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Revision as of 23:05, 6 June 2016 by Paramandyr (talk | contribs) (removed unreliable source used to write original research, Tucker, Ivan Biliarsky, Ovidiu Cristea and Anca Oroveanu, show no military operations in the Caucasus pertinent to this war.)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)| Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) | |||||||||
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 Siege of Ochakov 1788, by Russian painter January Suchodolski | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Russian Empire |
 Ottoman Empire | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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 John Paul Jones |
Husayn Pasha | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 100,000 | ? | ||||||||
| Russo-Turkish Wars | |
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| Turco-Mongol raids |
The Russo–Turkish War of 1787–1792 involved an unsuccessful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain lands lost to Russia in the course of the previous Russo-Turkish War (1768–74). It took place concomitantly with the Austro-Turkish War of 1787–91.
Background
In the spring of 1786, Catherine II of Russia made a triumphal procession through New Russia and the annexed Crimea in company with her ally, Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II. These events, the rumors about Catherine's Greek Plan and the friction caused by the mutual complaints of infringements of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, which had ended the previous war, stirred up public opinion in Constantinople, while the British and French ambassadors lent their unconditional support to the Ottoman war party.
War
On 19 August 1787, war was declared and the Russian ambassador to the Ottomans, Yakov Bulgakov, was thrown into prison, but Ottoman preparations were inadequate and the moment was ill-chosen, now that Russia and Austria were in alliance.
The Ottoman Empire opened their offensive with an attack on the two fortresses near Kinburn. Russian General Alexander Suvorov holds off these two Ottoman sea-borne attacks, securing the Crimea. While in Moldavia, Russian troops take the Ottoman cities of Chocim and Jassy. Ochakov, situated at the mouth of the Dnieper, falls on 6 Dec 1788 after a six-month siege by Prince Grigori Potemkin and Suvorov. All civilians in the captured cities are massacred on the orders of Potemkin.
Although, losing ground to the Russians, the Ottoman Empire finds some success against the Austrians, led by Emperor Joseph II, in Serbia and Transylvania.
By 1789, the Ottoman Empire is being pressed back in Moldavia by Russian and Austrian forces. Furthering this demise, on 1 August the Russians under Suvorov score a victory against the Ottomans at Focsani, followed by a Russian victory at Rimnik on 22 September. The Ottomans suffer more losses when the Austrians under General Gideon E. von Laudon defeat an Ottoman invasion of Bosnia and the Austrian counterattack takes Belgrade.
Due to a Greek revolt which draws off Ottoman military resources, the Ottoman Empire and Austria sign a truce which would last from July to September 1790. Suvorov captures the Ottoman fortress of Ismail, located at the entrance of the Danube, in December 1790.
By 1791, Russian concerns about Prussia entering the war, coupled with Austria's truce, leads to a peace treaty at Jassy.
Aftermath
Accordingly, the Treaty of Jassy was signed on 9 January 1792, recognizing Russia's 1783 annexation of the Crimean Khanate. Yedisan (Odessa and Ochakov) was also ceded to Russia, and the Dniester was made the frontier in Europe, while the Asiatic frontier—the Kuban River—remained unchanged.
The young Sultan Selim III was anxious to restore his country's prestige by a victory before making peace, but the condition of his troops made this hope impossible. On 31 January 1790, Prussia signed an offensive treaty with the Ottoman Empire, but instead of directly joining the war with the Turkish side, Prussia pressed Sweden into war against Russia despite opposition from military officers stationed in Finland. Russia in turn pressed Denmark–Norway into war against Sweden.
References
- Bailey Stone, The Genesis of the French Revolution: A Global Historical Interpretation, (Cambridge University Press, 1994), 134.
- Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond, Vol. I, ed. Timothy C. Dowling, (ABC-CLIO, 2015), 744.
- Allan Cunningham, Anglo-Ottoman Encounters in the Age of Revolution: Collected Essays, Volume 1, ed. Edward Ingram, (Frank Cass & Co. Ltd, 1993), 2.
- ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. 3, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 959.
- A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. 2, 863.
- ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. 3, 959-960.
- ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. 3, 963.
- A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. 3, 964.
- ^ A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. 3, 965.
- A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. 3, 966.
- Conflicts in 1787
- Conflicts in 1788
- Conflicts in 1789
- Conflicts in 1790
- Conflicts in 1791
- Conflicts in 1792
- Russo-Turkish Wars
- Military operations involving the Crimean Khanate
- 18th century in Ukraine
- 18th century in Russia
- 18th century in the Ottoman Empire
- 1787 in the Ottoman Empire
- 1787 in Russia
- 1792 in the Ottoman Empire
- 1792 in Russia
- 1780s in the Ottoman Empire
- 1780s in Russia
- 1790s in the Ottoman Empire
- 1790s in Russia
- Military history of Ukraine
- Catherine the Great