Misplaced Pages

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 202.69.36.15 (talk) at 04:56, 22 September 2006. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

You must add a |reason= parameter to this Cleanup template – replace it with {{Cleanup|July 2006|reason=<Fill reason here>}}, or remove the Cleanup template.

Measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate the value of goods and services produced in an economy. They use a system of national accounts or national accounting first developed during the 1940s. Some of the more common measures are Gross National Product (GNP), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross National Income (GNI), Net National Product (NNP), and Net National Income (NNI). Formerly in the Soviet Union and its satellite states COMECON, Net Material Product (NMI) was estimated (NNP-Services). In relation to greening the national accounts the United States Congressional Budget Office concludes "a gradual process of modifying measures of national economic performance is consistent with the history and development of the national accounts."

There are at least two or three different ways of calculating these numbers. The expenditure approach determines aggregate demand, or Gross National Expenditure, by summing consumption, investment, government expenditure and net exports. On the other hand, the income approach and the closely related output approach can be seen as the summation of consumption, savings and taxation. The three methods must yield the same results because the total expenditures on goods and services (GNE) must by definition be equal to the value of the goods and services produced (GNP) which must be equal to the total income paid to the factors that produced these goods and services (GNI).

In actual fact, there will be minor differences in the results obtained from the various methods due to changes in inventory levels. This is because goods in inventory have been produced (and therefore included in GDP), but not yet sold (and therefore not yet included in GNE). Similar timing issues can also cause a slight discrepancy between the value of goods produced (GDP) and the payments to the factors that produced the goods, particularly if inputs are purchased on credit.

Gross National Product

Gross National Product (GNP) is the total value of final goods and services produced in a year by a country's nationals (including profits from capital held abroad).

Final goods

Final of the tires would be counted once when they are sold to the car manufacturer, and again when the car is sold

Gross Domestic Product

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) m foreigners that correspond to goods and services produced abroad using factor inputs supplied by domestic sources. To GDP is a better measure of the state of production in the short term. GNP is better when analysing sources and uses of income.

Gross Value Added

The Gross value added is:

• GDP - taxes on products + subsidies on products = GVA
• GVA + taxes on products - subsidies on products = GDP

In the Income Approach

• Net National Product (NNP) is GNP minus depreciation
• Net National Income (NNI) is NNP minus indirect taxes
• Personal Income (PI) is NNI minus retained earnings, corporate taxes but it includes transfer payments, and interest on the public debt
• Personal Disposable Income (PDI) is PI minus personal taxes.

S = personal savings
C = personal consumption
PDI = personal disposable income
T_P = personal taxes paid
TP_P = personal transfer payments received from governments
PI = personal income
RE = retained earnings
T_C = corporate taxes
TP_C = corporate transfer payments from governments
I_G = interest on the public debt
NNI = net national income
T_IN = indirect taxes
NNP = net national product
D = depreciation
GNP = gross national product

S + C = PDI

S + C + T_P - TP_P = PI

S + C + T_P - TP_P + RE + T_C - TP_C - I_G = NNI

S + C + T_P - TP_P + RE + T_C - TP_C - I_G + T_IN = NNP

S + C + T_P - TP_P + RE + T_C - TP_C - I_G + T_IN + D = GNP

Real and nominal values

Nominal GNP measures the value of output during a given year using the prices prevailing during that year. Over time, the general level of prices rise due to inflation, leading to an increase in nominal GNP even if the volume of goods and services produced is unchanged.

Real GNP measures the value of output in two or more different years by valuing the goods and services adjusted for inflation. For example, if both the "nominal GNP" and price level doubled between 1995 and 2005, the "real GNP" would remain the same. For year over year GNP growth, "real GNP" is usually used as it gives a more accurate view of the economy.

National income and welfare

GNP per person is often used as a measure of people's welfare. Countries with higher GNP often score highly on other measures of welfare, such as life expectancy. However, there are serious limitations to the usefulness of GNP as a measure of welfare:

• Measures of GNP typically exclude unpaid economic activity, most importantly domestic work such as childcare. This can lead to distortions; for example, a paid childminder's income will contribute to GNP, whereas an unpaid mother's time spent caring for her children will not, even though they are both carrying out the same economic activity.
• GNP takes no account of the inputs used to produce the output. For example, if everyone worked for twice the number of hours, then GNP might roughly double, but this does not necessarily mean that workers are better off as they would have less leisure time. Similarly, the impact of economic activity on the environment is not directly taken into account in calculating GNP.
• Comparison of GNP from one country to another may be distorted by movements in exchange rates. Measuring national income at purchasing power parity can help to overcome this problem.
• GNP does not take into account many factors that may be important to quality of life, such as the quality of the environment (as distinct from the input value) and security from crime. This can lead to distortions - for example, spending on cleaning up an oil spill is included in GNP, but the negative impact of the spill on well-being (e.g. loss of clean beaches) is not taken into account.
• GNP is the mean wealth rather than median wealth. Countries with a skewed income distribution may have a relatively high per-capita GNP while the majority of its citizens have a relatively low level of income, due to concentration of wealth in the hands of a small fraction of the population. See Gini coefficient.

Because of this, other measures of welfare such as the Human Development Index (HDI), Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW), Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) and Sustainable National Income (SNI) have been suggested.

National accounting formulas (expenditure approach)

C = Personal consumption expenditures
I = Gross private domestic investment
G = Government consumption expenditures
X = Gross exports of goods and services
M = Gross imports of goods and services
NR = Net income from assets abroad (net income receipts)
CC = Depriciation
IBT = Indirect business taxes
NDP = Net Domestic Product
NI = National Income
PI = Personal Income
DI = Disposable income

Note: (X - M) is often written as "NX," which stands for "Net Exports"

GDP = C + I + G + (X - M)
GNP = C + I + G + (X - M) + NR
NI = C + I + G + (X - M) + NR - CC - IBT

The Flow of Income
GDP - depreciation = NDP
NDP - IBT + net foreign factor income = NI
NI - corporate taxes - retained eranings - social security + transfer payments + net interest = PI
PI - personal taxes = DI