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Polycaprolactone

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Polycaprolactone
Names
IUPAC name (1,7)-Polyoxepan-2-one
Systematic IUPAC name Poly(hexano-6-lactone)
Other names 2-Oxepanone homopolymer
6-Caprolactone polymer
Identifiers
CAS Number
Abbreviations PCL
ChemSpider
  • none
Properties
Chemical formula (C6H10O2)n
Density 1.145 g/cm
Melting point 60 °C (140 °F)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Infobox references
Chemical compound

Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a biodegradable polyester with a low melting point of around 60 °C and a glass transition temperature of about −60 °C. The most common use of polycaprolactone is in the manufacture of speciality polyurethanes. Polycaprolactones impart good resistance to water, oil, solvent and chlorine to the polyurethane produced.

This polymer is often used as an additive for resins to improve their processing characteristics and their end use properties (e.g., impact resistance). Being compatible with a range of other materials, PCL can be mixed with starch to lower its cost and increase biodegradability or it can be added as a polymeric plasticizer to polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

Polycaprolactone is also used for splinting, modeling, and as a feedstock for prototyping systems such as fused filament fabrication 3D printers.

Synthesis

PCL is prepared by ring opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone using a catalyst such as stannous octoate. Recently a wide range of catalysts for the ring opening polymerization of caprolactone have been reviewed.

Biomedical applications

PCL is degraded by hydrolysis of its ester linkages in physiological conditions (such as in the human body) and has therefore received a great deal of attention for use as an implantable biomaterial. In particular it is especially interesting for the preparation of long term implantable devices, owing to its degradation which is even slower than that of polylactide.

Polycaprolactone (PCL) has been widely used in long-term implants and controlled drug release applications. However, when it comes to tissue engineering, PCL suffers from some shortcomings such as slow degradation rate, poor mechanical properties, and low cell adhesion. The incorporation of calcium phosphate-based ceramics and bioactive glasses into PCL has yielded a class of hybrid biomaterials with remarkably improved mechanical properties, controllable degradation rates, and enhanced bioactivity that are suitable for bone tissue engineering.

PCL has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in specific applications used in the human body as (for example) a drug delivery device, suture (sold under the brand name Monocryl or generically), or adhesion barrier.] and is recognised as a GRAS (Generally Recognised as Safe) substance.

PCL is used in the rapidly growing field of human aesthetics following the recent introduction of a PCL-based microsphere dermal filler belonging to the collagen stimulator class (Ellansé). Ageing is a multifactorial process affecting the skeletal structure, skin and musculature, and is accompanied by collagen loss . PCL and Ellansé are biocompatible, biodegradable, and bioresorbable de Melo, 2017). Through the stimulation of collagen production, PCL-based products are able to correct facial ageing signs such as volume loss and contour laxity, providing an immediate and long-lasting natural effect. It is being investigated as a scaffold for tissue repair via tissue engineering, GBR membrane. It has been used as the hydrophobic block of amphiphilic synthetic block copolymers used to form the vesicle membrane of polymersomes.

It is also used in housing applications.

A variety of drugs have been encapsulated within PCL beads for controlled release and targeted drug delivery.

In dentistry (as composite named Resilon), it is used as a component of "night guards" (dental splints) and in root canal filling. It performs like gutta-percha, has similar handling properties, and for retreatment purposes may be softened with heat, or dissolved with solvents like chloroform. Similar to gutta-percha, there are master cones in all ISO sizes and accessory cones in different sizes and taper available. The major difference between the polycaprolactone-based root canal filling material (Resilon and Real Seal) and gutta-percha is that the PCL-based material is biodegradable but gutta-percha is not. There is lack of consensus in the expert dental community as to whether a biodegradable root canal filling material, such as Resilon or Real Seal is desirable.

Hobbyist and prototyping

Home-made bicycle light mounting, made from PCL

PCL also has many applications in the hobbyist market where it is known as Plastimake, NiftyFix, Protoplastic, InstaMorph, Polymorph, Shapelock, ReMoldables, Plastdude or TechTack. It has physical properties of a very tough, nylon-like plastic that softens to a putty-like consistency at only 60 °C, easily achieved by immersing in hot water. PCL's specific heat and conductivity are low enough that it is not hard to handle by hand at this temperature. This makes it ideal for small-scale modeling, part fabrication, repair of plastic objects, and rapid prototyping where heat resistance is not needed. Though softened PCL readily sticks to many other plastics when at higher temperature, if the surface is cooled, the stickiness can be minimized while still leaving the mass pliable.

Biodegradation

Firmicutes and proteobacteria can degrade PCL. Penicillium sp. strain 26-1 can degrade high density PCL; though not as quickly as thermotolerant Aspergillus sp. strain ST-01. Species of clostridium can degrade PCL under anaerobic conditions.

See also

References

  1. Labet M, Thielemans W (December 2009). "Synthesis of polycaprolactone: a review". Chemical Society Reviews. 38 (12): 3484–504. doi:10.1039/B820162P. PMID 20449064.
  2. Hajiali, Faezeh; Tajbakhsh, Saeid; Shojaei, Akbar (28 June 2017). "Fabrication and Properties of Polycaprolactone Composites Containing Calcium Phosphate-Based Ceramics and Bioactive Glasses in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review". Polymer Reviews. 58 (1): 164–207. doi:10.1080/15583724.2017.1332640. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Moers-Carpi MM, Sherwood S (March 2013). "Polycaprolactone for the correction of nasolabial folds: a 24-month, prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial". Dermatologic Surgery. 39 (3 Pt 1): 457–63. doi:10.1111/dsu.12054. PMC 3615178. PMID 23350617.
  4. Farkas, JP; Pessa, JE; Hubbard, B; Rohrich, RJ (2013). "The Science and Theory behind Facial Aging". PRS GO.
  5. Galadari, H; et al. (2015). "A randomized, prospective, blinded, split-face, single-center study comparing polycaprolactone to hyaluronic acid for treatment of nasolabial folds". J Cosmet Dermatol. 14: 27–32. doi:10.1111/jocd.12126. PMID 25564797. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last2= (help)
  6. de Melo, F; et al. (2017). "Recommendations for volume augmentation and rejuvenation of the face and hands with the new generation polycaprolactone-based collagen stimulator (Ellansé)". Clin, Cosmet and Invest Dermatol. 10: 431–440. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last2= (help)
  7. Kim JA, van Abel D (April 2015). "Neocollagenesis in human tissue injected with a polycaprolactone-based dermal filler". Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy. 17 (2): 99–101. doi:10.3109/14764172.2014.968586. PMID 25260139.
  8. Bhavsar MD, Amiji MM. "Development of novel biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles-in-microsphere formulation for local plasmid DNA delivery in the gastrointestinal tract". AAPS PharmSciTech. 9 (1): 288–94. doi:10.1208/s12249-007-9021-9. PMC 2976886. PMID 18446494.
  9. Hiraishi N, Yau JY, Loushine RJ, Armstrong SR, Weller RN, King NM, Pashley DH, Tay FR (August 2007). "Susceptibility of a polycaprolactone-based root canal-filling material to degradation. III. Turbidimetric evaluation of enzymatic hydrolysis". Journal of Endodontics. 33 (8): 952–6. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2007.05.004. PMID 17878081.
  10. Supercilii, Corrugator. "DIY Material Guide: Polymorph Plastic ( a thermal plastic with low melting point)". Instructables. Autodesk. Retrieved 20 August 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  11. Tokiwa Y, Calabia BP, Ugwu CU, Aiba S (August 2009). "Biodegradability of plastics". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 10 (9): 3722–42. doi:10.3390/ijms10093722. PMC 2769161. PMID 19865515.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

Further reading

  • Sinha VR, Bansal K, Kaushik R, Kumria R, Trehan A (June 2004). "Poly-epsilon-caprolactone microspheres and nanospheres: an overview". International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 278 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.01.044. PMID 15158945.
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