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A toilet is a plumbing fixture and a disposal system primarily intended for the disposal of the bodily wastes; urine, fecal matter, vomit and menses. Toilets additionally accept a paper product known as toilet paper.

The word toilet can be used to refer to the fixture itself or the room containing it; the latter predominates mainly in British and Commonwealth usage. In North American English the word toilet refers solely to the fixture itself and not to the room that contains it, thus asking for the "toilet" would seem indecent. Instead, the terms bathroom, rest room, washroom or men's room/ladies room are preferred.

History

Toilets appeared as early as the year 2500 BCE. The people of Harappa in Pakistan had water borne toilets in each house that were linked with drains covered with burnt clay bricks. There were also toilets in ancient Egypt, Persia and China. In Roman civilization, toilets were sometimes part of public bath houses where men and women were together in mixed company. Toilets can be connected into a septic tank and/or a city sewer depending upon the nature of the residence.

Etymology

The word toilet came to be used in English along with other French fashions (first noted 1681), and originally referred to the whole complex of operations of hairdressing and body care that centered at a dressing table covered to the floor with cloth (toile) and lace, on which stood a dressing glass, which might also be draped in lace: the ensemble was a toilette. Alexander Pope in The Rape of the Lock (1717) described the intricacies of a lady's preparation:

‘And now, unveil'd, the toilet stands display'd

Each silver vase in mystic order laid.’

Through the 18th century, everywhere in the English-speaking world, a toilet remained a lady's draped dressing-table. The word was adapted as a genteel euphemism for water-closet, perhaps following the French usage cabinet de toilette, much as powder-room may be coyly used today, and this has been linked to the introduction of public toilets, for example on railway trains, which required a plaque on the door. The original usage has become indelicate and largely replaced by dressing-table.

Vestiges of the original meaning continue to be reflected in terms such as toiletries, eau de toilette and toilet bag (to carry flannels, soaps and other toiletries). This seemingly contradictory terminology has served as the basis for various parodies ranging from Jeff Foxworthy's routine ("If you think that 'toilet water' is in fact toilet water, you just might be a redneck!") to Cosmopolitan magazine ("If it doesn't say 'eau de toilette' on the label, it most likely doesn't come from the famed region of Eau de Toilette en France and might not even come from toilets at all.")

The word toilet itself may be considered an impolite word in the United States, whilst elsewhere the word is used without any embarrassment. This substitution implies that toilet is a lower-class word even in their marketing: American Standard, the largest manufacturer, sells them as "toilets", yet the higher priced products of the Kohler Company, often installed in higher classes of homes, are sold in the catalog as "commodes" or "closets". Imported products from TOTO are however referred to as "toilets" even though they are also considered higher class. When referring to the room or the actual piece of equipment, the word toilet is often substituted with other euphemisms and dysphemisms. See toilet humor.

As old euphemisms have become accepted, they have been progressively replaced by newer ones, an example of the euphemism treadmill at work.

Khazi

Lexicographer Eric Partridge derives khazi, also spelt karzy, kharsie or carzey, from a low Cockney word carsey originating in the late 19th century and meaning a privvy. Carsey also referred to a den or brothel. It's presumably derived from the Italian casa for house, with the spelling influenced by similar sound to khaki.

Loo

The origin of the (chiefly British) term loo is unknown, but one theory is that it derives from a corruption of the French phrase gardez l'eau loosely translated as “watch out for the water!” The phrase served as a warning to passers-by when chamber pots were emptied from a window onto the street.

A more plausible theory comes from nautical terminology; loo being an old fashioned word for lee. The standard nautical pronunciation (in British English) of leeward is looward or lieuward. Early ships were not fitted with toilets but the crew would urinate over the side of the vessel. However it was important to use the leeward side. Using the windward side would result in the urine blown back on board. (The phrases 'pissing into the wind' and 'spitting into the wind' mean the same thing.) Even on modern yachts, most (male) yachtsmen, whilst at sea, find it more convenient to go to the loo, than to use the heads.

Another - and more likely - theory, stems from the name of one of Britain's first toilet manufacturers following on the success of Thomas Crapper's original cistern toilet, whereby one of their models was named 'Trafalgar' and another 'Waterloo', named in honour of Lord Nelson's great victory. Not surprisingly, people then politely referred to conducting their calls of nature as 'going to the Waterloo'. Through general common use, this was eventually abbreviated to 'loo'.

Jacks

In Tudor England a privy was first referred to as a jakes in 1530. In modern Ireland the cognate term jacks is still used, and is probably the predominant way of referring to the toilet.

Types of toilets

There are many different types of toilets around the world. There are also many different ways to clean oneself after using the toilet. A lot depends on national mores and local resources. The most common choice in the Western world is toilet paper, sometimes used in conjunction with the bidet; see toilet paper for a discussion of the many alternatives used through history and in different cultures. In some countries of Asia, such as India, the custom is to use water rather than paper, traditionally the left hand is used for this for which reason that hand is considered impolite or polluted in many eastern countries.

Some toilet areas are specially adapted for people with disabilities. These are wide enough to allow the entry by a person in a wheelchair and often feature hand-holds bolted to the wall, enabling the person to maneuver onto the toilet if necessary.

The most common type of toilet in the West is the flush toilet, although the squat toilet is still somewhat common in public restrooms in southern and eastern Europe (including parts of France, Greece, Italy, and the Balkans) as well as East Asia (China and Japan) and other places. However, there are many different types of toilets:

Toilets in private residences

In the developed world almost all residences have at least one toilet. In the home, a toilet may or may not be in the same room as a shower, bathtub, and/or wash basin. Recent suggestions in India would make the ownership of a toilet compulsory for all politicians. . Some toilets are still outside. One type of toilet is the tippler toilet or 'long drop'. These are based around Lancashire, England. They are flushed from a scullery and water goes down a narrow channel or gutter and flushes the toilet, which is in an

Public toilets

A public toilet may or may not cost money to use; for those that do, see pay toilet. Between the categories of outright free and outright pay toilets there is a grey area of toilets where a fee is expected, but not enforced.

Public facilities often have many toilets partitioned by stalls (US) or cubicles (UK), with the washing facilities in a separate area where other people of the same sex are present. The washing area may be common to both sexes. Facilities for men often also have separate urinals, either wall-mounted fixtures designed for a single user, or a constantly-draining basin or trough for collective use. Wall-mounted urinals are sometimes separated by small partitions or other obstructions for privacy, i.e., to keep the user's genitals hidden from public view.

Outdoor public toilets (in the street, around parks, etc.) are a form of street furniture. For mixed sex arrangements, there are cubicles varying from simple devices with little or no plumbing to more luxurious versions that automatically clean themselves after every use (for the latter, see Sanisette). Facilities without walls all around are typically for urination only, and for men only; although passers-by can see the urinating men from the back, they cannot see the genitals. These street urinals are known as pissoirs after the French term (see Urinal).

Some facilities are mobile and can thus be put in place where and when needed, e.g., for a weekend at an entertainment venue. Additionally, some can be sunk into the ground (and thereby made inoperable) for the periods that they are less needed. The idea behind this is that some people do not like the sight of a public toilet in the street, and they are more easily hidden than repeatedly moved. This type is typically installed in entertainment areas and made operational during weekend evenings and nights. Even people who are too shy to use it at daytime, tend to overcome that shyness after drinking some alcohol.

A Port-a-john is an outdoor public toilet with walls which can either be connected to the local sewage system or store the waste and be emptied from time to time. Many toilets can be cleaned on the spot, or at a central location in the case of a mobile toilet or urinal. In Europe, public toilets are also set up for cities as a compensation for advertising permits. They are part of a street furniture contract between the out-of-home advertising company and the city council. The reason for this combination is the shortage in city budgets.

Gender and public toilets

Separation by sex is characteristic of public toilets to the extent that pictograms of a man or a woman are used to indicate where the respective toilets are. These pictograms are sometimes (e.g., in California) enclosed within standard geometric forms to reinforce this information, with a circle representing a women's toilet and a triangle representing a men's facility. Pictograms depicting men and women in traditional dress (men in pants, women in skirts) have been criticized for perpetuating gender stereotypes; however, there may be no practical alternatives.

Many European toilet doors used to be (and still sometimes are) only marked "WC" (Water Closet), which can cause confusion to non-Europeans (although it should be noted that this is not common in the United Kingdom). Similarly, in the Philippines the label "CR" (comfort room) is common, which is equally unintuitive to overseas visitors.

Sex-separated public toilets are a source of difficulty for some people. For example, people with children of the opposite sex must choose between bringing the child into a toilet not designated for the child's gender, or entering a toilet not designated for one's own. Men caring for babies often find that only the women's washroom has been fitted with a change table. Disabled persons who need assistance to use the restroom have an additional problem if their helper is the opposite sex.

Sex-separated public toilets are often difficult to negotiate for transgendered or androgynous people, who are often subject to embarrassment, harassment, or even assault or arrest by others offended by the presence of a person they interpret as being of the other gender (whether due to their outward presentation or their genital status). Transgendered people have been arrested for using not only bathrooms that correspond to their gender of identification, but also ones that correspond to the sex they were born with.

Many existing public toilets are gender-neutral. Additionally, some public places (such as facilities targeted to the transgendered or LGBT communities, and a few universities and offices) provide individual washrooms that are not gender-specified, specifically in order to respond to the concerns of gender-variant people; but this remains very rare and often controversial. Various courts have ruled on whether transgendered people have the right to use the washroom of their gender of identification.

A significant number of facilities have additional gender-neutral public toilets for a different reason — they are marked not for being for females or males, but as being accessible to persons with disabilities, and are adequately equipped to allow a person using a wheelchair and/or with mobility concerns to use them.

Another recent development in public toilets is the "family restroom". Family restrooms are unisex but unlike other unisex bathrooms that allow only one user at a time, the family restroom contains multiple stalls designed for maximum privacy and communal washing area for use by both genders. The family restroom is designed so that a parent with a young child of the opposite gender can bring the child into the restroom with them without the concerns associated with single-gender restrooms. Family restrooms have started appearing in newly-built sports stadiums, amusement parks, shopping malls, and major museums.

Toilets in private homes are almost never separated by sex. However, the size of a home or facility bears on the availability of options. Small facilities are limited by their space to the toilet options they can offer; it is more common to find a higher number of choices in a large facility. The same is true for homes; in more affluent households in the USA, where the homes are usually larger, bathrooms are also often more spacious than average, and more numerous. In such homes, bathrooms (especially master bathrooms) are increasingly being designed with a small adjoining room exclusively for the toilet, as well as separate washing basins. This makes it easier for couples who share a bathroom to maintain their desired level of privacy and personal space. In Australia, it has long been the case that the toilet is in a separate room from the bathroom. However, a refinement not seen often enough in Australia is to provide a small washbasin in the same room so that users need not emerge with dirty hands.

Islam and the toilet

The Islamic faith has particular rules regarding personal hygiene when going to the toilet. This code is known as Qadaahul Haajah and is extremely prescriptive. The rules were established during times before the invention of toilet paper or toilet seats. In many parts of the Moslem World, squat toilets are the norm and toilet paper remains rare and its use a matter of dispute. The following rules should be observed by strict Moslems:

• Say before entering the toilet: In the name of Allah, O Allah! I seek refuge with You from all offensive and wicked things (Al-Bukhaaree)
• One should enter the toilet with the left foot and leave with the right foot.
• It is not permissible to enter the toilet whilst carrying or wearing anything bearing the name of Allah, such as the Quran, or any book with the name of Allah in it, or jewelry such as bracelets or necklaces engraved with the name of Allah.
• One should remain silent whilst on the toilet. Talking, answering greetings or greeting others is forbidden.
• One should not face nor turn your back on Mecca whilst relieving yourself. One should sit at 90 degrees.
• One should be out of sight of people when going to the toilet.
• It is forbidden to relieve oneself whilst standing up, lying down or if you are completely nude.
• One should avoid going to the toilet anywhere where people may take rest or gather for any purpose.
• Do not raise clothes until you get close to the ground and do not uncover the body any more than is needed.
• One should sit on the feet (e.g. squat) keeping thighs wide apart with the stress on the left foot.
• Do not look to the private parts of the body nor the waste matter passed from the body.
• Do not sit more than needed.
• Do not spit, blow nose, look hither and thither, touch the body unnecessarily nor look towards the sky but relieve oneself with the eyes downcast in modesty.
• After relieving oneself it is essential to perform Istinjaa (washing with water) of the anus and/or genitals with the left hand and water. The precise mode of performing Istinjaa has also been defined by religious leaders: "At the beginning of Istinja, it is preferable to use toilet paper three times. If Istinjaa is being done on a hot day, then the person should start from the front to the back and then from the back to the front and the third time from the front to the back. If Istinjaa is being done on a cold day, then he should begin from the back to the front. After wiping, he should wash his hand first and then he should cleanse himself with two fingers and three fingers if necessary together with ‘pouring’ water. When using the two fingers, one should keep the middle finger in front and the ring and index finger behind it. After beginning with the fingers in this position, he should bring the ring finger forward and rub with the middle finger and ring finger. Thereafter, he will wipe with the index finger, if necessary. He should continue until all the impurity and smell is removed. The left over water after Istinjaa is paak only if there is no impurity in it." (Mufti Ebrahim Desai) And further: "To wash the orifice with water, even though no filth is stuck to it after relieving oneself, is desirable. If the filth is sticking to it (less than a Dirham or equal to it) then the use of water is 'Sunnah' (optional) and in the case the filth stuck to the orifice is more than a Dirham then its washing with the water is 'Fard'. (obligatory)" Islamic Academy
• Other than toilet paper, water and the left hand Istinjaa can be performed with earth, grit, stones and worn-out cloths provided they are all clean. It is forbidden to perform Istinyaa with bone, any edible item, dry dung, baked brick, potsherd, coal, fodder, writing paper and anything which has even a small value.
• After this process the hands should also be washed.
• When leaving the toilet one should say the following prayer: Praise be to Allah who relieved me of the filth and gave me relief.

Toilets in public transport

There are usually toilets in airliners, regional rail trains, and often in long-distance buses and ferries, but not in metros, school buses, trams, and other buses. Many newer trains have a waste reservoir, but, in older trains and still in some newer ones, the contents simply fall on the tracks, hence the notice which appears in many train toilets: "Please do not flush while the train is standing at a station".

See also: Passenger train toilets

"High-tech" toilets

Advanced technology is being integrated into toilets with more functions, especially in Japan - see Japanese toilet. The biggest maker of these toilets is TOTO. Such toilets can cost from US$2,000 to $4,000. The features are operated by control pads (sometimes with bilingual labels), and even hand-held remote control devices. Some of these features are:

• Water jets, or "bottom washers" like a bidet, as an alternative to toilet paper
• The "Portable Washlet," Toto's portable hand-held bottom washer
• Blow dryers, to dry the body after use of water jets
• Artificial flush sounds, to mask noises such as body functions
• Urine and stool analysis, for medical monitoring. Matsushita's "Smart Toilet" checks blood pressure, temperature, and blood sugar.
• Digital clock, to monitor time spent in the bathroom
• Automatic lid operation, to open and close the lid
• Heated seats
• Deodorizing fans
• Automated paper toilet seat cover replacers, automatically replaces paper toilet seat covers with the push of a button.

Culture

Disposal

The connection made between toilets and dirt, or distasteful items, has led to them being also used to dispose of wedding rings, letters or critical reviews with which one disagrees (cf. Goethe's example). In this case, the use is partly (and in many cultures very strongly) symbolic, as in most human cultures the places used to dispose of faeces and urine have some connotation related to dirtiness or rejection.

Graffiti

For thousands of years, public toilets have been associated with graffiti, often of a transgressive, gossippy, or low-brow humorous nature (cf. toilet humour). The word latrinalia —from latrine 'toilet' and -alia, signifying a worthless collection—was coined to describe this kind of graffiti.

Furtive sexual relations

Similarly, toilets have long been associated with furtive sexual relations. These include assignations ("for a good time call..." messages, note-passing between stalls) as well as the acts themselves, for which dalliances toilets provide a convenient (though not necessarily sanitary or romantic) venue.

For many years, gay men have used them for "cruising" (anonymous sexual contact). When used for such purposes, public toilets are often referred to as "Roman tea rooms", often just shortened to "T-rooms". In the United Kingdom, the act of picking up a sexual partner for a same-sex 'quickie' is better known as cottaging, a cottage in the general sense being a small, cosy, countryside home. The playwright Joe Orton made reference to this practice in his plays.

Particularly associated with toilets is the use of glory holes for peeping, or anonymous fellatio. Another example, equally open to heterosexual participation, would be sex in airplane toilets, which is reflected in the phrase "Mile High Club".

Social bonding

Additionally, toilets are important arenas of male as well as female social bonding. Boys and girls may use the facilities to talk about sporting events, politics, gossip or to urinate. Often, children will sneak into the restroom designated to the opposite sex as an intentional act of boundary-transgression.

In many cultures, each gender has its own distinct "toilet etiquette." American women may invite one another to go to the toilet together, and once inside, chat with abandon. Men tend to be more reticent and may even experience pee shyness; yet they too may feel a certain camaraderie. This is often more easily felt during outdoor, toilet-less urination i.e. on a tree, a wall, etc.

Unusual uses

American President Lyndon Johnson would occasionally want to receive staff members while he sat on the toilet.

In the wake of the 2003 cartoon film Finding Nemo, a number of children sought to help their tropical fish "escape" captivity by means of the toilet. Many sewage treatment plants responded by announcing that live animals in the sewer are almost certainly killed by the treatment process.

Several movies include comic scenes involving eruptions of water and/or sewage while a character is sitting on the toilet. (e.g., Goonies, Not Another Teen Movie). See also: Toilet humour.

The "Great Equalizer"

The toilet is noted as one of the unifiers of humanity, as people of all social classes must use it. Simply put, everyone poops, and this factor of biology is seen by some to be unifying.

In Poland, it is reflected by calling the toilet euphemistically as the place, "gdzie nawet król chodzi piechotą" (where even the king walks by himself). A similar saying was used in imperial Germany, and a similar saying is still known in Hungary "ahová a király is gyalog jár" (where to even the king goes by foot).

Toilets as Refuge

Because of the privacy associated with restrooms, they are perceived by some as places of solace. For example, one might go to the restroom at work simply to escape from the pressures of coworkers, or a school restroom to escape harassment by peers, or the restroom at home to escape domestic troubles. Because of the solace of restrooms, many people also bring books into them to read while or after defecating.

Bibliography

• Temples of Convenience - And Chambers of Delight by Lucinda Lambton
• Thunder, Flush and Thomas Crapper by Adam Hart-Davis
• Bernard Share Slanguage - a dictionary of Irish slang (Dublin,1997) ISBN 0-7171-2683-8

• USC MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts
• Islamicacademy.org; Islam the Glorious Religion, Chapter 2
• Ask the Imam: Islamic Q & A Online with Mufti Ebrahim Desai

See also

• Washroom architecture
• World Toilet Organization (organizers of the annual "World Toilet Summit")
• Ecological sanitation
• Bidet, Domestic water system
• Toilet paper
• Hygiene
• Cleaning bathrooms
• Excretion, Urination, Defecation
• Human feces
• Japanese toilet
• Jonathan Routh, for his publications The Good Loo Guide (to London), Guide Porcelaine to the Loos of Paris, and The Better John Guide (to New York).

• New Scientist magazine has had over the years articles on non-smelling, fly-less pit toilets.

• Toilet roll holder
• Toilet-related injury
• Human toilet

External links

• Modern "high-tech" Bidet Toilet
• Toilets in Thailand
• History of Public Toilets
• How toilets are made
• http://www.worldtoilet.org - official website of the World Toilet Organisation
• World Toilet Guide - Comparison of toilet experiences around the world
• UK law against sex in a public toilet
• Toilets of the World - photo gallery and other resources.
• Wells and Toilets - A short history of wells and toilets, free book in pdf format (2005)
• The Bathroom Diaries Reviews of public restrooms.
• Australian National Public Toilet Map (and trip-planner) with over 14,000 listings
• The Toilet Museum
• Toilet etiquette explained.
• Dual Flush Toilets

• Toilets