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James Richard "Rick" Perry (b. March 4, 1950) is a Republican politician and the governor of Texas. He assumed office in December 2000 when then-Governor George W. Bush resigned to prepare for his inauguration as President of the United States. Gov. Perry was elected to a full term in 2002.

In the November general election Perry faces a Democrat, former Congressman Chris Bell of Houston, a Libertarian, sales consultant James Werner, and two independent candidates, outgoing Comptroller Carole Keeton Strayhorn and Richard "Kinky" Friedman, a country singer and Texas icon. If he is reelected, and serves a full second term, Perry would become the longest serving governor in Texas history, with 10 years of total service.

See Texas gubernatorial election, 2006.

Early life

A fifth-generation Texan, Rick Perry was born March 4, 1950 in the West Texas town of Paint Creek, 60 miles north of Abilene, to ranchers Joseph Ray Perry and the former Amelia June Holt. His father was a long-time Haskell County commissioner and school board member. As a child, Perry was an active Boy Scout and earned the rank of Eagle Scout.

Perry attended Texas A&M University where he was a member of the Corps of Cadets and Alpha Gamma Rho, achieving notariety as one of A&M's famed, white-jumpsuited, all male yell leader squad. Perry graduated from A&M in 1972 with a degree in animal science. While at Texas A&M University Perry successfully completed a static line skydive at Ags Over Texas (a United States Parachute Association dropzone), the dropzone that was then in operation at Coulter Field (KCFD) in Bryan, TX. After finishing his university work he joined the United States Air Force flying C-130 tactical airlift in the United States, the Middle East, and Europe until 1977 when he returned to Texas with the rank of captain. He worked on his father's sheep ranch for a year before he was elected to the State Board of Education in 1978 as a Democrat.

In 1982, Perry married Anita Thigpen, his childhood sweetheart whom he had known since elementary school. They have two children, Griffin and Sydney. Anita Perry attended West Texas State University and has a degree in nursing. She has spearheaded a number of health-related initiatives such as the Anita Thigpen Perry Endowment at the San Antonio Health Science Center, which focuses on nutrition, cardiovascular disease, health education and early childhood development.

To the Texas legislature

Perry has said that his interest in politics probably began in December 1961, when, at the age of 11, his father took him to the funeral of the legendary Sam Rayburn, who during his long public career served as Speaker of the Texas House and the U.S. House. Dignitaries from all over the nation descended on the small town of Bonham, Texas for the official farewell to Rayburn.

In 1984, he was elected to the Texas Legislature as a representative from a district that included his home county of Haskell. He served on the important House Appropriations and Calendars Committees during his three terms as a state legislator, where he was known as one of the "Pit Bulls," a group of Appropriations Members who sat on the lower dais in the committee room (or "pit") who pushed for austere state budgets during the lean 1980s. In 1989, The Dallas Morning News named him one of the most effective legislators in the 71st legislature. In 1989, Perry announced that he was joining the Republican Party. Perry reportedly told associates that "as a conservative he had no future as a Democrat Republicans promised him statewide office."

As agriculture commissioner (1991-1999)

In 1990, in a race for commissioner of agriculture new Republican Perry unseated Democrat Jim Hightower. Hightower had worked for Jesse Jackson in the Democratic presidential nomination in 1988, while Perry had supported Tennessee Senator Al Gore.

As agriculture commissioner, Perry was responsible for promoting the sale of Texas farm produce to other states and foreign nations and supervising the calibration of weights and measures such as gasoline pumps and grocery store scales.

Perry was reelected agriculture commissioner by a large margin in 1994. He polled 2,546,287 (61.92 percent) to Democrat Marvin Gregory's 1,479,692 (35.98 percent). Libertarian Clyde L. Garland received 85,836 votes (2.08 percent).

As lieutenant governor, 1999-2000

In 1998, Perry ran for lieutenant governor to succeed the retiring Democrat Bob Bullock. Perry polled 1,858,837 votes (50.04 percent) to the 1,790,106 (48.19 percent) cast for Democrat John Sharp of Victoria, who relinquished the comptroller's position after two terms to run for lieutenant governor. Libertarian Anthony Garcia polled another 65,150 votes (1.75 percent).

Governorship

Perry assumed office as governor in December 2000 when then-Governor George W. Bush resigned to prepare for his inauguration as President of the United States. Perry was elected governor in 2002 over Democrat Antonio R. "Tony" Sanchez, Jr., a Laredo businessman. In the 2002 general election, Perry polled 2,632,591 votes (57.80 percent) to Sanchez's 1,819,798 (39.96 percent). Four other candidates shared some 2.21 percent of the vote.

Perry is the first graduate of Texas A&M to serve as Governor of Texas. As Governor, he is a member of the National Governors Association, the Western Governors' Association, the Southern Governors' Association, and the Republican Governors Association.

Early in his term as governor Perry worked to reform Texas health care and make it more accessible and instituted the CHIP program designed to insure 500,000 children. He increased health funding by $6 billion. Some of these programs have faced funding problems in recent years. He also increased school funding prior to the 2002 election, creating new scholarship programs to help needy children in Texas, including $300 million for the Texas GRANT Scholarship Program. Some $9 billion was allocated to Texas public schools, colleges, and universities and combined with a new emphasis on accountability for both teachers and students.

Perry's lieutenant governor and governor compaigns focused on a tough stance on crime. In June 2002, Perry vetoed a ban on the execution of mentally retarded inmates. He has also backed block grants for crime programs.

Tort reform

Another important element of Perry's platform has been tort reform; as lieutenant governor he had tried and failed to place a limit on class action awards and allowing plaintiffs to distribute awards among several liable sources. In 2003, Perry sponsored a controversial proposal that capped medical malpractice rewards; this proposal ultimately passed.

Fiscal issues

Perry, a proponent of fiscal conservative, has often campaigned on tax reform and job growth. Perry resisted new income and sales taxes, protected the state's "Rainy Day fund", balanced the state budget, and worked to reduce property taxes that exploded with inflation in property values in the late 1990s. He has been credited with attracting thousands of jobs to Texas in recent years by cutting payroll and property taxes.

In early 2006 Perry angered many fiscal conservatives in his own party by supporting an increase in the state franchise tax along side a property tax reform bill. Many organizations within the Republican Party itself condemned Perry's tax bill, HB-3, and likened it to a "back door" state income tax. Perry claimed in a statewide advertising campaign that the bill would save the average taxpayer $2,000 in property taxes. Critics on the right including parts of the Republican Party and Comptroller Strayhorn, as well as liberal commentators, contended that Perry inflated these numbers. The actual tax savings, the contend, will total only $150 per family on average. Both Strayhorn and Friedman have sought to capitalize on voter anger over Perry's tax bill and have pledged its repeal as part of their platforms.

In 2003 Perry signed legislation that created the Texas Enterprise Fund making the development of the economy of Texas a top priority. His sales tax cuts have attracted new retail to Texas but in recent years his tax relief has come under scrutiny for sapping strength from government programs, particularly education.

Perry has faced considerable resistance in balancing fiscal conservatism, education equity, and the politics of school finance. As lieutenant governor, he initially sponsored a controversial school vouchers bill as an alternative to the "Robin Hood" proposal that was working at the time. In 2004, Perry attacked the same "Robin Hood" plan as a part of the education system's woes and attempted to get the legislature to finally abolish the system and replace it with one that he believed would encourage greater equity, cost less, not increase property or sales taxes, and not discourage job growth by legalizing video lottery terminals at racetracks and on Indian reservations, and higher cigarette taxes. While proclaiming his dedication to resolving the education funding issue, Perry also called three special legislative sessions in a row to force a re-districting plan through the legislature to re-align state precincts in favor of Republicans. Specifically, it was mentioned at the time by the proponents of the plan, Tom DeLay, among others, that they were not re-districting to deprive minorities, who historically voted Democrat, of their representation, but more specifically that they were re-districting to give registered Republicans the advantage, and that this was 'clearly not illegal or immoral'.

A special session of the legislature was convened June 21, 2005 to address the issues, but there was considerable resistance in the house, even from Speaker Tom Craddick. Perry's proposal was attacked by Democrats and many Republicans who represent property-poor districts and was rejected. During the session, Perry became involved in a heated debate with Comptroller Carole Keeton Strayhorn about the merits of his school finance proposal. Strayhorn planned to run against Perry in the 2006 primary, but later decided to run as an independent. Another special session was convened on July 21, 2005 after Perry vetoed all funding for public schools for the 2007-2008 biennium, stating in a press briefing that "I’m not going to approve an education budget that shortchanges teacher salary increases, textbooks, education technology, and education reforms. And I cannot let $2 billion sit in some bank account when it can go directly to the classroom." Perry's 2006 campaign office stated that "without a special session, about $2 billion that had been intended for teacher pay raises, education reforms and other school priorities would have gone unused instead of going to schools because House Bill 2 didn’t pass." The bill failed to pass in the first session, and was refiled in a second session, in which the bill was defeated 62-79, after 50 amendments were added without discussion or debate. Late in 2005, Perry appointed his former lieutenant governor rival John Sharp to head an education task force to prepare a bipartisan education plan for the 2006 special legislative session, which was convened April 17, 2006.

Social Conservatism

In 2005, Perry, who is also a social conservative, signed a bill limiting late term abortions and requiring girls under the age of 18 to have parental permission for an abortion. He signed the bill in the gymnasium of Calvary Christian Academy in Fort Worth, an evangelical Christian school. He came under fire from abortion advocates and supporters of church-state separation. He is also known for his socially conservative views on homosexuality; He condemned the United States Supreme Court decision in Lawrence vs. Texas striking down sodomy laws and called Texas's last such law "appropriate."

Record use of vetoes

Perry set a record in the 2001 legislative session for the use of the veto: he rejected legislation a total of 82 times, more than any governor in any single legislative session in the history of the state since reconstruction. Perry's use of the veto drew criticism from both parties in the 2002 gubernatorial campaign, having used the veto only nine fewer times than preceding governor George W. Bush over three legislative sessions and 22 more than Ann Richards cast in two sessions. In the two legislative sessions since the 2001 session, Perry was more conservative in his use of the veto, employing it only 51 times in total. However, as of 2005, he has used the veto more than any other Governor of Texas in a contiguous administration; the only governor who exceeded Perry's total was Republican Bill Clements, facing a Democrat dominated state government, vetoing legislation 184 times over two nonconsecutive terms to Perry's 132.

Perry has backed states' rights on several occasions, including the ability of states to decide their own policy on the environment and on drugs.

Purging of Supreme Court Justice Steve Smith

Perry has made numerous appointments to the Texas courts, the Railroad Commission, and other bodies and commissions during his tenure as governor. One of his first selections was the appointment of Xavier Rodriguez to the Texas Supreme Court. Rodriguez, who called himself a moderate, was quickly unseated in the 2002 Republican primary by conservative Steven Wayne Smith, the attorney in the Hopwood v. Texas suit in 1996, which successfully challenged affirmative action at the University of Texas Law School. Hopwood, however, was overturned in a 2003 decision stemming from the University of Michigan . Steven Smith was elected in the 2002 general election.

Perry objected to Smith's tenure on the court and refused to meet with the new justice when he attempted to mend fences with the governor. Perry encouraged Judge Paul Green to challenge Smith in the 2004 Republican primary. Perry raised a lot of campaign cash for Green, who defeated Smith in the primary and was then elected without opposition in the 2004 general election. Smith attempted a comeback in the 2006 Republican primary by waging a shoestring challenge to Justice Don Willett, another Perry appointee who was also considered a strong conservative on the court. Smith polled 49.5 percent of the primary vote, but Perry's man prevailed. Willett faces a Democratic opponent in the 2006 general election.

Trans-Texas Corridor

Perry has been the lead proponent of the Trans-Texas Corridor, a USD 7+ billion-dollar highway project, to financed, built and operated by private contractors, notably Cintra, a Spanish owned company, and its minority partner, San Antonio-based Zachry Construction Company (one of Texas' largest road construction companies). Some of the more controversial aspects of the project include tolls, turning over existing roads to private control and "gobbling up vast amounts of private lands" through eminent domain. Perry has come under fire for opposing the public release of the actual terms of the 50-year deal with Cintra to the public; Perry's former liaison to the legislature, former State Senator Dan Shelly, returned to his consulting/lobbying work with Cintra after securing the TTC deal while on the state payroll. All of Perry's gubernatorial opponents oppose the corridor project. The state party platforms of both the Democratic and Republicans parties also oppose the corridor.

Death penalty controversy

After the George Walker Bush era, Rick Perry has signed execution orders frequently, which upholds Texas' status as the state carrying out most executions a year. Perry has been criticized by the international society and human rights organizations worldwide; arguing both against the death penalty in general and arguing that races are unequally treated by Texas courts in death penalty cases. However, Perry doesn't seem to take notice of the criticism and he rarely uses his authority to stay scheduled executions. The controversy reached its peak in 2005 after Frances Newton's appeal for a commutation of her death penalty was declined, although lack of evidence was present. Her attorney had also pronounced his incapability during her trial. Frances Newton was executed on September 14, 2005, after Rick Perry's September 13th 2005 approval of the execution to take place.

It should be noted, though, that under Texas law, the Board of Pardon and Parole must make a recommendation to commute such a sentence, which the Governor is free to ignore, but the reverse is not true – if the Board does not make such a recommendation the Governor cannot then commute the sentence. The only power the Governor has is to issue one, 30-day reprieve. In the case involving Newton, the Board did not recommend a commutation, thus Perry could not do so himself, and chose not to grant the one-time reprieve.

Perry-isms

Perry has established a reputation for verbal gaffes during his political career. During his term as Lieutenant Governor, Perry's motorcade was pulled over by a Texas state trooper as his driver was speeding. A video from the trooper's car shows Perry informing the officer of his stature and stating "Why don't you just let us get on down the road?" The video was widely used by Perry's Democratic opponent, Tony Sanchez, in 2002. In 2006, Sanchez is supporting Perry-opponent Strayhorn.

In June 2005 Perry was taping a satellite feed interview from Austin with a Houston television station over his legislative agenda. The interview concluded with Perry declining to reveal the details of a legislative package after a reporter pressed him for information. Perry then believed the camera had been turned off. The feed was still live though, and caught Perry making an offhanded remark to the reporter, "Adios, MoFo." Perry later called the reporter to apologize.

References

• Kofler, Shelley . "Continued absence of Dems grinds House to a halt". Txcn. May 14, 2003
• Lomax, Lucius, The Class of 1985, Austin Chronicle (Feb. 27, 2004).

Notes

1. http://elections.sos.state.tx.us/
2. http://elections.sos.state.tx.us/
3. http://elections.sos.state.tx.us/
4. http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/ap/20050618/ap_on_re_us/texas_governor_s_race
5. http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/hjrnl/792/html/79c2day03final.htm
6. http://www.sodomylaws.org/usa/usnews52.htm
7. http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/html/exec/0502.html
8. http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/html/exec/governors/index.html
9. http://abclocal.go.com/ktrk/story?section=local&id=3180565

External links

• Official biography
• A look at Rick Perry, Austin Chronicle (before governorship)
• Official Campaign web site
• Perry Alliance Network
• Rick Perry vs World -- a blog on Texas politics, focusing on governor's race

v t e Governors and lieutenant governors of Texas
Governors	J. P. Henderson Wood Bell J. W. Henderson Pease Runnels Houston Clark Lubbock Murrah Hamilton Throckmorton Pease Davis Coke Hubbard Roberts Ireland Ross Hogg Culberson Sayers Lanham Campbell Colquitt J. Ferguson Hobby Neff M. Ferguson Moody Sterling M. Ferguson Allred O'Daniel Stevenson Jester Shivers Daniel Connally Smith Briscoe Clements White Clements Richards Bush Perry Abbott
Lieutenant governors	Horton Greer Henderson Dickson Runnels Lubbock Clark Crockett Stockdale Jones J. W. Flanagan (acting) Campbell (ex officio) W. Flanagan (ex officio) Fountain (ex officio) Pickett (ex officio) Hubbard Sayers Storey Martin Gibbs Wheeler Pendleton Crane Jester Browning Neal A. B. Davidson Mayes Hobby Sr. Johnson L. Davidson T. W. Davidson Miller Witt Woodul Stevenson J. L. Smith Shivers Ramsey P. Smith Barnes Hobby Jr. Bullock Perry Ratliff Dewhurst Patrick

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