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Antarctica is a continent located around earth's South Polealmost entirely covered by ice. Antarctica has no permanent residents, but a number of governments maintain permanent research stations on the continent. Many of the stations are manned around the year. These include:
- Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, South Pole (U.S. Antarctic Program)
- McMurdo Station, Ross Island (U.S.)
- Scott Base, Ross Island (New Zealand)
- Halley (75S, 26W) British Antarctic Survey
- Rothera (67S, 68W) British Antarctic Survey
- SANAE (South African National Antarctic Expeditions), on the Fimbul Coastal Ice Shelf in Queen Maud Land
Edward Bransfield discovered Antarctica on January 30, 1820.
Territorial claims
- Argentine: 25°W to 74°W; Overlaps Chilean and British Claims; Claimed in 1943.
- Australian: 160°E to 142°E and 136°E to 45°E; Claimed in 1933.
- Brazilian: 28°W to 53°W; Overlaps Argetine, British and Chilean Claims; Zone of Interest Designated: 1986
- Chilean: 53°W to 90°W; Overlaps Argentine and British Claims; Claimed in 1940
- French: 142°E to 136°E; Claimed: 1924.
- New Zealand: 150°W to 160°E; Claimed: 1923.
- Norwegian: 45°E to 20°E (Queen Maud Land) and Peter I Island; Claimed: 1938.
- British: 20°W to 80°W; Overlaps Argentine and Chilean Claims; Claimed: 1908.
Old claims:
- German: 20°E to 10°W; Ovelapped Norwegian claim; Claimed: 1939-1945.
- South African: xxx°y to xxx°y; Claimed: 1963-1994.
The Antarctic Treaty defers these claims and most other nations do not recognize them. No other nations have made claims themselves, although the United States and Russia assert the right to do so. No formal claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west.