Misplaced Pages

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 164.77.172.180 (talk) at 17:56, 26 May 2017 (→Spacetime). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Beyond the Standard Model
Simulated Large Hadron Collider CMS particle detector data depicting a Higgs boson produced by colliding protons decaying into hadron jets and electrons
Standard Model
Evidence Hierarchy problem Dark matter Dark energy Quintessence Phantom energy Dark radiation Dark photon Cosmological constant problem Strong CP problem Neutrino oscillation
Theories Brans–Dicke theory Cosmic censorship hypothesis Fifth force F-theory Theory of everything Unified field theory Grand Unified Theory Technicolor Kaluza–Klein theory 6D (2,0) superconformal field theory Noncommutative quantum field theory Quantum cosmology Brane cosmology String theory Superstring theory M-theory Mathematical universe hypothesis Mirror matter Randall–Sundrum model N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory Twistor string theory Dark fluid Doubly special relativity de Sitter invariant special relativity Causal fermion systems Black hole thermodynamics Unparticle physics Graviphoton Graviscalar Graviton Gravitino Massive gravity Gauge gravitation theory Gauge theory gravity CPT symmetry
Supersymmetry MSSM NMSSM Superstring theory M-theory Supergravity Supersymmetry breaking Extra dimensions Large extra dimensions
Quantum gravity False vacuum String theory Spin foam Quantum foam Quantum geometry Loop quantum gravity Quantum cosmology Loop quantum cosmology Causal dynamical triangulation Causal fermion systems Causal sets Canonical quantum gravity Semiclassical gravity Superfluid vacuum theory
Experiments ANNIE Gran Sasso INO LHC SNO Super-K Tevatron NOvA
v t e

In physics, a spinfoam or spin foam is a topological structure made out of two-dimensional faces that represents one of the configurations that must be summed by functional integration to obtain a Feynman's path integral description of quantum gravity. It is closely related to loop quantum gravity.

Spin foam in loop quantum gravity

Loop quantum gravity has a covariant formulation that, at present, provides the best formulation of the dynamics of the theory of quantum gravity. This is a quantum field theory where the invariance under diffeomorphisms of general relativity is implemented. The resulting path integral represents a sum over all the possible configuration of the geometry, coded in the spinfoam.

Spin network

A spin network is a one-dimensional graph, together with labels on its vertices and edges which encodes aspects of a spatial geometry.

A spin network is defined as a diagram (like the Feynman diagram) that makes a basis of connections between the elements of a differentiable manifold for the Hilbert spaces defined over them. Spin networks provide a representation for computations of amplitudes between two different hypersurfaces of the manifold. Any evolution of spin network provides a spin foam over a manifold of one dimension higher than the dimensions of the corresponding spin network. A spin foam may be viewed as a quantum history.

Spacetime

Spin networks provide a language to describe quantum geometry of space. Spin foam does the same job on spacetime.

Spacetime can be defined as a superposition of spin foams, which is a generalized Feynman diagram where instead of a graph, a higher-dimensional complex is used. In topology this sort of space is called a 2-complex. A spin foam is a particular type of 2-complex, with labels for vertices, edges and faces. The boundary of a spin foam is a spin network, just as in the theory of manifolds, where the boundary of an n-manifold is an (n-1)-manifold.

In Loop Quantum Gravity, the present Spinfoam Theory has been inspired by the work of Ponzano-Regge model. The concept of a spin foam, although not called that at the time, was introduced in the paper "A Step Toward Pregeometry I: Ponzano-Regge Spin Networks and the Origin of Spacetime Structure in Four Dimensions" by Norman J. LaFave. In this paper, the concept of creating sandwiches of 4-geometry (and local time scale) from spin networks is described, along with the connection of these spin 4-geometry sandwiches to form paths of spin networks connecting given spin network boundaries (spin foams). Quantization of the structure leads to a generalized Feynman path integral over connected paths of spin networks between spin network boundaries. This paper goes beyond much of the later work by showing how 4-geometry is already present in the seemingly three dimensional spin networks, how local time scales occur, and how the field equations and conservation laws are generated by simple consistency requirements. The idea was reintroduced in and later developed into the Barrett–Crane model. The formulation that is used nowadays is commonly called EPRL after the names of the authors of a series of seminal papers, but the theory has also seen fundamental contributions from the work of many others, such as Laurent Freidel (FK model) and Jerzy Lewandowski (KKL model).

Definition

The partition function for a spin foam model is, in general,

${\displaystyle Z:=\sum _{\Gamma }w(\Gamma )\left}$

with:

• a set of 2-complexes ${\displaystyle \Gamma }$ each consisting out of faces ${\displaystyle f}$, edges ${\displaystyle e}$ and vertices ${\displaystyle v}$. Associated to each 2-complex ${\displaystyle \Gamma }$ is a weight ${\displaystyle w(\Gamma )}$
• a set of irreducible representations ${\displaystyle j}$ which label the faces and intertwiners ${\displaystyle i}$ which label the edges.
• a vertex amplitude ${\displaystyle A_{v}(j_{f},i_{e})}$ and an edge amplitude ${\displaystyle A_{e}(j_{f},i_{e})}$
• a face amplitude ${\displaystyle A_{f}(j_{f})}$, for which we almost always have ${\displaystyle A_{f}(j_{f})=\dim(j_{f})}$

See also

• Invariance mechanics
• Group field theory
• Loop quantum gravity
• Lorentz invariance in loop quantum gravity
• String-net

References

1. Reisenberger, Michael P.; Rovelli, Carlo (1997). ""Sum over surfaces" form of loop quantum gravity". Physical Review D. 56 (6): 3490. arXiv:gr-qc/9612035. Bibcode:1997PhRvD..56.3490R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.56.3490.
2. Engle, Jonathan; Livine, Etera; Pereira, Roberto; Rovelli, Carlo (2008). "LQG vertex with finite Immirzi parameter". Nuclear Physics B. 799: 136. arXiv:0711.0146. Bibcode:2008NuPhB.799..136E. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2008.02.018.

External links

• Spin foam on arxiv.org
• John C. Baez: Spin foam models. (1997)
• Alejandro Perez: Spin Foam Models for Quantum Gravity (2003)
• Carlo Rovelli: Zakopane lectures on loop gravity (2011)

v t e Quantum gravity
Central concepts	AdS/CFT correspondence Batalin–Vilkovisky formalism CA-duality Causal patch Faddeev–Popov ghost Gravitational anomaly Graviton Holographic principle IR/UV mixing Planck units Quantum foam Ryu–Takayanagi conjecture Trans-Planckian problem Weinberg–Witten theorem
Toy models	2+1D topological gravity CGHS model Jackiw–Teitelboim gravity Liouville gravity RST model Topological quantum field theory
Quantum field theory in curved spacetime	Bunch–Davies vacuum Hawking radiation Semiclassical gravity Unruh effect
Black holes	Black hole complementarity Black hole information paradox Black-hole thermodynamics Bekenstein bound Bousso's holographic bound Cosmic censorship hypothesis ER = EPR Firewall (physics) Gravitational singularity
Approaches	String theory Bosonic string theory M-theory Supergravity Superstring theory Canonical quantum gravity Loop quantum gravity Wheeler–DeWitt equation Euclidean quantum gravity Hartle–Hawking state Others Causal dynamical triangulation Causal sets Dual graviton Group field theory Noncommutative geometry Spin foam Superfluid vacuum theory Twistor theory
Applications	Quantum cosmology Eternal inflation FRW/CFT duality Multiverse
See also: Template:Quantum mechanics topics

• Theoretical physics
• Loop quantum gravity