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Abundance of elements in Earth's crust

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Abundance (atom fraction) of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number. The rarest elements in the crust (shown in yellow) are not the heaviest, but are rather the siderophile (iron-loving) elements in the Goldschmidt classification of elements. These have been depleted by being relocated deeper into the Earth's core. Their abundance in meteoroids is higher. Additionally, tellurium and selenium have been depleted from the crust due to formation of volatile hydrides.

This table shows the estimated abundances of elements in Earth's crust. Numbers show percentage or parts per million (ppm) in mass; 10,000 ppm = 1%.

Rank Z Element Symbol Lithosphere abundance Relative proportion (ppm) Abundance in crust (ppm) Abundance in crust (ppm) Abundance in crust (ppm) Production (2012, tonnes)
1 8 oxygen O 466,000 474,000 460,000 467,100 461,000
2 14 silicon Si 277,200 277,100 270,000 276,900 282,000 7,600,000
3 13 aluminium Al 81,300 82,000 82,000 80,700 82,300 44,900,000
4 26 iron Fe 50,000 41,000 63,000 50,500 56,300 1,100,000,000
5 20 calcium Ca 36,300 41,000 50,000 36,500 41,500
6 11 sodium Na 28,300 23,000 23,000 27,500 23,600 280,000,000
7 19 potassium K 25,900 21,000 15,000 25,800 20,900 34,000
8 12 magnesium Mg 20,900 23,000 29,000 20,800 23,300 750,000
9 22 titanium Ti 4,400 5,600 6,600 6,200 5,600 6,500,000
10 1 hydrogen H 1,400 1,500 1,400 1,400
11 15 phosphorus P 1,200 1,000 1,000 1,300 1,050
12 25 manganese Mn 1,000 950 1,100 900 950 16,000,000
13 9 fluorine F 800 950 540 290 585
14 56 barium Ba 500 340 340 500 425
15 6 carbon C 300 480 1,800 940 200
16 38 strontium Sr 370 360 370 380,000
17 16 sulfur S 500 260 420 520 350 70,000,000
18 40 zirconium Zr 190 130 250 165 1,420,000
19 74 tungsten W 160.6 1.1 1.25 73,000
20 23 vanadium V 100 160 190 120 63,000
21 17 chlorine Cl 500 130 170 450 145 280,000,000
22 24 chromium Cr 100 100 140 350 102 7,890,000
23 37 rubidium Rb 300 90 60 90
24 28 nickel Ni 80 90 190 84 2,100,000
25 30 zinc Zn 75 79 70 13,000,000
26 29 copper Cu 100 50 68 60 17,000,000
27 58 cerium Ce 68 60 66.5
28 60 neodymium Nd 38 33 41.5
29 57 lanthanum La 32 34 39
30 39 yttrium Y 30 29 33 8,900
31 7 nitrogen N 50 25 20 19 137,000,000
32 27 cobalt Co 20 30 25 110,000
33 3 lithium Li 20 17 20 37,000
34 41 niobium Nb 20 17 20 69,000
35 31 gallium Ga 18 19 19
36 21 scandium Sc 16 26 22
37 82 lead Pb 14 10 14 5,200,000
38 62 samarium Sm 7.9 6 7.05
39 90 thorium Th 12 6 9.6
40 59 praseodymium Pr 9.5 8.7 9.2
41 5 boron B 950 8.7 10 4,600,000
42 64 gadolinium Gd 7.7 5.2 6.2
43 66 dysprosium Dy 6 6.2 5.2
44 72 hafnium Hf 5.3 3.3 3.0
45 68 erbium Er 3.8 3.0 3.5
46 70 ytterbium Yb 3.3 2.8 3.2
47 55 caesium Cs 3 1.9 3
48 4 beryllium Be 2.6 1.9 2.8 230
49 50 tin Sn 0 2.2 2.2 2.3 230,000
50 63 europium Eu 2.1 1.8 2.0
51 92 uranium U 0 1.8 2.7 66,512
52 73 tantalum Ta 2 1.7 2.0 765
53 32 germanium Ge 1.8 1.4 1.5 128
54 42 molybdenum Mo 1.5 1.1 1.2 250,000
55 33 arsenic As 1.5 2.1 1.8 44,000
56 67 holmium Ho 1.4 1.2 1.3
57 65 terbium Tb 1.1 0.94 1.2
58 69 thulium Tm 0.48 0.45 0.52
59 35 bromine Br 0.37 3 2.4 580,000
60 81 thallium Tl 0.6 0.530 0.850 10
61 71 lutetium Lu 0.5
62 51 antimony Sb 0.2 0.2 0.2 180,000
63 53 iodine I 0.14 0.490 0.450 28,000
64 48 cadmium Cd 0.11 0.15 0.15 23,000
65 47 silver Ag 0.070 0.080 0.075 24,000
66 80 mercury Hg 0.05 0.067 0.085 1,600
67 34 selenium Se 0.05 0.05 0.05 2,000
68 49 indium In 0.049 0.160 0.250 670
69 83 bismuth Bi 0.048 0.025 0.0085 7,400
70 52 tellurium Te 0.005 0.001 0.001
71 78 platinum Pt 0.003 0.0037 0.005 179
72 79 gold Au 0.0011 0.0031 0.004 2,700
73 44 ruthenium Ru 0.001 0.001 0.001
74 46 palladium Pd 0.0006 0.0063 0.015 200
75 75 rhenium Re 0.0004 0.0026 0.0007 52
76 77 iridium Ir 0.0003 0.0004 0.001
77 45 rhodium Rh 0.0002 0.0007 0.001
78 76 osmium Os 0.0001 0.0018 0.0015
  1. 5,000 tonnes of annual production is electronic grade

See also

References

  1. "Elements, Terrestrial Abundance". www.daviddarling.info. Archived from the original on 10 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-14. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. Barbalace, Kenneth. "Periodic Table of Elements". Environmental Chemistry.com. Retrieved 2007-04-14.
  3. "Abundance in Earth's Crust". WebElements.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-14. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. "List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth's crust". Israel Science and Technology Homepage. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
  5. "It's Elemental — The Periodic Table of Elements". Jefferson Lab. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-14. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. Commodity Statistics and Information. USGS. All production numbers are for mines, except for Al, Cd, Fe, Ge, In, N, Se (plants, refineries), S (all forms) and As, Br, Mg, Si (unspecified). Data for B, K, Ti, Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide, data for Na and Cl are for NaCl. For many elements like Si, Al, data are ambiguos (many forms produced) and are taken for the pure element. U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet . WNA.
  7. Emsley, John (2001). Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements. Oxford University Press. pp. 240–242. ISBN 0-19-850341-5.
  • BookRags, Periodic Table.
  • World Book Encyclopedia, Exploring Earth.
  • HyperPhysics, Georgia State University, Abundance of Elements in Earth's Crust.
  • Data Series 140, Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States, Version 2011, USGS .
  • Eric Scerri, The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance, Oxford University Press, 2007
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