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Sindhudesh (Template:Lang-sd, literally "Sindhi Country") is a concept floated by some Sindhi nationalist parties for the creation of a "Sindhi state", which would be either autonomous within Pakistan or independent from it. The movement is based in the Sindh region of Pakistan and was conceived by the Sindhi political leader G. M. Syed. A Sindhi literary movement emerged in 1967 under the leadership of Syed and Pir Ali Mohammed Rashdi, in opposition to the One Unit policy, the imposition of Urdu by the central government and to the presence of a large number of Muhajir (Indian Muslim refugees) settled in the province.
Sindhi separatists reject the parliamentary path of struggle for attaining freedom and rights. No Sindhi nationalist party has been ever voted into power in Sindh at any level of government. In recent years, several Sindhi nationalists have deserted the ideology and joined mainstream politics due to disillusionment within ranks, lack of public support, and crackdowns by law enforcement agencies. Some nationalist parties and associations are banned for "terrorist, anti-state and sabotage" activities by the Pakistani government.
A strike called by the pro-separatist Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz (JSMM) on 25 January 2014, resulted in a complete strike in the province, excluding some areas of Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar, Matiari and Ghotki. Sindhis feel that they are a separate and full-fledged nation, so they have been struggling for self-determination of Sindh.
Sindh is the member of UNPO and its declared as Occupied & Unrecognized territory by the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization and Sindh is represented in (UNPO) by the World Sindhi Congress.
Historical Kingdom
Main article: Sindhu KingdomAccording to the epic Mahabharata, Sindhudesh was the ancient name for modern Sindh, translated as the Sindhu Kingdom.
History of the Movement
In 1972 G. M. Syed proposed the formation of an independent nation for the Sindhis under the name Sindhudesh. He was the first nationalist politician in Pakistan to call for the independence of his land in a Pakistan divided by the liberation of Bangladesh. The movement for Sindhi language and identity led by Syed drew inspiration from the Bengali language movement. In post independence Pakistan, the machinations of the Pakistani state convinced Syed that Sindhis would be marginalised in the set up. The concept of Sindhudesh as propounded by Syed calls for the liberation and freedom of Sindhis from Punjabi-Mohajir imperialism.
With his political base largely weakened after election, Syed later advanced his position towards openly demanding separation from Pakistan and the build-up of an independent Sindhudesh in his books Heenyar Pakistan khey tuttan khappey (Now Pakistan Should Disintegrate) and Sindhu Desh — A Nation in Chains.
The concept of Sindhudesh is also supported by the Sindhi diaspora including Sindhis in India, most of whom had to be relocated out of Sindh after Partition, leaving behind their property as evacuee trusts under reciprocal government supervision. Pre-partition, Sindh was a relative peaceful province, with communal violence only erupting sporadically and during partition. This peace stopped after partition, with post-partition migrants to Sindh angry at the "non-co-operation" in the killing of Hindus; and communal hatred multiplied post partition.
Zulfiqar Shah wrote an article in which he provided the reasons of Sindh's freedom .
Re-emergence of Sindhudesh Movement
After the death of former Prime Minister of Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto, the Sindhudesh movement has seen an increase in popularity. Sindhi nationalists judge that Sindh has been used to the advantage of people from non-Sindhi ethnic groups, citing the dominance of Muhajir people in key areas of Sindh including Karachi, large scale migration to Sindh from other regions of Pakistan, including Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, alleged Punjabi dominance in the defence sector, and an increase in Taliban migrants moving to Sindh; as well as terrorist related attacks on the region. and believe this to be the cause of recent troubles in Sindh (see Sindhi nationalism). Pro-Sindhudesh organisations such as the JSQM and World Sindhi Congress have gained a wider support base.
JSQM 'Freedom March'
The Daily Times reported that on March 23, 2012 in Karachi, Hundreds of thousands of leaders, activists and supporters of the Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz (JSQM) attended a freedom march denouncing the Pakistan Resolution and chanting pro Sindhu Desh slogans, with many rallies being present. The paper also reported that processions occurred in many other cities and towns in Sindh. JSQM Chairman Bashir Khan Qureshi expressed his desire for the Urdu-speaking community to integrate with Sindh, calling them "brethren and part of Sindhi nation".
The Sindhi nation has been waiting for the last 64 years to secure independence since Punjab has assumed all the powers of the federation, including civil bureaucracy, military and judiciary, while all the resources of Sindh have been placed at the disposal of Islamabad.
Dr Safdar Sarki
Sindhu Desh Liberation Army
Main article: Sindhudesh Liberation ArmyThe Sindhu Desh Liberation Army or SDLA is a terrorist organisation based in the Sindh province. A series of minor blasts took place on railway lines — the attacks carried out between November 2010, and February 2011 were claimed by the SDLA, who left pamphlets on the scene that mentioned “atrocities” being carried out against Sindh and promising to continue their “struggle” till Sindh was granted “freedom”. The attacks were condemned by fellow Sindhi nationalists such as Dr Qadir Magsi of the Jeay Sindh Tarraqi Passand Party, who warned of negative consequences from violence. The SDLA claims moral inspiration from (BLA) armed struggles in Balochistan, which they term as a response to "Punjabi domination" of the Pakistani state.
Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz
Main article: Jeay Sindh Qaumi MahazJeay Sindh Qoumi Mahaz is the main guardian of Jeay Sindh theory, a legacy inherited from the G.M Syed. JSQM believes in peaceful independence based on non-violence (Ahimsa).
Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz
Main article: Jeay Sindh Muttahida MahazJSMM is one of the major separatist political party in Sindh, Pakistan, that believes in the separation of Sindhudesh from Pakistan. The founder and the current Chairman of party Shafi Muhammad Burfat is living in the exile in Germany under political asylum.
Jeay Sindh Students' Federation
Main article: Jeay Sindh Students' FederationJeay Sindh Students’ Federation is the student wing of various separatist organizations struggling for the freedom of Sindhudesh following the ideology of G. M. Syed, founded in 1969.
Sindh National Movement Party
A new left wing party for a politically, culturally, economically and geographically independent Sindh was formed in December 2011. It wants to see Sindh as it was in 1843 before the British conquered it and opposes the development of Zulfikarabad, referring to it as a new Israel.
See also
- Human rights abuses in Sindh
- Jeay Sindh
- Indus River
- Indus Valley Civilization
- Separatist movements of Pakistan
- Muhajir Sooba
References
- Ali Banuazizi; Myron Weiner (1988). The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan ; [this Vol. Had Its Origin in a Conference on "Islam, Ethnicity and the State in Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan" ... Held in November 1982, in Tuxedo, New York]. Syracuse University Press. pp. 283–. ISBN 978-0-8156-2448-6. Archived from the original on 2018-04-29.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - "pakistan-day-jsqm-leader-demands-freedom-for-sindh-and-balochistan". Express Tribune. 24 March 2012. Archived from the original on 16 February 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "JST demands Sindh's independence from Punjab's 'occupation'". Thenews.com.pk. Archived from the original on 2012-05-07. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Farhan Hanif Hanif Siddiqi (4 May 2012). The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements. Routledge. pp. 88–. ISBN 978-1-136-33696-6. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - "Turn Right: Sindhi Nationalism and Electoral Politics | Tanqeed". www.tanqeed.org. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Wright, Jr., Theodore P. (1991). "Center-Periphery Relations and Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan: Sindhis, Muhajirs, and Punjabis". Comparative Politics. 23 (3). City University of New York: 299–312. doi:10.2307/422088. ISSN 0010-4159. JSTOR 422088 – via JSTOR.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|registration=ignored (|url-access=suggested) (help) - Rahman, Tariq (1997). "Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan". Asian Survey. 37 (9). University of California Press: 833–9. doi:10.2307/2645700. ISSN 1533-838X. JSTOR 2645700 – via JSTOR.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|registration=ignored (|url-access=suggested) (help) - "Romance of Sindhudesh fast fading away as workers desert nationalism". Dawn. 17 August 2017. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - "Sindh govt orders police to crack down on nationalists - Bolan Times". www.bolantimes.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Khan, Mohammad Hussain (25 January 2014). "Mixed response to JSMM's strike call in Sindh". dawn.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - "UNPO: Sindh". unpo.org. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Sharma, Mahesh; Chaturvedi, B.K. (2006). Tales From the Mahabharat. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 121. ISBN 978-81-288-1228-6. Archived from the original on 2016-12-21.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Goulbourne, Harry (2001). Race and Ethnicity: Solidarities and communities. Taylor & Francis. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-415-22501-4. Archived from the original on 2018-04-29.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Jalal, Ayesha (1995). "Conjuring Pakistan: History as Official Imagining". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 27 (1). Cambridge University Press: 73–89. ISSN 1471-6380. JSTOR 176188 – via JSTOR.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|registration=ignored (|url-access=suggested) (help) - Agha, Gul. "Should Pakistan be Broken up?" (PDF). http://www.worldsindhicongress.org/. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
{{cite web}}: External link in|website=|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Suranjan Das (2001). Kashmir and Sindh: Nation-building, Ethnicity and Regional Politics in South Asia. Anthem Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-898855-87-3. Archived from the original on 2018-04-29.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Communal Violence During Partition
- M.G. Chitkara Mohajir's Pakistan ISBN 81-7024-746-2
- F. Ahmed. Pakistan's Problems p.130
- "Why does Sindh want freedom?". www.merinews.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Guerin, Orla (2010-06-22). "BBC News — Karachi faces growing Taliban menace". Bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2011-01-26. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - "PAKISTAN: Bhutto's Murder Rekindles Ethnic Suspicions — IPS". Ipsnews.net. 2008-01-05. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - "Leading News Resource of Pakistan". Daily Times. Archived from the original on 2012-05-15. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Tunio, Hafeez. "A case of exploding railway tracks – The Express Tribune". Tribune.com.pk. Archived from the original on 2011-02-22. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - "4 bombs go off, destroying railway tracks in Hyderabad - The Express Tribune". tribune.com.pk. 2 November 2010. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Sindhi separatists announce comeback (2012-02-26). "Sindhi separatists announce comeback | Pakistan Today | Latest news | Breaking news | Pakistan News | World news | Business | Sport and Multimedia". Pakistan Today. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - New left party launched; seeks a stronger Sindh. "New left party launched; seeks a stronger Sindh | Pakistan Today | Latest news | Breaking news | Pakistan News | World news | Business | Sport and Multimedia". Pakistan Today. Archived from the original on 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2012-06-05.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
External links
- G. M. Syed. A Nation in Chains
- FreeSindh.org a site dedicated to the Sindhi Freedom Struggle
- Sindhudesh.com
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