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Revision as of 11:55, 10 September 2006 by 85.112.75.252 (talk) (→External links)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)- "Go-kart" and similar terms redirect here. For unmotorised "go-karts", see Soapbox (car).
Kart racing (as the word is so spelled by enthusiasts) or karting is a variant of open-wheeler motor sport with simple, small four-wheeled vehicles called karts, go-karts, or gearbox/shifter karts depending on the design. By definition a kart must have no suspension (relying on chassis flex), and no differential (solid back axle). They are usually raced on scaled-down tracks, but are sometimes driven as entertainment or as a hobby by non-professionals. Karting is commonly perceived as the stepping stone to the higher and more expensive ranks of motorsports. Karts were initially created in the United States in the 1950s post-war period by airmen as a way to pass spare time. Art Ingels is generally accepted to be the father of karting. He built the first kart in Southern California in 1956. Karting has rapidly spread to other countries, and it currently has a large following in Europe. Karts vary in speed and some can reach speeds exceding 160mph. A TKM kart with a 100cc 2 stroke engine and an overall weight including the driver of 145 kilograms, can accelerate from 0-60mph in under 4 seconds, and has a top speed of 75mph. It has a better power to weight ratio than a Ferrari F50. A kart like this can be driven by race licence holders over the age of 11.
Components
Chassis
The chassis, a very important element of the kart because it must be flexible enough to work as a suspension and stern enough not to break or give way on a turn. If the chassis were not this way, the grip of the rear wheels would exceed the grip of the fronts, and the kart would not turn in to the corner. Kart chassis are also classified as 'open,' 'caged,' 'straight,' or 'offset.' Caged karts have a roll cage surrounding the driver, and open karts have no roll cage. Caged karts are not used in Europe. In straight chassis the driver sits in the center, but in offset chassis the driver sits on the left side. Straight chassis are used for sprint racing and offset chassis are used for speedway racing.
The stiffness of the chassis enables different handling characteristics for different circumstances. Typically, for dry conditions a stiffer chassis is preferable, while in wet or other poor traction conditions, a more flexible chassis is better for some karts. For other classes / driving styles, there will be stiffening bars on the kart which are done up tightly for dry and loosened to give more flex for wet conditions. Further complications can be added by changing floor pan materials / fastenings to change the effective stiffness of the chassis.
Professionally raced karts typically weigh 200 to 300 lb (100 to 150 kg). Avanti Kart, Birel, CRG and Mach 1 Kart are a few well known examples of the many European manufacturers of race-quality chassis. These usually cost around £1700. American companies in the shifter kart market include: GT Race Karts, Trackmagic and Margay. (List of karting manufacturers)
Motor and fuel
While hobby go-karts depend on gravity for propulsion (these are called soap-box carts or billy karts), racing karts use a small engine. Several types are available, as well as differing fuel options. Gasoline 2-stroke or 4-stroke engines are the most common type, but other types of propulsion are available:
- Engines running methanol (or other alcohol-based fuels)
- Petrol (Gasoline) engines converted to run on propane or methane
- Pressurised gas, using a cylinder carried with the kart
- Electric motors powered by kart-mounted batteries
4-stroke engines are typically standard lawn mower engines, sometimes with small modifications, developing from about 5 to 20 hp (4 to 15 kW). Briggs & Stratton, Tecumseh, Kohler, Robin, and Honda are manufacturers of such engines. They are plenty adequate for racing and fun cart applications.
2-stroke engines were originally taken from motorcycles, but have become a kart-specialised item with dedicated manufacturers, Vortex being one example. These can develop from about 16 hp to 30 hp (12 to 22 kW) for a single-cylinder 100 cc unit to 90 hp (67 kW) for a twin 250 cc. The most popular categories worldwide are those using 100 cc engines and the "Touch-and-Go" 125 cc units. A typical 100 cc or 125 cc TaG engine costs around £1500, and a 125 cc gearbox engine about £2000.
Transmission
Karts do not have a differential. The lack of a differential means that one rear tyre must slide while cornering. This is achieved by designing the chassis so that the inside rear tyre lifts up slightly when the kart turns the corner. This allows the tyre to slide and lose some of its grip or lift off the ground completely, sometimes 3 or 4 inches from the ground depending on the corner, chassis setup or driving style. Recreational karts have fixed gearing, which in part, determines their top speed. They are usually limited to about 60 mph (100km/h) for sprint karts and about 105 mph (160 km/h) for enduro karts. In the very early days karts were direct drive, but the inconvenience of that setup soon led to the centrifugal clutch for the club level classes. At first the clutches were "dry", but the oil bath or "slipper" clutch became common later. These slipper clutches allow the high rpm kart engines to stay higher on their power curve at low speeds, and produce impressive acceleration as they engage. Another method of transmission is the torque converter. It is mainly used in fun cart set ups, but can be successfully used in karts built for racing. The torque converter works where there is a belt on two pulleys, and when RPMs increase, the belt moves higher and higher in the groove of the one pulley, and gradually making the gear ratio bigger.
However, the top international classes still use direct drive engines, the reasoning being that at this level drivers should be good enough to stay on the track during the race and hence not need to restart their karts. Unclutched engines will be used at this level until 2007 when the rules will change.
More serious kart racers in the USA prefer shifter karts, which have a six-speed manual transmission and a clutch to make better use of the more powerful engine. Some of these gearboxes are operated with wheel-mounted paddles. In Europe, competitive kart racers tend to prefer fixed gear 100 cc or 125 cc machines although shifters of 125 cc, 250 cc and occasionally 210 cc are also raced. Typical top speeds of racing karts are around 105 mph (160 km/h) for fixed gear and in excess of 160 mph (260 km/h) for the best shifters.
Tires
Wheels and tires are much smaller than those used on a normal car. Similar to other motorsports, kart tyres have different types for use appropriate to track conditions:
- Slicks for dry weather. In international level racing these are some of the softest and most advanced tires in motorsport and a development ground for Formula One.
- Rain tires for wet weather
- Intermediates for damp or low traction conditions. Sometimes worn wet tire can be used.
- Special, such as spiked tire for icy conditions, or cuts for high grip dirt/clay speedways. Cuts are modified slicks using a lathe to optimize handling while spiked tyres are slicks with screws through them.
Tires are sometimes prepared with special solvents to soften them and increase grip, however this is banned by many racing organizations. These solvents typically affect the behavior of the tire temporarily and are most often destructive to the rubber. The tire can support acceleration round corners at 2 G (20 m/s²), depending on chassis, engine, and motor setup.
Racing
Kart racing is generally accepted as the most economic form of motorsport available. As a free-time activity, it can be performed by almost anybody, and as a motorsport in itself, it is one of the sports regulated by FIA (under the guise of CIK), permitting licensed racing for anyone from the age of 8 onward. In the USA there is not as much FIA involvement, instead the IKF (International Kart Federation) and WKA (World Karting Association) regulate racing.
A variety of kart circuits permit the sport to be practised, although only homologated ones can have official races.
Typically, race formats are one of the following:
Sprint
The sprint format is a series of short-duration races, normally for a small number of laps, that qualify for a final, with a variety of point scoring calculations to determine the event's overall winner. Typical duration does not normally exceed 15 minutes. Here, speed and successful passing is of the most importance. It normally occurs in the format of three qualifying heats and a final race for trophy positions.
The FIA championships, including the Karting World Championship, take place in this format.
Endurance
Endurance races last for an extended period, from 30 minutes up to 24 hours or more, for one or more drivers. In general, consistency, reliability, and pit strategy is of greater importance than all out speed.
Speedway
Speedway kart races range in length from 4 laps, for a trophy dash, to 20 laps, for a main event. Due to full course yellow flags, which to do not count toward lap totals, races can last as long as 30 minutes. Speedway follow a three race format like sprint races and take place on both asphalt and clay tracks. These tracks are normally between 1/6 mile and ¼ mile long. The majority of tracks are 1/5 mile long though and primarily consist of four corners, which creates an oval shape; however, few tracks are symmetric. Often times, the shape parallels that of an egg or a tri-oval. Speedway racing emphasizes chassis set-up and environment wise tyre selection.
Categories
There are many different classes or formulae in karting. The FIA sanctions international championships in JICA, Intercontinental A, Formula A, Intercontinental C, Super ICC and Superkart Division 1 and Division 2. These are regarded as the top levels of karting and are also raced in national championships. The world Championship is also decided here. The current world champion is Oliver Oakes from the UK, who currently in 2006, is racing in the Formula BMW UK Championship, for Carlin Motorsport.
Many people race in Spec series such as Rotax Max (a Touch-and-Go class), Formula TKM or those using the Yamaha KT100 engine, and Cadet classes for ages 8 to 12 are usually popular.
In the United States, the biggest proportion of racers are in the dirt oval classes which often use Briggs & Stratton industrial engines.
In Australia, Classes include Midget, Rookie, Junior and Senior.
Karting as a learning tool
Kart racing is usually used as a low-cost and relatively safe way to introduce drivers to motor racing. Many people associate it with young drivers, but adults are also very active in karting. Karting is considered the first step in any serious racer's career. It can prepare the driver for high-speed wheel-to-wheel racing by helping develop quick reflexes, precision car control, and decision-making skills. In addition, it brings an awareness of the various parameters that can be altered to try to improve the competitiveness of the kart (examples being tyre pressure, gearing, seat position, chassis stiffness) that also exist in other forms of motor racing. Racing schools such as the Bondurant Kart Racing School and Endurance Karting School have come along to teach these novice and advanced karters.
As well as "serious" competitive kart racing, many commercial enterprises offer casual hire of karts. Such karts are usually powered by small, detuned four-stroke engines and are far slower than the fully-fledged competitive versions.
Many, perhaps most Formula One racers grew up racing karts, most prominent among them Michael Schumacher, Ayrton Senna, Alain Prost, Fernando Alonso and Kimi Räikkönen. Many NASCAR drivers also got their start in racing from karts, such as Darrell Waltrip, Lake Speed, Ricky Rudd, Tony Stewart, and Jeff Gordon.
A popular video game rendition is the Mario Kart series created by Nintendo. Also, many childrens' video game racing titles (i.e. Crash Team Racing and Konami Krazy Racers) feature karts as the main vehicles. A much more advanced Karting game is international SuperKarts for PS2. Image on the front cover is from Carver Barracks Kart club.
The most celebrated karting series in the UK is the National karting series, also known as Super 1. There are 3 types of Super 1 championships: 1.) MSA. The MSA Super 1 National Championships incorporates Formula A, Formula ICA, Junior I.C.A, 100 National and Formula Cadet. 2.) Rotax. This Super 1 Series incorporates the 4 Rotax Max classes: Senior Max, Junior Max, Minimax and Rotax 177 3.) TKM. This series incorporates the Senior TKM Extreme class, Formula Senior TKM 4 Stroke, Junior TKM 2 stroke, Junior TKM intermediate,Formula Junior TKM 4 Stroke and for the first time in 2006 the Honda Cadet class.
External links
- Tarporley Karting Team
- Karting Techniques How to drive a racing kart
- KartSportNews.com Karting news, features, tech, profiles, results, photos from Australia
- Teka.com.au The Endurance Karting Association (Australia Only)
- World Karting Association (USA only)
- ekartingnews.com: (Click on 'New to Karting' link at the top of the page for a good introduction and FAQ.)
- Karting History USA & Karting History Europe
- Endurance Karting The largest US kart racing school and race organizer
- DIY Go Kart Plans Resource for home-built go karts.
- DIY Lebanese Karting Community A Website containing lots of information and community information