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E-liquid, e-fluid, or e-juice is the solution used in e-cigarettes. There is a vast array of e-liquids available. The main ingredients are propylene glycol, glycerin, water, nicotine, and flavorings; and optionally, tobacco-derived nicotine. The liquid typically contains 95% propylene glycol and glycerin. The most regularly used base carrier chemical is propylene glycol with or without glycerin. E-liquid containing glycerin and water made without propylene glycol is also sold. The nicotine in e-liquid may be prepared using a United States Pharmacopeia-grade nicotine, a tobacco plant extract, tobacco dust or a synthetic nicotine. Most e-cigarette liquids contain nicotine, but the level of nicotine varies depending on user-preference and manufacturers. E-liquid without nicotine is also available. Although some e-juice is nicotine-free, surveys demonstrate that 97% of e-cigarette users use products that contain nicotine. A 2015 review suggests that 1% of users use liquid without nicotine.

The solution is often sold in bottles or pre-filled disposable cartridges, or as a kit for consumers to make their own e-juices. E-liquids made at home are common. Components are also available to modify or boost their flavor or nicotine strength. Pre-made e-liquids are made with various tobacco, fruit, and other flavors, as well as variable nicotine concentrations (including nicotine-free versions). The standard notation "mg/ml" is often used on labels to denote nicotine concentration, and is sometimes shortened to "mg". In surveys of regular e-cigarette users, the most popular e-liquids have a nicotine content of 18 mg/ml, and the preferred flavors were largely tobacco, mint and fruit. A cartridge may contain 0 to 20 mg of nicotine. EU regulations cap the concentration of nicotine in e-liquid at a maximum of 20mg/mL. A refill bottle can contain up to 1 g of nicotine. Refill liquids are often sold in the size range from 15 to 30 mL. One cartridge may typically last as long as one pack of cigarettes. Some liquids without flavoring is also sold. The flavorings may be natural or artificial. About 8,000 flavors exist as of 2014. A user does not normally consume a whole cartridge in a single session. Most e-liquids are produced by a few manufacturers in China, the US and Europe. A user will usually obtain 300 to 500 puffs per mL of liquid.

Manufacturing

E-Liquids are manufactured by many producers, both in the United States and across the world. First tier manufacturers use lab suits, gloves, hair covers, inside of certified clean rooms with air filtration similar to pharmaceutical-grade production areas

References

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