run by Christian organisations and having admissions based on academic merit rather than on financial resources. Outside this system are the schools under the Direct Subsidy Scheme and private international schools.

There are eight public and one private universities in Hong Kong, the oldest being the University of Hong Kong (HKU), established in 1910–1912. The Chinese University of Hong Kong was founded in 1963 to fulfill the need for a university with a medium of instruction of Chinese. Competition among students to receive an offer for an undergraduate programme is fierce as the annual number of intakes is limited, especially when some disciplines are offered by select tertiary institutions, like medicine which is provided by merely two medical schools in the territory, the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine at the University of Hong Kong and the Faculty of Medicine of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. In addition to the public post-secondary institutions there are also a number of private higher institutions which offer higher diplomas and associate degree courses for those who fail to enter a college for a degree study so as to boost their qualification of education, some of whom can have a second chance of getting into a university if they have a good performance in these sub-degree courses.

Health

Main article: Health in Hong Kong

There are 13 private hospitals and more than 40 public hospitals in Hong Kong. There is little interaction between public and private healthcare. The hospitals offer a wide range of healthcare services, and some of the territory's private hospitals are considered to be world class. According to UN estimates, Hong Kong has one of the longest life expectancies of any country or territory in the world. As of 2012, Hong Kong women are the longest living demographic group in the world.

There are two medical schools in the territory, one based at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the other at the University of Hong Kong. Both have links with public sector hospitals. With respect to postgraduate education, traditionally many doctors in Hong Kong have looked overseas for further training, and many took British Royal College exams such as the MRCP(UK) and the MRCS(UK). However, Hong Kong has been developing its own postgraduate medical institutions, in particular the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine, and this is gradually taking over the responsibility for all postgraduate medical training in the territory.

Since 2011, there have been growing concerns that mothers-to-be from mainland China, in a bid to obtain the right of abode in Hong Kong and the benefits that come with it, have saturated the neonatal wards of the city's hospitals both public and private. This has led to protest from local pregnant women for the government to remedy the issue, as they have found difficulty in securing a bed space for giving birth and routine check-ups. Other concerns in the decade of 2001–2010 relate to the workload medical staff experience; and medical errors and mishaps, which are frequently highlighted in local news.

Culture

See also: Cinema of Hong Kong
Ocean Park Hong Kong, a marine mammal park, oceanarium, animal theme park and amusement park in Hong Kong.
A statue of Bruce Lee on the Avenue of Stars, a tribute to the city's martial arts

Hong Kong is frequently described as a place where "East meets West", reflecting the culture's mix of the territory's Chinese roots with influences from its time as a British colony. Concepts like feng shui are taken very seriously, with expensive construction projects often hiring expert consultants, and are often believed to make or break a business. Other objects like Ba gua mirrors are still regularly used to deflect evil spirits, and buildings often lack any floor number that has a 4 in it, due to its similarity to the word for "die" in Cantonese. The fusion of east and west also characterises Hong Kong's cuisine, where dim sum, hot pot, and fast food restaurants coexist with haute cuisine.

Hong Kong is a recognised global centre of trade and calls itself an "entertainment hub". Its martial arts film genre gained a high level of popularity in the late 1960s and 1970s. Several Hollywood performers, notable actors and martial artists have originated from Hong Kong cinema, notably Bruce Lee, Jackie Chan, Chow Yun-fat, Michelle Yeoh, Maggie Cheung and Jet Li. A number of Hong Kong film-makers have achieved widespread fame in Hollywood, such as John Woo, Wong Kar-wai, and Stephen Chow. Homegrown films such as Chungking Express, Infernal Affairs, Shaolin Soccer, Rumble in the Bronx, In the Mood for Love and Echoes of the Rainbow have gained international recognition. Hong Kong is the centre for Cantopop music, which draws its influence from other forms of Chinese music and Western genres, and has a multinational fanbase.

The Hong Kong government supports cultural institutions such as the Hong Kong Heritage Museum, the Hong Kong Museum of Art, the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts, and the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra. The government's Leisure and Cultural Services Department subsidises and sponsors international performers brought to Hong Kong. Many international cultural activities are organised by the government, consulates, and privately.

Hong Kong has two licensed terrestrial broadcastersATV and TVB. There are three local and a number of foreign suppliers of cable and satellite services. The production of Hong Kong's soap dramas, comedy series, and variety shows reach audiences throughout the Chinese-speaking world. Magazine and newspaper publishers in Hong Kong distribute and print in both Chinese and English, with a focus on sensationalism and celebrity gossip. The media in Hong Kong is relatively free from official interference compared to Mainland China, although the Far Eastern Economic Review points to signs of self-censorship by media whose owners have close ties to or business interests in the People's Republic of China and states that even Western media outlets are not immune to growing Chinese economic power.

Hong Kong offers wide recreational and competitive sport opportunities despite its limited land area. It sends delegates to international competitions such as the Olympic Games and Asian Games, and played host to the equestrian events during the 2008 Summer Olympics. There are major multipurpose venues like Hong Kong Coliseum and MacPherson Stadium. Hong Kong's steep terrain and extensive trail network with expansive views attracts hikers, and its rugged coastline provides many beaches for swimming.

Sport

Main article: Sport in Hong Kong
The Hong Kong Sevens is considered the premier tournament on the IRB Sevens World Series rugby sevens competition and is held annually in Hong Kong on a weekend in late March.

Sports in Hong Kong are a significant part of its culture. Due mainly to British influence going as far back as the late 19th century, Hong Kong had an earlier introduction to Western athletics compared to other Asia regions. Football, basketball, swimming, badminton, table tennis, cycling and running have the most participants and spectators. In 2009, Hong Kong successfully organised the V East Asian Games. Other major international sporting events including the Equestrian at the 2008 Summer Olympics, Hong Kong Sevens, Hong Kong Marathon, AFC Asian Cup, EAFF East Asian Cup, Hong Kong Tennis Classic, Premier League Asia Trophy, and Lunar New Year Cup are also held in the territory. As of 2010, there were 32 Hong Kong athletes from seven sports ranking in world's Top 20, 29 athletes in six sports in Asia top 10 ranking. Moreover, Hong Kong athletes with disabilities are equally impressive in their performance as of 2009, having won four world championships and two Asian Championships.

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of Hong Kong See also: List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong

According to Emporis, there are 1,223 skyscrapers in Hong Kong, which puts the city at the top of world rankings. It has more buildings taller than 500 feet (150 m) than any other city. The high density and tall skyline of Hong Kong's urban area is due to a lack of available sprawl space, with the average distance from the harbour front to the steep hills of Hong Kong Island at 1.3 km (0.81 mi), much of it reclaimed land. This lack of space causes demand for dense, high-rise offices and housing. Thirty-six of the world's 100 tallest residential buildings are in Hong Kong. More people in Hong Kong live or work above the 14th floor than anywhere else on Earth, making it the world's most vertical city.

As a result of the lack of space and demand for construction, few older buildings remain, and the city is becoming a centre for modern architecture. The International Commerce Centre (ICC), at 484 m (1,588 ft) high, is the tallest building in Hong Kong and the third tallest in the world, by height to roof measurement. The tallest building prior to the ICC is Two International Finance Centre, at 415 m (1,362 ft) high. Other recognisable skyline features include the HSBC Headquarters Building, the triangular-topped Central Plaza with its pyramid-shaped spire, The Center with its night-time multi-coloured neon light show; A Symphony of Lights and I. M. Pei's Bank of China Tower with its sharp, angular façade. According to the Emporis website, the city skyline has the biggest visual impact of all world cities. Also, Hong Kong's skyline is often regarded to be the best in the world, with the surrounding mountains and Victoria Harbour complementing the skyscrapers. Most of the oldest remaining historic structures, including the Tsim Sha Tsui Clock Tower, the Central Police Station, and the remains of Kowloon Walled City were constructed during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

There are many development plans in place, including the construction of new government buildings, waterfront redevelopment in Central, and a series of projects in West Kowloon. More high-rise development is set to take place on the other side of Victoria Harbour in Kowloon, as the 1998 closure of the nearby Kai Tak Airport lifted strict height restrictions. The Urban Renewal Authority is highly active in demolishing older areas, including the razing and redevelopment of Kwun Tong town centre, an approach which has been criticised for its impact on the cultural identity of the city and on lower-income residents.

panorama: looking down on a city of skyscrapers, land mass in the distance separated by a body of water.
A view from Victoria Peak, looking north over Central, Victoria Harbour and Kowloon (2011).
A view from Victoria Peak, looking north over Central, Victoria Harbour and Kowloon at night (2007).
City view of Kowloon, Hong Kong Island and the Hong Kong Skyline
Night time city skyline with Victoria Harbour in front and low hills behind
A panoramic view of the Hong Kong Island skyline at night

See also

Notes

  1. The identity of Hong Kong Permanent Resident can be of any nationality, Chinese, British, or others. A person not of Chinese nationality who has entered Hong Kong with a valid travel document, has ordinarily resided in Hong Kong for a continuous period of not less than 7 years and has taken Hong Kong as his or her place of permanent residence are legally recognized as a Hongkonger. See "Right of Abode" of The Immigration Department of Hong Kong
  2. Section 3(2) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration states in part: "The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign and defence affairs which, are the responsibilities of the Central People's Government."
  3. Section 3(5) of the Sino-British Joint Declaration states that the social and economic systems and lifestyle in Hong Kong will remain unchanged, and mentions rights and freedoms ensured by law. Section 3(12) states in part: "The above-stated basic policies of the People's Republic of China ... will remain unchanged for 50 years."
  4. The results of the 2006 census showed that the "white" population had declined from 46,584 in 2001 to 36,384, a decline of 22 percent.

References

Citations

  1. Basic Law - Anthem
  2. Section 3(1) of the Official Languages Ordinance (Cap 5) provides that the "English and Chinese languages are declared to be the official languages of Hong Kong." The Ordinance does not explicitly specify the standard for "Chinese". While Mandarin and Simplified Chinese characters are used as the spoken and written standards in mainland China, Cantonese and Traditional Chinese characters are the long-established de facto standards in Hong Kong.
  3. ^ "Hong Kong". The World Factbook. CIA. 23 August 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
  4. "Mid-year Population for 2014". Census and Statistics Department (Hong Kong). 12 August 2014.
  5. ^ 2011 Population Census – Summary Results (PDF) (Report). Census and Statistics Department. February 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
  6. ^ "Hong Kong". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  7. "Human Development Report 2009 – Gini Index". United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
  8. "2014 Human Development Report Summary" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2014. pp. 21–25. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  9. "Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010" (PDF). Global Footprint Network. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  10. ^ It is Hong Kong Hakka language.http://www.hkilang.org/NEW_WEB/page/dict_hantzu HK Hakka-Punti-Cantonese Online Dictionary
  11. ^ "Geography and Climate, Hong Kong" (PDF). Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
  12. Ash, Russell (2006). The Top 10 of Everything 2007. Hamlyn. p. 78. ISBN 0-600-61532-4.
  13. "Basic Law Bulletin Issue No. 2" (PDF). Department of Justice, HKSAR.
  14. ^ "Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 4". Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
  15. Russell, Peter H.; O'Brien, David M. (2001). Judicial Independence in the Age of Democracy: Critical Perspectives from around the World. University of Virginia Press. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-8139-2016-0.
  16. "2014 Global Cities Index and Emerging Cities Outlook" (PDF). Retrieved April 2014. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  17. Field listing - GDP (PPP exchange rate), CIA World Factbook
  18. "The Global Financial Centres Index 16" (PDF). Long Finance. September 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
  19. "Global Competitiveness Index 2012–2013" (PDF). 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
  20. "Hong Kong Economy: Population, Facts, GDP, Business, Trade, Inflation". www.heritage.org. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  21. ^ "Triennial Central Bank Survey: Report on global foreign exchange market activity in 2010" (PDF). Monetary and Economic Department. Bank for International Settlements: 12. December 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  22. Article 151, Chapter 7, Hong Kong Basic Law
  23. ^ "Vertical Cities: Hong Kong/New York". Time Out. 3 August 2008. Archived from the original on 16 January 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
  24. ^ "Home page". Skyscraper Museum. 14 July 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
  25. ^ "Public Transport Introduction". Transport Department, Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 7 July 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2008.
  26. ^ Lam, William H. K.; Bell, Michael G. H. (2003). Advanced Modeling for Transit Operations and Service Planning. Emerald Group Publishing. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-08-044206-8.
  27. "Pollution Index 2015". Numbeo. 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  28. "Health Effects of Air Pollution in Hong Kong". Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  29. http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/sites/default/files/epd/english/environmentinhk/air/studyrpts/files/final_report_mvtmpms_2012.pdf
  30. ^ "Life Expectancy Around the World". LiveScience. 1 August 2012.
  31. ^ "Longest Life Expectancy In World: Women In Hong Kong Now Outlast Japan". Huffington Post. 26 July 2012.
  32. ^ Room, Adrian (2005). Placenames of the World. McFarland & Company. p. 168. ISBN 0-7864-2248-3. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  33. Bishop, Kevin; Roberts, Annabel (1997). China's Imperial Way. China Books and Periodicals. p. 218. ISBN 962-217-511-2. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  34. Fairbank, John King (1953). Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842–1854 (2nd ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 123–128. ISBN 978-0-8047-0648-3.
  35. Hongkong Government Gazette, Notification 479, 3 September 1926
  36. "GovHK: Residents". Hong Kong Government. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  37. "The Trial Excavation at the Archaeological Site of Wong Tei Tung, Sham Chung, Hong Kong SAR". Hong Kong Archaeological Society. January 2006. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  38. 港現舊石器製造場 嶺南或為我發源地. People's Daily (in Chinese). 17 February 2006. Retrieved 21 August 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  39. Tang, Chung (2005). 考古與香港尋根 (PDF). New Asia Monthly (in Chinese). 32 (6). New Asia College: 6–8. Retrieved 21 August 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  40. Li, Hui (2002). 百越遺傳結構的一元二分跡象 (PDF). Guangxi Ethnic Group Research (in Chinese). 70 (4): 26–31. Retrieved 21 August 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  41. "2005 Field Archaeology on Sham Chung Site". Hong Kong Archaeological Society. January 2006. Archived from the original on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  42. "Declared Monuments in Hong Kong – New Territories". Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
  43. "Characteristic Culture". Invest Nanhai. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
  44. Ban Biao; Ban Gu; Ban Zhao. "地理誌". Book of Han (in Chinese). Vol. Volume 28. Retrieved 26 August 2010. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |trans_chapter= ignored (|trans-chapter= suggested) (help)
  45. Peng, Quanmin (2001). 從考古材料看漢代深港社會. Relics From South (in Chinese). Retrieved 26 August 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  46. Keat, Gin Ooi (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 932. ISBN 1-57607-770-5. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  47. "Archaeological Background". Hong Kong Yearbook. 21. Hong Kong Government. 2005. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  48. Siu Kwok-kin. 唐代及五代時期屯門在軍事及中外交通上的重要性. From Sui to Ming (in Chinese). Education Bureau, Hong Kong Government: 40–45. Retrieved 29 August 2010. {{cite journal}}: |archive-url= is malformed: timestamp (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  49. Sweeting, Anthony (1990). Education in Hong Kong, Pre-1841 to 1941: Fact and Opinion. Hong Kong University Press. p. 93. ISBN 962-209-258-6.
  50. ^ Barber, Nicola (2004). Hong Kong. Gareth Stevens. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8368-5198-4.
  51. Porter, Jonathan (1996). Macau, the Imaginary City: Culture and Society, 1557 to the Present. Westview Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-8133-2836-2.
  52. Edmonds, Richard L. (2002). China and Europe Since 1978: A European Perspective. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-52403-2.
  53. Hayes, James (1974). "The Hong Kong Region: Its Place in Traditional Chinese Historiography and Principal Events Since the Establishment of Hsin-an County in 1573" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 14: 108–135. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  54. "Hong Kong Museum of History: "The Hong Kong Story" Exhibition Materials" (PDF). Hong Kong Museum of History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  55. Courtauld, Caroline; Holdsworth, May; Vickers, Simon (1997). The Hong Kong Story. Oxford University Press. pp. 38–58. ISBN 978-0-19-590353-9.
  56. Hoe, Susanna; Roebuck, Derek (1999). The Taking of Hong Kong: Charles and Clara Elliot in China Waters. Routledge. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-7007-1145-1.
  57. John Thomson 1837–1921,Chap on Hong Kong, Illustrations of China and Its People (London,1873–1874)
  58. Info Gov HK. "Hong Kong Gov Info." History of Hong Kong. Retrieved on 16 February 2007. Archived 2013-10-17 at the Wayback Machine
  59. ^ Wiltshire, Trea (1997). Old Hong Kong. Vol. Volume II: 1901–1945 (5th ed.). FormAsia Books. p. 148. ISBN 962-7283-13-4. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  60. "History of Hong Kong". Global Times. 6 July 2010. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  61. Scott, Ian (1989). Political change and the crisis of legitimacy in Hong Kong. University of Hawaii Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8248-1269-0.
  62. Linda Pomerantz-Zhang (1992). "Wu Tingfang (1842–1922): reform and modernization in modern Chinese history". Hong Kong University Press. p.8. ISBN 962-209-287-X
  63. Brief Information on Proposed Grade I Items, pp. 53-54
  64. L, Klemen (1999–2000). "Chronology of the Dutch East Indies, 7 December 1941 – 11 December 1941". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942.
  65. L, Klemen (1999–2000). "Chronology of the Dutch East Indies, 25 December 1941 – 31 December 1941". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942.
  66. Bradsher, Keith (17 April 2005). "Thousands March in Anti-Japan Protest in Hong Kong". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  67. Moore, Lynden (1985). The growth and structure of international trade since the Second World War. Cambridge University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-521-46979-1. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  68. Forsyth, Neil, dir. Underground Pride. Mass Transit Railway Corporation, 1990. Film. 21 November 2013
  69. Dodsworth, John; Mihaljek, Dubravko (1997). Hong Kong, China: Growth, Structural Change, and Economic Stability During the Transition. International Monetary Fund. p. 54. ISBN 1-55775-672-4.
  70. "Links between SARS, human genes discovered". People's Daily. 16 January 2004. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
  71. Lee, S. H. (2006). SARS in China and Hong Kong. Nova Publishers. pp. 63–70. ISBN 978-1-59454-678-5.
  72. "Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003". World Health Organization. 31 December 2003. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
  73. 疫情衝擊香港經濟損失巨大 (in Chinese). BBC News. 28 May 2003. Retrieved 24 August 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  74. Yau, Cannix (11 March 2005). "Tung's gone. What next?". The Standard. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
  75. "Donald Tsang wins Chief Executive election". Hong Kong Government. 25 March 2007. Archived from the original on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
  76. "Chinese Taipei Wins God Medal in Men's 400-Meter Relay". Kuomintang. 14 December 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
  77. Trouble Down South: Why Hong Kong and Mainland Chinese Aren't Getting Along Ko, Vanessa. TIME, 24 June 2012.
  78. Hong Kong population survey, 2011
  79. The Economist Intelligence Unit (2 January 2008). "Hong Kong politics: China sets reform timetable". The Economist. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  80. "Basic Law, Chapter VIII". Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
  81. Chen, Wenmin; Fu, H. L.; Ghai, Yash P. (2000). Hong Kong's Constitutional Debate: Conflict Over Interpretation. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 235–236. ISBN 978-962-209-509-0.
  82. "Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 6". Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
  83. "Civil Service" (PDF). Information Services Department, Hong Kong Government. June 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
  84. "Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 1". Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
  85. Burns, John P. (2004). Government Capacity and the Hong Kong Civil Service. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-19-590597-7.
  86. "Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 3". Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
  87. Madden, Frederick (2000). The End of Empire: Dependencies since 1948. Part 1: The West Indies, British Honduras, Hong Kong, Fiji, Cyprus, Gibraltar, and the Falklands. Vol. Volume VIII: Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 188–196. ISBN 978-0-313-29072-5. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  88. Gaylord, Mark S.; Gittings, Danny; Traver, Harold (2009). Introduction to Crime, Law and Justice in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-962-209-978-4.
  89. ^ "Basic Law, Chapter II". Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
  90. ^ "Right of Abode in HKSAR—Verification of Eligibility for Permanent Identity Card". Immigration Department, Hong Kong Government. 5 June 2007. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
  91. "Presentation to Legislative Council on Right of Abode Issue". Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor. 10 May 1999. Retrieved 20 January 2007.
  92. Cohen, Warren I.; Li, Zhao (1997). Hong Kong Under Chinese Rule: The Economic and Political Implications of Reversion. Cambridge University Press. pp. 220–235. ISBN 978-0-521-62761-0.
  93. Ming, Sing (August 2006). "The Legitimacy Problem and Democratic Reform in Hong Kong". Journal of Contemporary China. 15 (48). Informa: 517–532. doi:10.1080/10670560600736558.
  94. "Public Consultation on the Methods for Selecting the Chief Executive and for Forming the Legislative Council in 2012" (PDF). Hong Kong Government. 11 June 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  95. Balfour, Frederik; Lui, Marco (25 June 2010). "Hong Kong Lawmakers Approve Tsang's Election Plan". Businessweek. Bloomberg. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  96. "Hopes for full democracy in Hong Kong dealt blow by Beijing". Hong Kong Herald. 31 August 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  97. ^ "The Legal System in Hong Kong". Department of Justice, Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  98. ^ Ash, Robert F. (2003). Hong Kong in Transition: One Country, Two Systems. Vol. Volume 11: RoutledgeCurzon Studies in the Modern History of Asia. Psychology Press. pp. 161–188. ISBN 978-0-415-29954-1. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  99. ^ "Introduction". Hong Kong Judiciary. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
  100. http://www.doj.gov.hk/eng/public/basiclaw/basic13_2.pdf
  101. "Basic Law Bulletin Issue No. 10 Part 3" (PDF). Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  102. "About Us: Organisation chart of the Secretary for Justice's Office". Department of Justice, Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 4 September 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  103. "Basic Law, Chapter IV, Section 2". Basic Law Promotion Steering Committee. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
  104. Weisenhaus, Doreen; Cottrell, Jill; Yan, Mei Ning (2007). Hong Kong Media Law: A Guide for Journalists and Media Professionals. Hong Kong University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-962-209-808-4.
  105. Article 151, Hong Kong Basic Law
  106. Chapter 1, Hong Kong Year Book 2011
  107. Hong Kong Economic Journal, 3 July 2007, Page 34.
  108. "2008 Human Rights Report: China (Hong Kong)". US Department of State. Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
  109. "Same-Sex Marriage / Civil partnership". FamilyCLIC.hk. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  110. "Country Report 2009". Freedom House. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
  111. "Protest against HK rail link". The Straits Times. 17 January 2010. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  112. http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr03-04/english/counmtg/hansard/cm0428ti-translate-e.pdf
  113. Yahoo Archived 2015-04-05 at the Wayback Machine
  114. "Sexual Orientation and Human Rights in Hong Kong". Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
  115. Barme, Geremie R.; Ye, Sang (1 February 1996). "The Great Firewall of China". Wired.com. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  116. ^ "Hong Kong– The Facts: District Administration" (PDF). Hong Kong Government. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  117. "Mission". Home Affairs Department, Hong Kong Government. 30 June 2009. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
  118. Rioni, S. G. (2002). Hong Kong in Focus: Political and Economic Issues. Nova Publishers. pp. 154–163. ISBN 978-1-59033-237-5.
  119. "Mystery surrounds new Hong Kong army cadet force inaugurated at PLA base". SCMP Hong Kong. 15 January 2015.
  120. Morton, Brian; Harper, Elizabeth (1995). An Introduction to the Cape d'Aguilar Marine Reserve, Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. p. 9. ISBN 9789622093881.
  121. "2006 Population By-census" (PDF). Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
  122. "Tai Mo Shan Country Park". Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Hong Kong Government. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 8 November 2009.
  123. "Hong Kong". Olympic Council of Asia. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  124. "Geopark leaflet" (PDF). Retrieved 26 October 2013.
  125. "Chief Executive pledges a clean, green, world-class city". Hong Kong Trade Development Council. November 2001. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
  126. "HK harbour reclamation reprieve". BBC News. 9 January 2004. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
  127. Bradsher, Keith (5 November 2006). "Dirty Air Becomes Divisive Issue in Hong Kong Vote". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
  128. "Climate of Hong Kong". Hong Kong Observatory. 4 May 2003. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
  129. "Hong Kong in Figures 2008 Edition". Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. 27 February 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
  130. Cite error: The named reference extremeshko was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  131. Cite error: The named reference HKO all-time record high was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  132. ^ "End of an experiment". The Economist. 15 July 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010.
  133. "Hong Kong ranked world's freest economy for 18th consecutive year". Government of Hong Kong. 12 January 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  134. "2008 Index of Economic Freedom". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
  135. "Top 10 Countries". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
  136. Bromma, Hubert (2007). How to Invest in Offshore Real Estate and Pay Little Or No Taxes. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-07-147009-4.
  137. Preston, Peter Wallace; Haacke, Jürgen (2003). Contemporary China: The Dynamics of Change at the Start of the New Millennium. Psychology Press. pp. 80–107. ISBN 978-0-7007-1637-1.
  138. Yeung, Rikkie (2008). Moving Millions: The Commercial Success and Political Controversies of Hong Kong's Railways. Hong Kong University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-962-209-963-0.
  139. "The Global Financial Centres Index 1 Executive Summary" (PDF). City of London. March 2007. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2007. Retrieved 12 April 2007.
  140. "World Federation of Exchanges – Statistics/Monthly". World Federation of Exchanges. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
  141. "Hong Kong IPOs May Raise Record $48 Billion in 2010, E&Y Says". Bloomberg. 21 December 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
  142. Hong Kong's Linked Exchange Rate System (PDF). Hong Kong Monetary Authority. p. 33. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  143. Tsang, Donald (18 September 2006). "Big Market, Small Government" (Press release). Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2010. {{cite press release}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  144. "Hong Kong's Export Outlook for 2008: Maintaining Competitiveness through Supply Chain Management". Hong Kong Trade Development Council. 6 December 2007. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  145. "HKDF –Has Hong Kong Lost its Competitiveness?". Hong Kong Democratic Foundation. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  146. Kong, Daniel (8 August 2013). "Hong Kong Imports Over 90% of Its Food. Can It Learn to Grow?". Modern Farmer. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
  147. "About Hong Kong". Hong Kong government. April 2006. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
  148. "The Panama Canal: A plan to unlock prosperity". The Economist. 3 December 2009. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
  149. Dhungana, Gita (29 December 2006). "Growth in exports defies predictions". The Standard. Retrieved 4 October 2010.
  150. Hong Kong Monthly Digest of Statistics, Hong Kong Government, March 2008
  151. Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2009: Addressing Triple Threats to Development. United Nations Publications. 2009. pp. 94–99. ISBN 978-92-1-120577-0.
  152. "Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009". Mercer. 29 June 2010. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
  153. "Global Wealth Continues Its Strong Recovery with $9 Trillion Gain, but Pressures on Wealth Managers Persist, Says Study by The Boston Consulting Group" (Press release). Finance Twitter. 31 May 2011.
  154. "Explore Economies". World Bank. 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  155. http://www.economist.com/news/international/21599041-countries-where-politically-connected-businessmen-are-most-likely-prosper-planet,
  156. UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2015 Edition(Press release). UNWTO. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
  157. "Octopus Card Information". Octopus Cards Limited. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
  158. Poon, Simpson; Chau, Patrick (February 2001). "Octopus: The Growing E-payment System in Hong Kong". Electronic Markets. 11 (2). Informa: 97–106. doi:10.1080/101967801300197016.
  159. "Press Release: Government has reached understanding with MTRCL on the terms for merging the MTR and KCR systems". Hong Kong Government. 11 April 2006. Retrieved 17 November 2007.
  160. "Tourist Information". Mass Transit Railway. Archived from the original on 16 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  161. "The Company". Hong Kong Tramways. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008.
  162. Cullinane, S. (January 2002). "The relationship between car ownership and public transport provision: a case study of Hong Kong". Transport Policy. 9 (1): 29–39. doi:10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00028-2.
  163. Ng, Tze-wei (10 November 2006). "Not even HK's storied Star Ferry can face down developers". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  164. "Ferry is amongst the world's best". BBC News. 19 October 2004. Retrieved 29 April 2008.
  165. Fitzpatrick, Liam. "Hong Kong: 10 Things to Do in 24 Hours". Time. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  166. Cushman, Jennifer Wayne (1993). Fields from the sea: Chinese junk trade with Siam during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. SEAP Publications. p. 57. ISBN 0-87727-711-7.
  167. "HIT:: Hongkong International Terminals". Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  168. Thomson, John (1873). Illustrations of China and Its People. Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and Searle. p. 96.
  169. Cavaliero, Eric (24 July 1997). "Grand old lady to turn 110". The Standard. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
  170. Gold, Anne (6 July 2001). "Hong Kong's Mile-Long Escalator System Elevates the Senses: A Stairway to Urban Heaven". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
  171. ^ "About Us". Hong Kong International Airport. Archived from the original on 21 August 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2008.
  172. "International travellers have voted Hong Kong the best airport in the world". Skytrax. 8 August 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2008.
  173. "Air Cargo and Aviation Logistic Services" (PDF). Hong Kong International Airport. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  174. ^ Fan Shuh Ching (1974). "The Population of Hong Kong" (PDF). World Population Year. Committee for International Coordination of National Research in Demography: 18–20. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
  175. "A history of refugees in Hong Kong". Time Out Hong Kong. 18 June 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2013. The first wave of refugees came to Hong Kong in the 1930s to escape from the Chinese Civil War and the Sino-Japanese War, but it wasn't until 1949, during the Chinese exodus, when an estimated one million-plus mainland Chinese started coming into the territory via the northern borders. Many people, mostly anti-communist Kuomintang officials and capitalists, rushed to Hong Kong in search of refuge.
  176. Lonely Planet Hong Kong (10th ed.). Lonely Planet. 2002. p. 16. ISBN 1864502304. The turmoil on the mainland, leading to the defeat of the Nationalists and takeover by the Communists in 1949, unleashed a torrent of refugees – both rich and poor -into Hong Kong.
  177. "Veterans who fled mainland for Hong Kong in 1970s tell their stories". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  178. Carroll, John (2007). A Concise History of Hong Kong. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 127. ISBN 978-0742534223.
  179. "Who is entitled to sponsor family members to come to live in Hong Kong? If I am a lawful resident of Hong Kong, can my family members in the Mainland (or elsewhere) apply to immigrate to Hong Kong?". Community Legal Information Centre. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
  180. "Counting Expat Numbers a Complex Task (Hong Kong)". Global Auto Industry. July 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  181. International Labour Office (2009). Application of International Labour Standards 2009 (I). International Labour Organization. p. 640. ISBN 92-2-120634-3.
  182. Westra, Nick (5 June 2007). "Hong Kong as a Cantonese speaking city". Journalism and Media Studies Centre, University of Hong Kong. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  183. "ICE Hong Kong". University College London. Retrieved 1 February 2008.
  184. Yum, Cherry (2007). "Which Chinese? Dialect Choice in Philadelphia's Chinatown" (PDF). Haverford College. Retrieved 25 August 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  185. "Hong Kong". Bmm.org. 1 July 1997. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  186. ^ "China (Includes Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau)". State.gov. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  187. Carballo, Marita. "RELIGION IN THE WORLD AT THE END OF THE MILLENNIUM". Gallup International Association. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  188. "Apostasy". Countdown.org. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  189. "Do Hong Kong youth know how to practice safe sex?". Slidefinder.net. 14 January 2010. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  190. "Evolution wins out in Hong Kong curriculum dispute". Nature.com. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  191. "Victory for Darwin – Creationism rejected in new guidelines on the biology curriculum | 香港獨立媒體". Inmediahk.net. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  192. "Hong Kong Year Book (2010): Chapter 18 – Religion and Custom" (PDF). Retrieved 26 October 2013.
  193. "Hong Kong China Temple". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Retrieved 30 September 2010.
  194. 2015 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watch Tower Society. p. 184.
  195. "International Religious Freedom Report 2007 – Hong Kong". United States Department of State. 2007. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
  196. "International Religious Freedom Report 2006 – Hong Kong". United States Department of State. 2006. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  197. Piboontanasawat, Nipa (23 October 2008). "Hong Kong Has Highest Income Disparity in Asia, UN Report Says". Bloomberg. Retrieved 25 August 2010.
  198. "State of the World's Cities 2008/2009" (PDF) (Press release). United Nations Human Settlements Programme. 2009. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  199. "Subcommittee to Study the Subject of Combating Poverty" (PDF). Legislative Council of Hong Kong. 23 June 2005. Retrieved 30 August 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  200. "Policies in Assisting Low-income Employees" (PDF). Commission on Poverty. Legislative Council of Hong Kong. 23 January 2006. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  201. Chan, Shun-hing; Leung, Beatrice (2003). Changing Church and State Relations in Hong Kong, 1950–2000. Hong Kong University Press. p. 24. ISBN 962-209-612-3.
  202. 母語教學小冊子 (in Chinese). Education Bureau, Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  203. "Policy for Secondary Schools -Medium of Instruction Policy for Secondary Schools". Education Bureau, Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  204. "PISA 2006 Science Competencies for Tomorrow's World". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2006. Retrieved 14 December 2007.
  205. "Kindergarten, Primary and Secondary Education". Education Bureau, Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 30 December 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  206. "Programme Highlights". Hong Kong Government. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  207. ^ Li, Arthur (18 May 2005). "Creating a better education system". Hong Kong Government. Archived from the original on 3 March 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  208. "HKDSE". Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority. 12 October 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2010.
  209. "History of HKU".
  210. "Report of the Fulton Commission, 1963: Commission to Advise on the Creation of a Federal-Type Chinese University in Hong Kong". Minerva. 1 (4): 493–507. Summer 1963. Retrieved 30 April 2014. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  211. Tan, Hwee Ann (5 June 2013). "Hong Kong Says International Schools Can't Meet Primary Demand". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  212. Hsu, Cathy (12 November 2012). Global Tourism Higher Education: Past, Present, and Future. Routledge. pp. 139–142. ISBN 9781136448478.
  213. "Clusters, Hospitals & Institutions". Hospital Authority. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  214. "Health & safety". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  215. "Private Hospitals in Hong Kong". The New Economy. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  216. ^ "Milestones". Chinese University of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  217. "Education". University of Hong Kong. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  218. "Educational objectives". University of Hong Kong. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  219. LaFraniere, Sharon (22 February 2012). "Mainland Chinese Flock to Hong Kong to Give Birth". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
  220. "24 hours in Hong Kong: Urban thrills where East meets West". CNN. 8 March 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
  221. "Feng shui used in 90% of RP businesses". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 17 February 2009. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
  222. Fowler, Jeaneane D.; Fowler, Merv (2008). Chinese Religions: Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. p. 263. ISBN 978-1-84519-172-6.
  223. Xi, Xu; Ingham, Mike (2003). City Voices: Hong Kong writing in English, 1945–present. Hong Kong University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-962-209-605-9.
  224. Chan, Cecilia; Chow, Amy (2006). Death, Dying and Bereavement: a Hong Kong Chinese Experience. Vol. Volume 1. Hong Kong University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-962-209-787-2. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  225. Stone, Andrew; Chow, Chung Wah; Ho, Reggie (15 January 2008). Hong Kong and Macau. Lonely Planet. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-74104-665-6.
  226. ^ "Hong Kong calls itself Asia's entertainment hub". Monsters and Critics. 23 March 2007.
  227. Corliss, Richard (24 September 2001). "Hong Kong music circles the globe with its easy-listening hits and stars". Time. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
  228. "General Information". Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 15 October 2009. Archived from the original on 16 November 2004. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  229. "About the Museum". Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 25 May 2010. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  230. "Broadcasting: Licences". Commerce and Economic Development Bureau, Hong Kong Government. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
  231. Li, Jinquan (2002). Global Media Spectacle: News War Over Hong Kong. State University of New York Press. pp. 69–74. ISBN 978-0-7914-5472-5.
  232. Walker, Christopher; Cook, Sarah (12 October 2009). "China's Export of Censorship". Far Eastern Economic Review. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
  233. "Hong Kong Olympic Equestrian Venue (Beas River & Shatin)". Beijing Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
  234. Macdonald, Phil (2006). National Geographic Traveler: Hong Kong (2nd ed.). National Geographic Society. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-7922-5369-3.
  235. "Legislative Council Panel on Home Affairs Sports Development Policy and Objectives" (PDF). Home Affairs Bureau. October 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
  236. "Cities with the most skyscrapers". Emporis. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
  237. Tong, C. O.; Wong, S. C. (August 1997). "The advantages of a high density, mixed land use, linear urban development". Transportation. 24 (3): 295–307. doi:10.1023/A:1004987422746.
  238. "World's Tallest Residential Towers". Emporis. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
  239. "International Commerce Centre". Emporis. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
  240. "Two International Finance Centre". Emporis. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
  241. "Emporis Skyline Ranking". Emporis. Retrieved 24 May 2009.
  242. "The world's top 20 city skylines, CNNGo.com". Retrieved 1 March 2011.
  243. "Best Skyline Poll". Retrieved 8 February 2008.
  244. Gramsbergen, Egbert; Paul Kazmierczak. "The World's Best Skylines". Retrieved 8 February 2008.
  245. "Declared Monuments in Hong Kong – Hong Kong Island". Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  246. "Declared Monuments in Hong Kong – Kowloon Island". Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Hong Kong Government. 13 January 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
  247. Sinn, Elizabeth (1990). "Kowloon Walled City: Its Origin and Early History" (PDF). Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 27: 30–31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  248. "Tamar Development Project". Hong Kong Government. 23 April 2010. Archived from the original on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  249. "Central Waterfront Design Competition". Designing Hong Kong. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
  250. "West Kowloon Cultural District Public Engagement Exercise". Home Affairs Bureau, Hong Kong Government. 26 August 2008. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  251. "Kai Tak building height restrictions lifted". Hong Kong Government. 10 July 1998. Retrieved 26 April 2008.

Sources

Primary sources

Further reading

  • Barrett, Dean, Hangman's Point, Hong Kong & southern China in 1857, Village East Books, ISBN 0-9661899-1-4, 1998
  • Callick, Rowan. Comrades & Capitalists: Hong Kong since the Handover (University of New South Wales Press, 1998) online
  • Fu, Poshek; Deser, David (2002). The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts, Identity. Cambridge University Press. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-521-77602-8.
  • Lee, James. Housing, Home Ownership and Social Change in Hong Kong (1999)
  • Lui, Adam Yuen-chung (1990). Forts and Pirates – A History of Hong Kong. Hong Kong History Society. p. 114. ISBN 962-7489-01-8.
  • Liu, Shuyong; Wang, Wenjiong; Chang, Mingyu (1997). An Outline History of Hong Kong. Foreign Languages Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-7-119-01946-8.
  • Ngo, Tak-Wing (1999). Hong Kong's History: State and Society Under Colonial Rule. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20868-0.
  • Tsang, Steve (2007). A Modern History of Hong Kong. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-419-0.
  • Welsh, Frank (1993). A Borrowed place: the history of Hong Kong. Kodansha International. p. 624. ISBN 978-1-56836-002-7.

External links

Government
Trade
International membership
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Nations
Summits
Other
World Trade Organization
System
Issues
Agreements
Ministerial
Conferences
People
Members
European Union
  1. Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, participating as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao, China".
  2. Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.

World portal

Languages
English-speaking world
English speaking countries
English speaking countries
Further links
Articles
Lists
 
  • Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority
Africa
Americas
Europe
Oceania
 
  • Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language
Africa
Americas
Asia
Europe
Oceania
Dependencies shown in italics.
Population
Metropolitan cities of China
Major metropolitan regions
Major cities
National Central Cities
Special administrative regions
Regional Central Cities
Sub-provincial cities
Provincial capitals
(Prefecture-level)
Autonomous regional capitals
Comparatively large cities
Prefecture-level cities by province
Hebei
Shanxi
Inner Mongolia
Liaoning
Jilin
Heilongjiang
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Anhui
Fujian
Jiangxi
Shandong
Henan
Hubei
Hunan
Guangdong
Guangxi
Hainan
Sichuan
Guizhou
Yunnan
Tibet
Shaanxi
Gansu
Qinghai
Ningxia
Xinjiang
Taiwan
  • (none)
Other cities (partly shown below)
Prefecture-level capitals
(County-level)
Province-governed cities
(Sub-prefecture-level)
Former Prefecture-level cities
Sub-prefecture-level cities
(Prefecture-governed)
County-level cities by province
Hebei
Shanxi
Inner Mongolia
Liaoning
Jilin
Heilongjiang
Jiangsu
Zhejiang
Anhui
Fujian
Jiangxi
Shandong
Henan
Hubei
Hunan
Guangdong
Guangxi
Hainan
  • Wuzhishan*
  • Qionghai*
  • Wenchang*
  • Wanning*
  • Dongfang*
Sichuan
Guizhou
Yunnan
Tibet
  • (none)
Shaanxi
Gansu
Qinghai
  • Yushu*
  • Golmud*
  • Delingha*
Ningxia
Xinjiang
  • Changji*
  • Fukang
  • Bole*
  • Alashankou
  • Korla*
  • Aksu*
  • Artush*
  • Kashgar*
  • Hotan*
  • Yining*
  • Kuytun
  • Korgas
  • Tacheng*
  • Wusu
  • Altay*
  • Shihezi*
  • Aral*
  • Tumxuk*
  • Wujiaqu*
  • Beitun*
  • Tiemenguan*
  • Shuanghe*
  • Kokdala*
  • Kunyu*
Taiwan
  • (none)
Notes
* Indicates this city has already occurred above.

Direct-administered municipalities. Sub-provincial cities as provincial capitals. Separate state-planning cities. Special economic-zone cities. Open coastal cities.
Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs. Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia as part of it.
Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China.
The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC, due to lack of actual jurisdiction. See Template:Administrative divisions of Taiwan instead.

All provincial capitals are listed first in prefecture-level cities by province.
Largest cities or municipalities in China
China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2020 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population
Rank Name Province Pop. Rank Name Province Pop.
Shanghai
Shanghai
Beijing
Beijing
1 Shanghai SH 24,281,400 11 Hong Kong HK 7,448,900 Guangzhou
Guangzhou
Shenzhen
Shenzhen
2 Beijing BJ 19,164,000 12 Zhengzhou HA 7,179,400
3 Guangzhou GD 13,858,700 13 Nanjing JS 6,823,500
4 Shenzhen GD 13,438,800 14 Xi'an SN 6,642,100
5 Tianjin TJ 11,744,400 15 Jinan SD 6,409,600
6 Chongqing CQ 11,488,000 16 Shenyang LN 5,900,000
7 Dongguan GD 9,752,500 17 Qingdao SD 5,501,400
8 Chengdu SC 8,875,600 18 Harbin HL 5,054,500
9 Wuhan HB 8,652,900 19 Hefei AH 4,750,100
10 Hangzhou ZJ 8,109,000 20 Changchun JL 4,730,900
World's 50 most-populous urban areas
   
  1. Tokyo
  2. Jakarta
  3. Delhi
  4. GuangzhouFoshan
  5. Mumbai
  6. Manila
  7. Shanghai
  8. Seoul
  9. Cairo
  10. Mexico City
  1. Kolkata
  2. São Paulo
  3. New York
  4. Karachi
  5. Dhaka
  6. Bangkok
  7. Beijing
  8. Moscow
  9. Shenzhen
  10. Buenos Aires
  1. Los Angeles
  2. Johannesburg-Pretoria
  3. Bengaluru
  4. Chengdu
  5. Ho Chi Minh City
  6. Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto
  7. Lagos
  8. Istanbul
  9. Lahore
  10. KinshasaBrazzaville
  1. Tehran
  2. Chongqing
  3. Rio de Janeiro
  4. Xi'an
  5. Chennai
  6. Paris
  7. Zhengzhou
  8. Luanda
  9. London
  10. Dongguan
  1. Lima
  2. Wuhan
  3. Bogotá
  4. Tianjin
  5. Hyderabad
  6. Taipei
  7. Hangzhou
  8. Nagoya
  9. Surabaya
  10. Bandung
World's 50 most-populous urban areas
   
  1. Tokyo
  2. Jakarta
  3. Delhi
  4. GuangzhouFoshan
  5. Mumbai
  6. Manila
  7. Shanghai
  8. Seoul
  9. Cairo
  10. Mexico City
  1. Kolkata
  2. São Paulo
  3. New York
  4. Karachi
  5. Dhaka
  6. Bangkok
  7. Beijing
  8. Moscow
  9. Shenzhen
  10. Buenos Aires
  1. Los Angeles
  2. Johannesburg-Pretoria
  3. Bengaluru
  4. Chengdu
  5. Ho Chi Minh City
  6. Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto
  7. Lagos
  8. Istanbul
  9. Lahore
  10. KinshasaBrazzaville
  1. Tehran
  2. Chongqing
  3. Rio de Janeiro
  4. Xi'an
  5. Chennai
  6. Paris
  7. Zhengzhou
  8. Luanda
  9. London
  10. Dongguan
  1. Lima
  2. Wuhan
  3. Bogotá
  4. Tianjin
  5. Hyderabad
  6. Taipei
  7. Hangzhou
  8. Nagoya
  9. Surabaya
  10. Bandung
Provincial-level divisions of China
Provinces
Autonomous regions
Direct-administered municipalities
Special administrative regions
Disputed province
Taiwan is claimed by the People's Republic of China but administered by the Republic of China (see political status of Taiwan).
Countries and dependencies of Asia
Sovereign states
States with limited
recognition
Dependent
territories
Australia
Greece
United Kingdom
Special administrative
regions of China
  • Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.
  • Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.

22°18′N 114°12′E / 22.3°N 114.2°E / 22.3; 114.2

Categories: