This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Thijs!bot (talk | contribs) at 12:36, 17 October 2006 (robot Adding: gl:Os 99 nomes de Alá, nl:99 Schone Namen van God). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Revision as of 12:36, 17 October 2006 by Thijs!bot (talk | contribs) (robot Adding: gl:Os 99 nomes de Alá, nl:99 Schone Namen van God)(diff) ← Previous revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)The 99 Names of God, also known as The 99 attributes of Allah (Template:ArB Template:ArTranslit), are the names of God revealed to man in the Qur'an; even though His names (as adjectives, word constructs, or otherwise) exceed ninety-nine in the Qur'an.
Origin
In one Islamic tradition, the Prophet Muhammad used to call God by all his names:
- "Allahumma inni ad`uka bi asma'ika al-husna kulliha"
- "اللهم اني ادعوك باسمائك الحسنى كلها"
- "O God, I invoke you with all of your beautiful names."
- (Narrated by Ibn Maja, book of Du`a; and by Imam Malik in his Muwatta', Kitab al-Shi`r)
The Prophet is also reported to have said in a famous Hadith:
- "Verily, there are ninety-nine names of God, one hundred minus one. He who enumerates them would get into Paradise."
- (Sahih Muslim, Vol. 4, p. 1410)
This caused people to search them out in the Qur'an, and a list was compiled. Over time it became custom to recite the list in its entirety. While most muslims believe that this list is mentioned by the prophet himself, the specialist muslim scholars argue that the list was just compiled by a muslim scholar, (Al Waaleed ibn Muslim). If it was only an attempt of a scholar, they are not necessarily the names proper, and other attempts may still be made. A recent scholar, Dr. Mahmoud Abdel-Razek, made an attempt of this kind and explained in detail why he differs in opinion with Al Waleed about enlisting some of the names. However, reciting the traditional names has developed into a ritual by some muslims (a bit like a Catholic litany of Saints) as an attempt to enumerate them, while some other muslims believe that the "enumeation" is not just the act of recitation, but applying the attributes that the names suggest.
As one Muslim puts it:
- "...by reciting and contemplating the names, and by embodying them as far as possible in his actions, the devout Muslim strives to remember God and draws near to Him, and with God's grace makes them part of his own being."
Palm of the Hand
What could be interpreted as the number 99 written in Arabic is imprinted on human hands. If one looks at his or her palms, thumbs facing upward, the lines in the hands appear as "١٨ ٨١", which are the arabic numerals of 81 and 18, which sum to 99.
For Muslims this is a reference to the names of God. It should be noted that this has no Islamic or Qu'ranic basis supporting it, and is more likely a novelty that has developed in Muslim culture.
List of Names
The 99 Names of God according to the tradition of Islam are:
| # | Transliteration | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Allah (الله) | (The) God |
| 2 | Ar-Rahman (الرحمن) | The All Beneficent |
| 3 | Ar-Rahim (الرحيم) | The Most Merciful |
| 4 | Al-Malik (الملك) | The King, The Sovereign |
| 5 | Al-Quddus (القدوس) | The Most Holy |
| 6 | As-Salam (السلام) | The Peace and Blessing |
| 7 | Al-Mu'min (المؤمن) | The Guarantor |
| 8 | Al-Muhaymin (المهيمن) | The Guardian, The Preserver |
| 9 | Al-Aziz (العزيز) | The Almighty, The Self Sufficient |
| 10 | Al-Jabbar (الجبار) | The Powerful, The Irresistible |
| 11 | Al-Mutakabbir (المتكبر) | The Tremendous |
| 12 | Al-Khaliq (الخالق) | The Creator |
| 13 | Al-Bari' (البارئ) | The Maker |
| 14 | Al-Musawwir (المصور) | The Fashioner of Forms |
| 15 | Al-Ghaffar (الغفار) | The Ever Forgiving |
| 16 | Al-Qahhar (القهار) | The All Compelling Subduer |
| 17 | Al-Wahhab (الوهاب) | The Bestower |
| 18 | Ar-Razzaq (الرزاق) | The Ever Providing |
| 19 | Al-Fattah (الفتاح) | The Opener, Tthe Victory Giver |
| 20 | Al-`Alim (العليم) | The All Knowing, The Omniscient |
| 21 | Al-Qabid (القابض) | The Restrainer, The Straightener |
| 22 | Al-Basit (الباسط) | The Expander, The Munificent |
| 23 | Al-Khafid (الخافض) | The Abaser |
| 24 | Ar-Rafi (الرافع) | The Exalter |
| 25 | Al-Mu'izz (المعز) | The Giver of Honour |
| 26 | Al-Mudhill (المذل) | The Giver of Dishonour |
| 27 | As-Sami (السميع) | The All Hearing |
| 28 | Al-Basir (البصير) | The All Seeing |
| 29 | Al-Hakam (الحكم) | The Judge, The Arbitrator |
| 30 | Al-`Adl (العدل) | The Utterly Just |
| 31 | Al-Latif (اللطيف) | The Subtly Kind |
| 32 | Al-Khabir (الخبير) | The All Aware |
| 33 | Al-Halim (الحليم) | The Forbearing, The Indulgent |
| 34 | Al-Azim (العظيم) | The Magnificent, The Infinite |
| 35 | Al-Ghafur (الغفور) | The All Forgiving |
| 36 | Ash-Shakur (الشكور) | The Grateful |
| 37 | Al-Ali (العلى) | The Sublimely Exalted |
| 38 | Al-Kabir (الكبير) | The Great |
| 39 | Al-Hafiz (الحفيظ) | The Preserver |
| 40 | Al-Muqit (المقيت) | The Nourisher |
| 41 | Al-Hasib (الحسيب) | The Reckoner |
| 42 | Al-Jalil (الجليل) | The Majestic |
| 43 | Al-Karim (الكريم) | The Bountiful, The Generous |
| 44 | Ar-Raqib (الرقيب) | The Watchful |
| 45 | Al-Mujib (المجيب) | The Responsive, The Answerer |
| 46 | Al-Wasi (الواسع) | The Vast, The All Encompassing |
| 47 | Al-Hakim (الحكيم) | The Wise |
| 48 | Al-Wadud (الودود) | The Loving, The Kind One |
| 49 | Al-Majid (المجيد) | The All Glorious |
| 50 | Al-Ba'ith (الباعث) | The Raiser of The Dead |
| 51 | Ash-Shahid (الشهيد) | The Witness |
| 52 | Al-Haqq (الحق) | The Truth, The Real |
| 53 | Al-Wakil (الوكيل) | The Trustee, The Dependable |
| 54 | Al-Qawiyy (القوى) | The Strong |
| 55 | Al-Matin (المتين) | The Firm, The Steadfast |
| 56 | Al-Waliyy (الولى) | The Protecting Friend, Patron and Helper |
| 57 | Al-Hamid (الحميد) | The All Praiseworthy |
| 58 | Al-Muhsi (المحصى) | The Accounter, The Numberer of All |
| 59 | Al-Mubdi' (المبدئ) | The Producer, Originator, and Initiator of all |
| 60 | Al-Mu'id (المعيد) | The Reinstater Who Brings Back All |
| 61 | Al-Muhyi (المحيى) | The Giver of Life |
| 62 | Al-Mumit (المميت) | The Bringer of Death, The Destroyer |
| 63 | Al-Hayy (الحي) | The Ever Living |
| 64 | Al-Qayyum (القيوم) | The Self Subsisting Sustainer of All |
| 65 | Al-Wajid (الواجد) | The Perceiver, The Finder, The Unfailing |
| 66 | Al-Majid (الماجد) | The Illustrious, The Magnificent |
| 67 | Al-Wahid (الواحد) | The One, the All Inclusive, The Indivisible |
| 68 | As-Samad (الصمد) | The Self Sufficient, The Impregnable, The Eternally Besought of All, The Everlasting |
| 69 | Al-Qadir (القادر) | The All Able |
| 70 | Al-Muqtadir (المقتدر) | The All Determiner, The Dominant |
| 71 | Al-Muqaddim (المقدم) | The Expediter, He Who Brings Forward |
| 72 | Al-Mu'akhkhir (المؤخر) | The Delayer, He Who Puts Far Away |
| 73 | Al-Awwal (الأول) | The First |
| 74 | Al-Akhir (الأخر) | The Last |
| 75 | Az-Zahir (الظاهر) | The Manifest, The All Victorious |
| 76 | Al-Batin (الباطن) | The Hidden, The All Encompassing |
| 77 | Al-Wali (الوالي) | The Patron |
| 78 | Al-Muta'ali (المتعالي) | The Self Exalted |
| 79 | Al-Barr (البر) | The Most Kind and Righteous |
| 80 | At-Tawwab (التواب) | The Ever Returning, Ever Relenting |
| 81 | Al-Muntaqim (المنتقم) | The Avenger |
| 82 | Al-'Afuww (العفو) | The Pardoner, The Effacer of Sins |
| 83 | Ar-Ra'uf (الرؤوف) | The Compassionate, The All Pitying |
| 84 | Malik-al-Mulk (مالك الملك) | The Owner of All Sovereignty |
| 85 | Dhu-al-Jalal wa-al-Ikram (ذو الجلال و الإكرام) | The Lord of Majesty and Generosity |
| 86 | Al-Muqsit (المقسط) | The Equitable, The Requiter |
| 87 | Al-Jami' (الجامع) | The Gatherer, The Unifier |
| 88 | Al-Ghani (الغنى) | The All Rich, The Independent |
| 89 | Al-Mughni (المغنى) | The Enricher, The Emancipator |
| 90 | Al-Mani'(المانع) | The Withholder, The Shielder, the Defender |
| 91 | Ad-Darr (الضار) | The Distressor, The Harmer (This attribute can only be found in hadith) |
| 92 | An-Nafi' (النافع) | The Propitious, The Benefactor |
| 93 | An-Nur (النور) | The Light |
| 94 | Al-Hadi (الهادي) | The Guide |
| 95 | Al-Badi (البديع) | The Incomparable, The Originator |
| 96 | Al-Baqi (الباقي) | The Ever Enduring and Immutable |
| 97 | Al-Warith (الوارث) | The Heir, The Inheritor of All |
| 98 | Ar-Rashid (الرشيد) | The Guide, Infallible Teacher and Knower |
| 99 | As-Sabur (الصبور) | The Patient, The Timeless |
Another epithet found in the Qur'an is Dhul Fazl al Azim (ذو الفضل العظيم) "The Lord of Infinite Grace" (2.105, 3.74, 8.29, 57.21, 57.29, 62.4), but it is not part of the traditional list of the 99 names of Allah.
100th Name of God
Muslims teach that there are 99 names for God and that the 100th name is hidden. The idea has become a kind of mystery with little references to what it means. (Mellis)
Once again, the Hadith about the names of God says:
- "Verily, there are ninety-nine names of God, one hundred minus one. He who enumerates them would get into Paradise."
- (Sahih Muslim, Vol. 4, p. 1410)
Sufism
In Sufism, the idea of the 100th name is most prominent. It has become the elusive object of mystic devotion, the symbol of God's transcendent being.
Sufis often describe their discipline as the quest to know the one-hundredth name of God and thus to merge their consciousness with the divine reality.
Mahdi
Other such Hadiths, which vary according to different Shi'a sects of Islam, suggest that the 100th Name will be revealed by the Mahdi on the day of resurrection, known as the day of Qiyamah.
Bahá'í
The Bahá'í Faith has claimed to fulfill the prophecy of the Mahdi, and the 100th name was revealed as "Bahá’" (an Arabic word بهاء meaning "glory, splendor" etc.), and is the root word for Bahá'u'lláh and Bahá'í. The Báb wrote a noted pentagram tablet with 360 derivatives of the word "Bahá'" used in it. While the Bahá'í Faith has roots in Islam, it is an independent religion, and its followers are not considered Muslims.
Other Traditions
Arab folklore says that the camel knows the 100th name of God but will tell no one. That is why he solemnly holds his head high and plods defiantly across the desert, holding the secret to himself.
Some people claim that the 99 names are adjectives of God and do not tell us the true entity of God. The 100th name may be the one that really is the name of God.
Personal Names
According to Islamic tradition, a Muslim may not be given any of the 99 names of God in the exact same form- for example, nobody may be named Al Malik (The King), but may be named Malik 'King'. Similarly, Allah Baksh and so on. An exception may be made in some cases — for example, the son of Khattab ibn Nufayl is named "Umar ibn Khattab", but since his father was famous, he is called Umar ibn al-Khattab. This implies "Umar, the son of the Khattab" and not "Umar, the son of the Khattab". In the same manner, there are people named "x ibn al-y".
However the names/attributes of God can be combined with the word "‘Abd -" which means servant (i.e. - of God) and are commonly used as personal names among Muslims. For example ‘Abd ar-Rahman ("servant of the Most Compassionate God").
Some notable people having names resembling those 99 (but without the article "The" which is only used to denote God) are:
- Muhammad (The one who is praised) resembles al-Hamid (The All Praiseworthy).
- Ali (High) resembles al-Ali (The High).
- Khadija as-Salami resembles as-Salam (The God of Peace and blessing).
See also
Notes
- Fleming, Marrianne (2004). Religious Studies for AQA; Thinking About God and Morality. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers. ISBN 0435307134.
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References
- Mellis, J.K., Abu Sharif: Mystery of the 100th Name
External links
- 99 Names of ALLAH With meanings and benefits of recitation.
- 99 Excellent Names of ALLAH with references to verses where the name appears in the Holy Qur'an.
- Ninety-nine Names of God with references to verses where the name appears in the Qur'an.
- The 99 Names and Attributes of Allah, numbered list of names and meanings.
- The beautiful names of Allah 99 names written clearly in Arabic
- 99 Names of God, oil paintings of all the 99 names.
- 99 Names of Allah Almighty 99 names of almighty God 'Allah' with a brief description of each name.
- Chanting the names in Arabic Version One with music, Version two,Version three, a video.
- A recent attempt by Dr. Mahmoud Abdel-Razek to enumerate the names of Allah